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Smiley Evans T, Gilardi KVK, Barry PA, Ssebide BJ, Kinani JF, Nizeyimana F, Noheri JB, Byarugaba DK, Mudakikwa A, Cranfield MR, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Detection of viruses using discarded plants from wild mountain gorillas and golden monkeys. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:1222-1234. [PMID: 27331804 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose one of the most significant threats to the survival of great apes in the wild. The critically endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is at high risk for contracting human pathogens because approximately 60% of the population is habituated to humans to support a thriving ecotourism program. Disease surveillance for human and non-human primate pathogens is important for population health and management of protected primate species. Here, we evaluate discarded plants from mountain gorillas and sympatric golden monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), as a novel biological sample to detect viruses that are shed orally. Discarded plant samples were tested for the presence of mammalian-specific genetic material and two ubiquitous DNA and RNA primate viruses, herpesviruses, and simian foamy virus. We collected discarded plant samples from 383 wild human-habituated mountain gorillas and from 18 habituated golden monkeys. Mammalian-specific genetic material was recovered from all plant species and portions of plant bitten or chewed by gorillas and golden monkeys. Gorilla herpesviral DNA was most consistently recovered from plants in which leafy portions were eaten by gorillas. Simian foamy virus nucleic acid was recovered from plants discarded by golden monkeys, indicating that it is also possible to detect RNA viruses from bitten or chewed plants. Our findings show that discarded plants are a useful non-invasive sampling method for detection of viruses that are shed orally in mountain gorillas, sympatric golden monkeys, and potentially other species. This method of collecting specimens from discarded plants is a new non-invasive sampling protocol that can be combined with collection of feces and urine to evaluate the most common routes of viral shedding in wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1222-1234, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.
| | - Kirsten V K Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | | | - Fred Nizeyimana
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Davis, California
| | - Jean Bosco Noheri
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Davis, California
| | | | | | - Michael R Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Christine K Johnson
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Gogarten JF, Akoua-Koffi C, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz SAJ, Weiss S, Couacy-Hymann E, Koné I, Peeters M, Wittig RM, Boesch C, Hahn BH, Leendertz FH. The ecology of primate retroviruses - an assessment of 12 years of retroviral studies in the Taï national park area, Côte d׳Ivoire. Virology 2014; 460-461:147-53. [PMID: 25010280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence and genetic make-up of most primate retroviruses was revealed by studies of bushmeat and fecal samples from unhabituated primate communities. For these, detailed data on intra- and within-species contact rates are generally missing, which makes identification of factors influencing transmission a challenging task. Here we present an assessment of 12 years of research on primate retroviruses in the Taï National Park area, Côte d'Ivoire. We discuss insights gained into the prevalence, within- and cross-species transmission of primate retroviruses (including towards local human populations) and the importance of virus-host interactions in determining cross-species transmission risk. Finally we discuss how retroviruses ecology and evolution may change in a shifting environment and identify avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany; Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Reseach Center for the Development and Teaching Hospital, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Cote d׳Ivoire
| | | | - Siv Aina J Leendertz
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weiss
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Inza Koné
- Taï Monkey Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, B.P. 1303 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d׳Ivoire
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI 233, TransVIHMI, Institute for Research and Development (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany.
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Kehl T, Tan J, Materniak M. Non-simian foamy viruses: molecular virology, tropism and prevalence and zoonotic/interspecies transmission. Viruses 2013; 5:2169-209. [PMID: 24064793 PMCID: PMC3798896 DOI: 10.3390/v5092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the field of retrovirus, our knowledge of foamy viruses (FV) is still limited. Their unique replication strategy and mechanism of viral persistency needs further research to gain understanding of the virus-host interactions, especially in the light of the recent findings suggesting their ancient origin and long co-evolution with their nonhuman hosts. Unquestionably, the most studied member is the primate/prototype foamy virus (PFV) which was originally isolated from a human (designated as human foamy virus, HFV), but later identified as chimpanzee origin; phylogenetic analysis clearly places it among other Old World primates. Additionally, the study of non-simian animal FVs can contribute to a deeper understanding of FV-host interactions and development of other animal models. The review aims at highlighting areas of special interest regarding the structure, biology, virus-host interactions and interspecies transmission potential of primate as well as non-primate foamy viruses for gaining new insights into FV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kehl
- German Cancer Research Center, INF242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-42-4935; Fax: +49-6221-42-4932
| | - Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; E-Mail:
| | - Magdalena Materniak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Ave. 57, Pulawy 24-100, Poland; E-Mail:
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Mother-offspring transmission and age-dependent accumulation of simian foamy virus in wild chimpanzees. J Virol 2013; 87:5193-204. [PMID: 23449796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02743-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are thought to infect virtually any adult nonhuman primate (NHP). While many data have accumulated about patterns of codivergence with their hosts and cross-species transmission events, little is known about the modalities of SFV transmission within NHP species, especially in the wild. Here we provide a detailed investigation of the dynamics of SFV circulation in a wild community of Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). We demonstrate that mother-offspring (vertical) SFV transmission is common and hypothesize that it accounts for a number of primary infections. We also show that multiple infections with several chimpanzee-specific SFV strains (i.e., superinfection) commonly happen in adult chimpanzees, which might point to adult-specific aggressive behaviors as a lifelong source of SFV infection. Our data give evidence for complex SFV dynamics in wild chimpanzees, even at a single community scale, and show that linking wild NHP social interactions and their microorganisms' dynamics is feasible.
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