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Bi J, Zhang C, Lu C, Mo C, Zeng J, Yao M, Jia B, Liu Z, Yuan P, Xu S. Age-related bone diseases: Role of inflammaging. J Autoimmun 2024; 143:103169. [PMID: 38340675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone aging is characterized by an imbalance in the physiological and pathological processes of osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis, resulting in exacerbated bone loss and the development of age-related bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Inflammaging, a novel concept in the field of aging research, pertains to the persistent and gradual escalation of pro-inflammatory reactions during the aging process. This phenomenon is distinguished by its low intensity, systemic nature, absence of symptoms, and potential for management. The mechanisms by which inflammaging contribute to age-related chronic diseases, particularly in the context of age-related bone diseases, remain unclear. The precise manner in which systemic inflammation induces bone aging and consequently contributes to the development of age-related bone diseases has yet to be fully elucidated. This article primarily examines the mechanisms underlying inflammaging and its association with age-related bone diseases, to elucidate the potential mechanisms of inflammaging in age-related bone diseases and offer insights for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Bi
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caimei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caihong Lu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuzi Mo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingyan Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Endocrinology, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiyan Yuan
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Khosla S, Farr JN, Monroe DG. Cellular senescence and the skeleton: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154888. [PMID: 35104801 PMCID: PMC8803328 DOI: 10.1172/jci154888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a fundamental aging mechanism that is currently the focus of considerable interest as a pathway that could be targeted to ameliorate aging across multiple tissues, including the skeleton. There is now substantial evidence that senescent cells accumulate in the bone microenvironment with aging and that targeting these cells prevents age-related bone loss, at least in mice. Cellular senescence also plays important roles in mediating the skeletal fragility associated with diabetes mellitus, radiation, and chemotherapy. As such, there are ongoing efforts to develop "senolytic" drugs that kill senescent cells by targeting key survival mechanisms in these cells without affecting normal cells. Because senescent cells accumulate across tissues with aging, senolytics offer the attractive possibility of treating multiple age-related comorbidities simultaneously.
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banimohamad-shotorbani B, Kahroba H, Sadeghzadeh H, Wilson DM, Maadi H, Samadi N, Hejazi MS, Farajpour H, Onari BN, Sadeghi MR. DNA damage repair response in mesenchymal stromal cells: From cellular senescence and aging to apoptosis and differentiation ability. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101125. [PMID: 32683038 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are heterogeneous and contain several populations, including stem cells. MSCs' secretome has the ability to induce proliferation, differentiation, chemo-attraction, anti-apoptosis, and immunomodulation activities in stem cells. Moreover, these cells recognize tissue damage caused by drugs, radiation (e.g., Ultraviolet, infra-red) and oxidative stress, and respond in two ways: either MSCs differentiate into particular cell lineages to preserve tissue homeostasis, or they release a regenerative secretome to activate tissue repairing mechanisms. The maintenance of MSCs in quiescence can increase the incidence and accumulation of various forms of genomic modifications, particularly upon environmental insults. Thus, dysregulated DNA repair pathways can predispose MSCs to senescence or apoptosis, reducing their stemness and self-renewal properties. For instance, DNA damage can impair telomere replication, activating DNA damage checkpoints to maintain MSC function. In this review, we aim to summarize the role of DNA damage and associated repair responses in MSC senescence, differentiation and programmed cell death.
