1
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Ryu K, Yoshida A, Funato Y, Yamazaki D, Miki H. PRL stimulates mitotic errors by suppressing kinetochore-localized activation of AMPK during mitosis. Cell Struct Funct 2022; 47:75-87. [PMID: 36336348 PMCID: PMC10511051 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is frequently overexpressed in various malignant cancers and is known to be a driver of malignancy. Here, we demonstrated that PRL overexpression causes mitotic errors that accompany spindle misorientation and aneuploidy, which are intimately associated with cancer progression. Mechanistic analyses of this phenomenon revealed dysregulation of the energy sensor kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in PRL-induced mitotic errors. Specifically, immunofluorescence analysis showed that levels of phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK), an activated form of AMPK, at the kinetochore were reduced by PRL expression. Moreover, artificial activation of AMPK using chemical activators, such as A769662 and AICAR, in PRL-expressing cells restored P-AMPK signals at the kinetochore and normalized spindle orientation. Collectively, these results indicate the crucial importance of the activation of kinetochore-localized AMPK in the normal progression of mitosis, which is specifically perturbed by PRL overexpression.Key words: cancer, AMPK, PRL, kinetochore, mitotic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajung Ryu
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Gillani SQ, Nisa MU, Sarwar Z, Reshi I, Bhat SA, Nabi N, Andrabi S. Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110032. [PMID: 33932497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misbah Un Nisa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Zarka Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Irfana Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sameer Ahmed Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Nusrat Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Shaida Andrabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
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3
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Jin LY, Zhao K, Xu LJ, Zhao RX, Werle KD, Wang Y, Liu XL, Chen Q, Wu ZJ, Zhang K, Zhao Y, Jiang GQ, Cui FM, Xu ZX. LKB1 inactivation leads to centromere defects and genome instability via p53-dependent upregulation of survivin. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14341-14354. [PMID: 32668413 PMCID: PMC7425461 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the liver kinase B1 (LKB1) tumor suppressor gene underlie Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and occur frequently in various human cancers. We previously showed that LKB1 regulates centrosome duplication via PLK1. Here, we report that LKB1 further helps to maintain genomic stability through negative regulation of survivin, a member of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) that mediates CPC targeting to the centromere. We found that loss of LKB1 led to accumulation of misaligned and lagging chromosomes at metaphase and anaphase and increased the appearance of multi- and micro-nucleated cells. Ectopic LKB1 expression reduced these features and improved mitotic fidelity in LKB1-deficient cells. Through pharmacological and genetic manipulations, we showed that LKB1-mediated repression of survivin is independent of AMPK, but requires p53. Consistent with the key influence of LKB1 on survivin expression, immunohistochemical analysis indicated that survivin is highly expressed in intestinal polyps from a PJS patient. Lastly, we reaffirm a potential therapeutic avenue to treat LKB1-mutated tumors by demonstrating the increased sensitivity to survivin inhibitors of LKB1-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Long-Jiang Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Rui-Xun Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kaitlin D Werle
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiao-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhuo-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guo-Qin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Feng-Mei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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4
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Stauffer S, Zeng Y, Santos M, Zhou J, Chen Y, Dong J. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1-mediated AMPK phosphorylation regulates chromosome alignment and mitotic progression. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.236000. [PMID: 31519809 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase and cellular metabolic sensor, has been found to regulate cell cycle checkpoints in cancer cells in response to energetic stress, to harmonize proliferation with energy availability. Despite AMPK's emergent association with the cell cycle, it still has not been fully delineated how AMPK is regulated by upstream signaling pathways during mitosis. We report, for the first time, direct CDK1 phosphorylation of both the catalytic α1 and α2 subunits, as well as the β1 regulatory subunit, of AMPK in mitosis. We found that AMPK-knockout U2OS osteosarcoma cells have reduced mitotic indexes and that CDK1 phosphorylation-null AMPK is unable to rescue the phenotype, demonstrating a role for CDK1 regulation of mitotic entry through AMPK. Our results also denote a vital role for AMPK in promoting proper chromosomal alignment, as loss of AMPK activity leads to misaligned chromosomes and concomitant metaphase delay. Importantly, AMPK expression and activity was found to be critical for paclitaxel chemosensitivity in breast cancer cells and positively correlated with relapse-free survival in systemically treated breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Stauffer