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DNA damage in aging, the stem cell perspective. Hum Genet 2019; 139:309-331. [PMID: 31324975 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is one of the most consistent cellular process proposed to contribute to aging. The maintenance of genomic and epigenomic integrity is critical for proper function of cells and tissues throughout life, and this homeostasis is under constant strain from both extrinsic and intrinsic insults. Considering the relationship between lifespan and genotoxic burden, it is plausible that the longest-lived cellular populations would face an accumulation of DNA damage over time. Tissue-specific stem cells are multipotent populations residing in localized niches and are responsible for maintaining all lineages of their resident tissue/system throughout life. However, many of these stem cells are impacted by genotoxic stress. Several factors may dictate the specific stem cell population response to DNA damage, including the niche location, life history, and fate decisions after damage accrual. This leads to differential handling of DNA damage in different stem cell compartments. Given the importance of adult stem cells in preserving normal tissue function during an individual's lifetime, DNA damage sensitivity and accumulation in these compartments could have crucial implications for aging. Despite this, more support for direct functional effects driven by accumulated DNA damage in adult stem cell compartments is needed. This review will present current evidence for the accumulation and potential influence of DNA damage in adult tissue-specific stem cells and propose inquiry directions that could benefit individual healthspan.
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Mani C, Reddy PH, Palle K. DNA repair fidelity in stem cell maintenance, health, and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165444. [PMID: 30953688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a sub population of cell types that form the foundation of our body, and have the potential to replicate, replenish and repair limitlessly to maintain the tissue and organ homeostasis. Increased lifetime and frequent replication set them vulnerable for both exogenous and endogenous agents-induced DNA damage compared to normal cells. To counter these damages and preserve genetic information, stem cells have evolved with various DNA damage response and repair mechanisms. Furthermore, upon experiencing irreparable DNA damage, stem cells mostly prefer early senescence or apoptosis to avoid the accumulation of damages. However, the failure of these mechanisms leads to various diseases, including cancer. Especially, given the importance of stem cells in early development, DNA repair deficiency in stem cells leads to various disabilities like developmental delay, premature aging, sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, degenerative diseases, etc. In this review, we have summarized the recent update about how DNA repair mechanisms are regulated in stem cells and their association with disease progression and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States of America
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States of America
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States of America.
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Farr JN, Almeida M. The Spectrum of Fundamental Basic Science Discoveries Contributing to Organismal Aging. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1568-1584. [PMID: 30075061 PMCID: PMC6327947 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging research has undergone unprecedented advances at an accelerating rate in recent years, leading to excitement in the field as well as opportunities for imagination and innovation. Novel insights indicate that, rather than resulting from a preprogrammed series of events, the aging process is predominantly driven by fundamental non-adaptive mechanisms that are interconnected, linked, and overlap. To varying degrees, these mechanisms also manifest with aging in bone where they cause skeletal fragility. Because these mechanisms of aging can be manipulated, it might be possible to slow, delay, or alleviate multiple age-related diseases and their complications by targeting conserved genetic signaling pathways, controlled functional networks, and basic biochemical processes. Indeed, findings in various mammalian species suggest that targeting fundamental aging mechanisms (eg, via either loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations or administration of pharmacological therapies) can extend healthspan; ie, the healthy period of life free of chronic diseases. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of the spectrum of fundamental basic science discoveries contributing to organismal aging, with emphasis on mammalian studies and in particular aging mechanisms in bone that drive skeletal fragility. These mechanisms or aging hallmarks include: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. Because these mechanisms are linked, interventions that ameliorate one hallmark can in theory ameliorate others. In the field of bone and mineral research, current challenges include defining the relative contributions of each aging hallmark to the natural skeletal aging process, better understanding the complex interconnections among the hallmarks, and identifying the most effective therapeutic strategies to safely target multiple hallmarks. Based on their interconnections, it may be feasible to simultaneously interfere with several fundamental aging mechanisms to alleviate a wide spectrum of age-related chronic diseases, including osteoporosis. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Farr