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yongji Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Montserrat Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, College of Saint Mary, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
| | - Jiuli Zhou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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5
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Wolf B, Busso C, Gönczy P. Live imaging screen reveals that TYRO3 and GAK ensure accurate spindle positioning in human cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2859. [PMID: 31253758 PMCID: PMC6599018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle positioning is crucial for spatial cell division control. Spindle positioning in human cells relies on a ternary complex comprising Gαi1-3, LGN and NuMA, which anchors dynein at the cell cortex, thus enabling pulling forces to be exerted on astral microtubules. We develop a live imaging siRNA-based screen using stereotyped fibronectin micropatterns to uncover components modulating spindle positioning in human cells, testing 1280 genes, including all kinases and phosphatases. We thus discover 16 components whose inactivation dramatically perturbs spindle positioning, including tyrosine receptor kinase 3 (TYRO3) and cyclin G associated kinase (GAK). TYRO3 depletion results in excess NuMA and dynein at the cortex during metaphase, similar to the effect of blocking the TYRO3 downstream target phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, depletion of GAK leads to impaired astral microtubules, similar to the effect of downregulating the GAK-interactor Clathrin. Overall, our work uncovers components and mechanisms governing spindle positioning in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Wolf
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Busso
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Maillet V, Boussetta N, Leclerc J, Fauveau V, Foretz M, Viollet B, Couty JP, Celton-Morizur S, Perret C, Desdouets C. LKB1 as a Gatekeeper of Hepatocyte Proliferation and Genomic Integrity during Liver Regeneration. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1994-2005. [PMID: 29466728 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is involved in several biological processes and is a key regulator of hepatic metabolism and polarity. Here, we demonstrate that the master kinase LKB1 plays a dual role in liver regeneration, independently of its major target, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We found that the loss of hepatic Lkb1 expression promoted hepatocyte proliferation acceleration independently of metabolic/energetic balance. LKB1 regulates G0/G1 progression, specifically by controlling epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Furthermore, later in regeneration, LKB1 controls mitotic fidelity. The deletion of Lkb1 results in major alterations to mitotic spindle formation along the polarity axis. Thus, LKB1 deficiency alters ploidy profile at late stages of regeneration. Our findings highlight the dual role of LKB1 in liver regeneration, as a guardian of hepatocyte proliferation and genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Maillet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Boussetta
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Leclerc
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fauveau
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Couty
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christine Perret
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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7
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Tripodi F, Fraschini R, Zocchi M, Reghellin V, Coccetti P. Snf1/AMPK is involved in the mitotic spindle alignment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5853. [PMID: 29643469 PMCID: PMC5895576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Before anaphase onset, budding yeast cells must align the mitotic spindle parallel to the mother-bud axis to ensure proper chromosome segregation. The protein kinase Snf1/AMPK is a highly conserved energy sensor, essential for adaptation to glucose limitation and in response to cellular stresses. However, recent findings indicate that it plays important functions also in non-limiting glucose conditions. Here we report a novel role of Snf1/AMPK in the progression through mitosis in glucose-repressing condition. We show that active Snf1 is localized to the bud neck from bud emergence to cytokinesis in a septin-dependent manner. In addition, loss of Snf1 induces a delay of the metaphase to anaphase transition that is due to a defect in the correct alignment of the mitotic spindle. In particular, genetic data indicate that Snf1 promotes spindle orientation acting in parallel with Dyn1 and in concert with Kar9. Altogether this study describes a new role for Snf1 in mitosis and connects cellular metabolism to mitosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Tripodi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. .,SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Fraschini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Zocchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Veronica Reghellin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Eurofins BioPharma, Vimodrone, Italy
| | - Paola Coccetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. .,SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy.