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Zheng Y, Li X, Huang Y, Jia L, Li W. Time series clustering of mRNA and lncRNA expression during osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5214. [PMID: 30038865 PMCID: PMC6052852 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory molecules that participate in biological processes such as stem cell differentiation. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) exhibit great potential for the regeneration of periodontal tissue and the formation of new bone. However, although several lncRNAs have been found to be involved in the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, the temporal transcriptomic landscapes of mRNAs and lncRNAs need to be mapped to obtain a complete picture of osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we aimed to characterize the time-course expression patterns of lncRNAs during the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and to identify the lncRNAs that are related to osteoblastic differentiation. Methods We cultured PDLSCs in an osteogenic medium for 3, 7, or 14 days. We then used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the expression of the coding and non-coding transcripts in the PDLSCs during osteogenic differentiation. We also utilized short time-series expression miner (STEM) to describe the temporal patterns of the mRNAs and lncRNAs. We then performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses to assess the biological relevance of genes in each profile, and used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs that were associated with osteoblast differentiation. Lastly, we performed a knock down of two lncRNAs, MEG8, and MIR22HG, and evaluated the expression of osteogenic markers. Results When PDLSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts, mRNAs associated with bone remodeling, cell differentiation, and cell apoptosis were upregulated while genes associated with cell proliferation were downregulated. lncRNAs showed stage-specific expression, and more than 200 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between the undifferentiated and osteogenically differentiated PDLSCs. Using STEM, we identified 25 temporal gene expression profiles, among which 14 mRNA and eight lncRNA profiles were statistically significant. We found that genes in pattern 12 were associated with osteoblast differentiation. The expression patterns of osteogenic mRNAs (COL6A1, VCAN, RRBP1, and CREB3L1) and lncRNAs (MEG8 and MIR22HG) were consistent between the qRT-PCR and RNA-seq results. Moreover, the knockdown of MEG8 and MIR22HG significantly decreased the expression of osteogenic markers (runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin). Discussion During the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, both mRNAs and lncRNAs showed stage-specific expression. lncRNAs MEG8 and MIR22HG showed a high correlation with osteoblastogenesis. Our results can be used to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular events regulating osteoblast differentiation and the identification of functional lncRNAs in PDLSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfei Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Li J, Zuo B, Zhang L, Dai L, Zhang X. Osteoblast versus Adipocyte: Bone Marrow Microenvironment-Guided Epigenetic Control. CASE REPORTS IN ORTHOPEDIC RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1159/000489053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The commitment and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is tightly controlled by the local environment ensuring lineage differentiation balance and bone homeostasis. However, pathological conditions linked with osteoporosis have changed the bone marrow microenvironment, shifting MSCs’ fate to favor adipocytes over osteoblasts, and consequently leading to decreased bone mass with marrow fat accumulation. Multiple questions related to the underlying mechanisms remain to be answered. As recent findings have confirmed the fundamental role of the epigenetic mechanism in connecting environmental signals with gene expression and stem cell differentiation, a regulatory network in the bone marrow microenvironment, epigenetic modulation, gene expression, and MSC differentiation begins to emerge. This review discusses how pathological environmental factors affect MSCs’ fate by epigenetic modulating lineage-specific genes. We conclude that manipulating local environments and/or the epigenetic regulatory machinery that target the adipocyte differentiation pathway might be a therapeutic implication of bone loss diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Abstract
Progeroid mouse models display phenotypes in multiple organ systems that suggest premature aging and resemble features of natural aging of both mice and humans. The prospect of a significant increase in the global elderly population within the next decades has led to the emergence of "geroscience," which aims at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in aging. Progeroid mouse models are frequently used in geroscience as they provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the highly complex process of natural aging. This review provides an overview of the most commonly reported nonneoplastic macroscopic and microscopic pathologic findings in progeroid mouse models (eg, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, intervertebral disc degeneration, kyphosis, sarcopenia, cutaneous atrophy, wound healing, hair loss, alopecia, lymphoid atrophy, cataract, corneal endothelial dystrophy, retinal degenerative diseases, and vascular remodeling). Furthermore, several shortcomings in pathologic analysis and descriptions of these models are discussed. Progeroid mouse models are valuable models for aging, but thorough knowledge of both the mouse strain background and the progeria-related phenotype is required to guide interpretation and translation of the pathology data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Harkema