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8
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Xie W, Yang Y, Gao S, Song T, Wu Y, Li D, Liu M, Zhou J. The tumor suppressor CYLD controls epithelial morphogenesis and homeostasis by regulating mitotic spindle behavior and adherens junction assembly. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:343-353. [PMID: 28750888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis and homeostasis are essential for animal development and tissue regeneration, and epithelial disorganization is associated with developmental disorders and tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the morphogenesis and homeostasis of the epithelium remain elusive. Herein, we report a novel role for the cylindromatosis (CYLD) tumor suppressor in these events. Our results show that CYLD depletion disrupts epithelial organization in both Drosophila egg chambers and mouse skin and intestinal epithelia. Microscopic analysis of proliferating cells in mouse epithelial tissues and cultured organoids reveals that loss of CYLD synergizes with tumor-promoting agents to cause the misorientation of the mitotic spindle. Mechanistic studies show that CYLD accumulates at the cell cortex in epithelial tissues and cultured cells, where it promotes the formation of epithelial adherens junctions through the modulation of microtubule dynamics. These data suggest that CYLD controls epithelial morphogenesis and homeostasis by modulating the assembly of adherens junctions and ensuring proper orientation of the mitotic spindle. Our findings thus provide novel insight into the role of CYLD in development, tissue homeostasis, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yunfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Siqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuhan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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9
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Luján P, Varsano G, Rubio T, Hennrich ML, Sachsenheimer T, Gálvez-Santisteban M, Martín-Belmonte F, Gavin AC, Brügger B, Köhn M. PRL-3 disrupts epithelial architecture by altering the post-mitotic midbody position. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4130-4142. [PMID: 27656108 PMCID: PMC5117205 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of epithelial architecture is a fundamental event during epithelial tumorigenesis. We show that the expression of the cancer-promoting phosphatase PRL-3 (PTP4A3), which is overexpressed in several epithelial cancers, in polarized epithelial MDCK and Caco2 cells leads to invasion and the formation of multiple ectopic, fully polarized lumens in cysts. Both processes disrupt epithelial architecture and are hallmarks of cancer. The pathological relevance of these findings is supported by the knockdown of endogenous PRL-3 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells grown in three-dimensional branched structures, showing the rescue from multiple-lumen- to single-lumen-containing branch ends. Mechanistically, it has been previously shown that ectopic lumens can arise from midbodies that have been mislocalized through the loss of mitotic spindle orientation or through the loss of asymmetric abscission. Here, we show that PRL-3 triggers ectopic lumen formation through midbody mispositioning without altering the spindle orientation or asymmetric abscission, instead, PRL-3 accelerates cytokinesis, suggesting that this process is an alternative new mechanism for ectopic lumen formation in MDCK cysts. The disruption of epithelial architecture by PRL-3 revealed here is a newly recognized mechanism for PRL-3-promoted cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Luján
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Giulia Varsano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Teresa Rubio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Marco L Hennrich
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Timo Sachsenheimer
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Manuel Gálvez-Santisteban
- Department of Development and Differentiation, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín-Belmonte
- Department of Development and Differentiation, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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10
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. AMPK and HIF signaling pathways regulate both longevity and cancer growth: the good news and the bad news about survival mechanisms. Biogerontology 2016; 17:655-80. [PMID: 27259535 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathways are evolutionarily-conserved survival mechanisms responding to two fundamental stresses, energy deficiency and/or oxygen deprivation. The AMPK and HIF pathways regulate the function of a survival network with several transcription factors, e.g. FOXO, NF-κB, NRF2, and p53, as well as with protein kinases and other factors, such as mTOR, ULK1, HDAC5, and SIRT1. Given that AMPK and HIF activation can enhance not only healthspan and lifespan but also cancer growth in a context-dependent manner; it seems that cancer cells can hijack certain survival factors to maintain their growth in harsh conditions. AMPK activation improves energy metabolism, stimulates autophagy, and inhibits inflammation, whereas HIF-1α increases angiogenesis and helps cells to adapt to severe conditions. First we will review how AMPK and HIF signaling mechanisms control the function of an integrated survival network which is able not only to improve the regulation of longevity but also support the progression of tumorigenesis. We will also describe distinct crossroads between the regulation of longevity and cancer, e.g. specific regulation through the AMPKα and HIF-α isoforms, the Warburg effect, mitochondrial dynamics, and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, KYS, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Tank binding kinase 1 is a centrosome-associated kinase necessary for microtubule dynamics and mitosis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10072. [PMID: 26656453 PMCID: PMC4682058 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) is a non-canonical IκB kinase that contributes to KRAS-driven lung cancer. Here we report that TBK1 plays essential roles in mammalian cell division. Specifically, levels of active phospho-TBK1 increase during mitosis and localize to centrosomes, mitotic spindles and midbody, and selective inhibition or silencing of TBK1 triggers defects in spindle assembly and prevents mitotic progression. TBK1 binds to the centrosomal protein CEP170 and to the mitotic apparatus protein NuMA, and both CEP170 and NuMA are TBK1 substrates. Further, TBK1 is necessary for CEP170 centrosomal localization and binding to the microtubule depolymerase Kif2b, and for NuMA binding to dynein. Finally, selective disruption of the TBK1–CEP170 complex augments microtubule stability and triggers defects in mitosis, suggesting that TBK1 functions as a mitotic kinase necessary for microtubule dynamics and mitosis. TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a non-canonical IκB kinase that regulates immunity via NF-κB. Here Pillai et al. show that TBK1 localizes to centrosomes during mitosis, and regulates microtubule dynamics and spindle formation by phosphorylating the centrosomal protein CEP170 and the mitotic apparatus protein NuMa.
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12
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Shahbazi MN, Perez-Moreno M. Connections between cadherin-catenin proteins, spindle misorientation, and cancer. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1045684. [PMID: 26451345 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1045684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin mediated adhesion is an important determinant of tissue architecture in multicellular organisms. Cancer progression and maintenance is frequently associated with loss of their expression or functional activity, which not only leads to decreased cell-cell adhesion, but also to enhanced tumor cell proliferation and loss of differentiated characteristics. This review is focused on the emerging implications of cadherin-catenin proteins in the regulation of polarized divisions through their connections with the centrosomes, cytoskeleton, tissue tension and signaling pathways; and illustrates how alterations in cadherin-catenin levels or functional activity may render cells susceptible to transformation through the loss of their proliferation-differentiation balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Shahbazi
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge ; Cambridge, UK
| | - Mirna Perez-Moreno
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group; Cancer Cell Biology Program; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre ; Madrid, Spain
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13
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Krawchuk D, Anani S, Honma-Yamanaka N, Polito S, Shafik M, Yamanaka Y. Loss of LKB1 leads to impaired epithelial integrity and cell extrusion in the early mouse embryo. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1011-22. [PMID: 25588837 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.162156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LKB1/PAR-4 is essential for the earliest polarization steps in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos and Drosophila oocytes. Although LKB1 (also known as STK11) is sufficient to initiate polarity in a single mammalian intestinal epithelial cell, its necessity in the formation and maintenance of mammalian epithelia remains unclear. To address this, we completely remove LKB1 from mouse embryos by generating maternal-zygotic Lkb1 mutants and find that it is dispensable for polarity and epithelia formation in the early embryo. Instead, loss of Lkb1 leads to the extrusion of cells from blastocyst epithelia that remain alive and can continue to divide. Chimeric analysis shows that Lkb1 is cell-autonomously required to prevent these extrusions. Furthermore, heterozygous loss of Cdh1 exacerbates the number of extrusions per blastocyst, suggesting that LKB1 has a role in regulating adherens junctions in order to prevent extrusion in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Krawchuk
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Shihadeh Anani
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nobuko Honma-Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Samantha Polito
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Marian Shafik
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 419, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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14
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Liu T, Qin W, Hou L, Huang Y. MicroRNA-17 promotes normal ovarian cancer cells to cancer stem cells development via suppression of the LKB1-p53-p21/WAF1 pathway. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1881-93. [PMID: 25510663 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the development of human ovarian cancer is poorly understood. The liver kinase protein, LKB1, is hypothesized to play a pivotal role in tumor cell proliferation and invasion capacity through regulation of p53 and p21/WAF1 expression. Previous studies suggest LKB1 may, in turn, be regulated by microRNA-17. Here, we examined the role of miR-17 in the expression of LKB1 and the downstream effects on proliferation and invasion capacity of normal ovarian cancer cells (OCCs) and ovarian stem cells. In this study, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of LKB1, p53, and p21 decreased in OCCs following transfection with a miR-17 expression plasmid. MiR-17 expression affected cell cycle regulation and stimulated the proliferation and invasion capacity of OCCs in vitro. ChIP assays indicated that the binding efficiency of p53 to the p21/WAF1 gene promoter was much lower in miR-17 transfected OCCs than in OCCs transfected with a mutated miR-17. Co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting showed significantly lower levels of p53 and p53 Ser15-pho in the miR-17 transfected OCCs as compared to the mutant miR-17 transfected OCCs. Xenograft experiments confirmed that suppression of tumor growth in vivo occurred in the absence of functional miR-17. These findings suggest that mature miR-17 expression may have an important role in the pathogenesis of human ovarian tumors through its interference with the LKB1-p53-p21/WAF1 pathway expression by epigenetic modification. These findings are of potential importance in the identification of novel therapeutic targets in human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China,