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Li J, Liu X, Zuo B, Zhang L. The Role of Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Governing the Balance between Osteoblastogenesis and Adipogenesis. Aging Dis 2015; 7:514-25. [PMID: 27493836 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult bone marrow, osteoblasts and adipocytes share a common precursor called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The plasticity between the two lineages has been confirmed over the past decades, and has important implications in the etiology of bone diseases such as osteoporosis, which involves an imbalance between osteoblasts and adipocytes. The commitment and differentiation of bone marrow (BM) MSCs is tightly controlled by the local environment that maintains a balance between osteoblast lineage and adipocyte. However, pathological conditions linked to osteoporosis can change the BM microenvironment and shift the MSC fate to favor adipocytes over osteoblasts, and consequently decrease bone mass with marrow fat accumulation. This review discusses the changes that occur in the BM microenvironment under pathological conditions, and how these changes affect MSC fate. We suggest that manipulating local environments could have therapeutic implications to avoid bone loss in diseases like osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- 2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Tong Ji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cell-autonomous progeroid changes in conditional mouse models for repair endonuclease XPG deficiency. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004686. [PMID: 25299392 PMCID: PMC4191938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) process, the endonuclease XPG is involved in repair of helix-distorting DNA lesions, but the protein has also been implicated in several other DNA repair systems, complicating genotype-phenotype relationship in XPG patients. Defects in XPG can cause either the cancer-prone condition xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) alone, or XP combined with the severe neurodevelopmental disorder Cockayne Syndrome (CS), or the infantile lethal cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal (COFS) syndrome, characterized by dramatic growth failure, progressive neurodevelopmental abnormalities and greatly reduced life expectancy. Here, we present a novel (conditional) Xpg−/− mouse model which -in a C57BL6/FVB F1 hybrid genetic background- displays many progeroid features, including cessation of growth, loss of subcutaneous fat, kyphosis, osteoporosis, retinal photoreceptor loss, liver aging, extensive neurodegeneration, and a short lifespan of 4–5 months. We show that deletion of XPG specifically in the liver reproduces the progeroid features in the liver, yet abolishes the effect on growth or lifespan. In addition, specific XPG deletion in neurons and glia of the forebrain creates a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype that shows many characteristics of human XPG deficiency. Our findings therefore exclude that both the liver as well as the neurological phenotype are a secondary consequence of derailment in other cell types, organs or tissues (e.g. vascular abnormalities) and support a cell-autonomous origin caused by the DNA repair defect itself. In addition they allow the dissection of the complex aging process in tissue- and cell-type-specific components. Moreover, our data highlight the critical importance of genetic background in mouse aging studies, establish the Xpg−/− mouse as a valid model for the severe form of human XPG patients and segmental accelerated aging, and strengthen the link between DNA damage and aging. Accumulation of DNA damage has been implicated in aging. Many premature aging syndromes are due to defective DNA repair systems. The endonuclease XPG is involved in repair of helix-distorting DNA lesions, and XPG defects cause the cancer-prone condition xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) alone or combined with the severe neurodevelopmental progeroid disorder Cockayne syndrome (CS). Here, we present a novel (conditional) Xpg−/− mouse model which -in a C57BL6/FVB F1 hybrid background- displays many progressive progeroid features, including early cessation of growth, cachexia, kyphosis, osteoporosis, neurodegeneration, liver aging, retinal degeneration, and reduced lifespan. In a constitutive mutant with a complex phenotype it is difficult to dissect cause and consequence. We have therefore generated liver- and forebrain-specific Xpg mutants and demonstrate that they exhibit progressive anisokaryosis and neurodegeneration, respectively, indicating that a cell-intrinsic repair defect in neurons can account for neuronal degeneration. These findings strengthen the link between DNA damage and the complex process of aging.
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Jaarsma D, van der Pluijm I, van der Horst GT, Hoeijmakers JH. Cockayne syndrome pathogenesis: Lessons from mouse models. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:180-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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