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15
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Chin HMS, Nandra K, Clark J, Draviam VM. Need for multi-scale systems to identify spindle orientation regulators relevant to tissue disorganization in solid cancers. Front Physiol 2014; 5:278. [PMID: 25120491 PMCID: PMC4110440 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Viji M. Draviam
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Cell Biology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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16
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Werle K, Chen J, Xu HG, Zhao RX, He Q, Lu C, Cui R, Liang J, Li YL, Xu ZX. Liver kinase B1 regulates the centrosome via PLK1. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1157. [PMID: 24722282 PMCID: PMC5424112 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a tumor suppressor mutationally inactivated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and various sporadic cancers. Although LKB1 encodes a kinase that possesses multiple functions, no individual hypothesis posed to date has convincingly explained how loss of LKB1 contributes to carcinogenesis. In this report we demonstrated that LKB1 maintains genomic stability through the regulation of centrosome duplication. We found that LKB1 colocalized with centrosomal proteins and was situated in the mitotic spindle pole. LKB1 deficiency-induced centrosome amplification was independent of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a well-defined substrate of LKB1. Cells lacking LKB1 exhibited an increase in phosphorylated and total Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1), NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2), and ninein-like protein (NLP). Overexpression of active PLK1 (T210D) reversed the inhibition of LKB1 on centrosome amplification. In contrast, depletion of PLK1 with siRNA or suppression of PLK1 kinase activity with BTO-1 (5-Cyano-7-nitro-2-benzothiazolecarboxamide-3-oxide) abrogated LKB1 deficiency-induced centrosome amplification. We further characterized that LKB1 phosphorylated and activated AMPK-related kinase 5 (NUAK1 or ARK5) that in turn increased the phosphorylation of MYPT1, enhanced the binding between MYPT1-PP1 and PLK1, and conferred an effective dephosphorylation of PLK1. More importantly, we noted that LKB1-deficient cells exhibited multiple nuclear abnormalities, such as mitotic delay, binuclear, polylobed, grape, large, and micronuclear. Immediate depletion of LKB1 resulted in the accumulation of multiploidy cells. Expression of LKB1 is reversely correlated with the levels of PLK1 in human cancer tissues. Thus, we have uncovered a novel function of LKB1 in the maintenance of genomic stability through the regulation of centrosome mediated by PLK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werle
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - H-G Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R-X Zhao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Q He
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - C Lu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - J Liang
- Department of Systems Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Y-L Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Z-X Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Luijten MNH, Basten SG, Claessens T, Vernooij M, Scott CL, Janssen R, Easton JA, Kamps MAF, Vreeburg M, Broers JLV, van Geel M, Menko FH, Harbottle RP, Nookala RK, Tee AR, Land SC, Giles RH, Coull BJ, van Steensel MAM. Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is a novel ciliopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4383-97. [PMID: 23784378 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder where patients are predisposed to kidney cancer, lung and kidney cysts and benign skin tumors. BHD is caused by heterozygous mutations affecting folliculin (FLCN), a conserved protein that is considered a tumor suppressor. Previous research has uncovered multiple roles for FLCN in cellular physiology, yet it remains unclear how these translate to BHD lesions. Since BHD manifests hallmark characteristics of ciliopathies, we speculated that FLCN might also have a ciliary role. Our data indicate that FLCN localizes to motile and non-motile cilia, centrosomes and the mitotic spindle. Alteration of FLCN levels can cause changes to the onset of ciliogenesis, without abrogating it. In three-dimensional culture, abnormal expression of FLCN disrupts polarized growth of kidney cells and deregulates canonical Wnt signalling. Our findings further suggest that BHD-causing FLCN mutants may retain partial functionality. Thus, several BHD symptoms may be due to abnormal levels of FLCN rather than its complete loss and accordingly, we show expression of mutant FLCN in a BHD-associated renal carcinoma. We propose that BHD is a novel ciliopathy, its symptoms at least partly due to abnormal ciliogenesis and canonical Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N H Luijten
- Department of Dermatology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology
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18
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Lu MS, Johnston CA. Molecular pathways regulating mitotic spindle orientation in animal cells. Development 2013; 140:1843-56. [PMID: 23571210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Orientation of the cell division axis is essential for the correct development and maintenance of tissue morphology, both for symmetric cell divisions and for the asymmetric distribution of fate determinants during, for example, stem cell divisions. Oriented cell division depends on the positioning of the mitotic spindle relative to an axis of polarity. Recent studies have illuminated an expanding list of spindle orientation regulators, and a molecular model for how cells couple cortical polarity with spindle positioning has begun to emerge. Here, we review both the well-established spindle orientation pathways and recently identified regulators, focusing on how communication between the cell cortex and the spindle is achieved, to provide a contemporary view of how positioning of the mitotic spindle occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Lu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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19
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Basten SG, Giles RH. Functional aspects of primary cilia in signaling, cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Cilia 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 23628112 PMCID: PMC3662159 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional cilia underlie a broad range of cellular and tissue phenotypes and can eventually result in the development of ciliopathies: pathologically diverse diseases that range from clinically mild to highly complex and severe multi-organ failure syndromes incompatible with neonatal life. Given that virtually all cells of the human body have the capacity to generate cilia, it is likely that clinical manifestations attributed to ciliary dysfunction will increase in the years to come. Disputed but nevertheless enigmatic is the notion that at least a subset of tumor phenotypes fit within the ciliopathy disease spectrum and that cilia loss may be required for tumor progression. Contending for the centrosome renders ciliation and cell division mutually exclusive; a regulated tipping of balance promotes either process. The mechanisms involved, however, are complex. If the hypothesis that tumorigenesis results from dysfunctional cilia is true, then why do the classic ciliopathies only show limited hyperplasia at best? Although disassembly of the cilium is a prerequisite for cell proliferation, it does not intrinsically drive tumorigenesis per se. Alternatively, we will explore the emerging evidence suggesting that some tumors depend on ciliary signaling. After reviewing the structure, genesis and signaling of cilia, the various ciliopathy syndromes and their genetics, we discuss the current debate of tumorigenesis as a ciliopathy spectrum defect, and describe recent advances in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander G Basten
- Department of Medical Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, F03.223, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, F03.223, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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20
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Rodríguez-Fraticelli AE, Martín-Belmonte F. Methods for analysis of apical lumen trafficking using micropatterned 3D systems. Methods Cell Biol 2013; 118:105-23. [PMID: 24295303 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417164-0.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial organs are made of interconnected branched networks of tubules, with a central lumen lined by a monolayer of epithelial cells. Certain epithelial cell lines can be converted into organotypic cultures by the addition of extracellular matrix components. When cultured in these conditions, epithelial cells reorient the axis of polarity, reorganize the membrane surfaces, and transport apical proteins to form the lumen in a process that recapitulates essential aspects of de novo apical membrane formation during epithelial organ morphogenesis. Micropatterns are a simple technique that allows cell culture in a controlled adhesive environment with extremely high precision, close to the nanometer scale. We have recently developed a method to culture MDCK cysts on micropatterns of different sizes and composition. Using this method we found that changes in micropattern shape and size can be used to modify cell contractility to understand its contribution to apical membrane formation. When imaging cysts on micropatterns the main advantage is that apical-directed vesicle trafficking is visualized in the x-y plane, which presents higher resolution on confocal microscopes. Thus, the use of micropatterns is an efficient setup to analyze polarized secretion with unprecedented higher resolution in both time and space.
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