1
|
Wang Y, Pu Z, Zhang Y, Du Z, Guo Z, Bai Q. Exercise training has a protective effect in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mice model with improved neural and intestinal pathology and modified intestinal flora. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114240. [PMID: 36455673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with the exact etiology still unclear, but gut microbial disorders are thought to be related to the initiation and progression of it. Exercise training has a significant effect on the intestinal flora, so to investigate the promotion effect of exercise training on Parkinson's disease, we performed a rotarod walking training (5 times a week at 25 rpm for 20 min for 8 weeks) on a chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and observed the locomotor function of mice, function of dopaminergic neurons, intestinal mucosal barrier condition, intestinal inflammation and the structure and composition of intestinal flora. The results showed in these PD mice, exercise training improved their motility, increased the dopamine (DA) content in the striatum, along with promoted the gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the striatum, which suggests this exercise training might protect striatal dopaminergic neurons from MPTP damage; the results also showed exercise training promoted recovery from ileal pathology, reduced the gene expression of intestinal inflammatory factors, and significantly altered the composition and structure of the intestinal flora in these mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Chongqing Technology and Business University, No. 19 Xue Fu Road, Nanan District, Chongqing 401334, PR China.
| | - Zhengjia Pu
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 61 Daxuecheng Middle Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401334, PR China.
| | - Yiran Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 61 Daxuecheng Middle Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401334, PR China.
| | - Zhaohui Du
- Chongqing Technology and Business University, No. 19 Xue Fu Road, Nanan District, Chongqing 401334, PR China.
| | - Zeming Guo
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 61 Daxuecheng Middle Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401334, PR China.
| | - Qunhua Bai
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 61 Daxuecheng Middle Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401334, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Y, Wang S, Chao X, Li D, Wang Y, Guo Q, Chen T. Multi-omics studies reveal ameliorating effects of physical exercise on neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1026688. [PMID: 36389059 PMCID: PMC9659972 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1026688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, are heavy burdens to global health and economic development worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests that exercise, a type of non-invasive intervention, has a positive impact on the life quality of elderly with neurodegenerative diseases. X-omics are powerful tools for mapping global biochemical changes in disease and treatment. METHOD Three major databases were searched related to current studies in exercise intervention on neurodegenerative diseases using omics tools, including metabolomics, metagenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. RESULT We summarized the omics features and potential mechanisms associated with exercise and neurodegenerative diseases in the current studies. Three main mechanisms by which exercise affects neurodegenerative diseases were summed up, including adult neurogenesis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism. CONCLUSION Overall, there is compelling evidence that exercise intervention is a feasible way of preventing the onset and alleviating the severity of neurodegenerative diseases. These studies highlight the importance of exercise as a complementary approach to the treatment and intervention of neurodegenerative diseases in addition to traditional treatments. More mechanisms on exercise interventions for neurodegenerative diseases, the specification of exercise prescriptions, and differentiated exercise programs should be explored so that they can actually be applied to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuai Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouli Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Chao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Li
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlu Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szarowicz CA, Steece-Collier K, Caulfield ME. New Frontiers in Neurodegeneration and Regeneration Associated with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and the rs6265 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148011. [PMID: 35887357 PMCID: PMC9319713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is an extensively studied neurotrophin implicated in the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders including, but not limited to, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, traumatic brain injury, major de-pressive disorder, and schizophrenia. Here we provide a brief summary of current knowledge on the role of BDNF and the common human single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6265, in driving the pathogenesis and rehabilitation in these disorders, as well as the status of BDNF-targeted therapies. A common trend has emerged correlating low BDNF levels, either detected within the central nervous system or peripherally, to disease states, suggesting that BDNF replacement therapies may hold clinical promise. In addition, we introduce evidence for a distinct role of the BDNF pro-peptide as a biologically active ligand and the need for continuing studies on its neurological function outside of that as a molecular chaperone. Finally, we highlight the latest research describing the role of rs6265 expression in mechanisms of neurodegeneration as well as paradoxical advances in the understanding of this genetic variant in neuroregeneration. All of this is discussed in the context of personalized medicine, acknowledging there is no “one size fits all” therapy for neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders and that continued study of the multiple BDNF isoforms and genetic variants represents an avenue for discovery ripe with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlye A. Szarowicz
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (C.A.S.); (K.S.-C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (C.A.S.); (K.S.-C.)
| | - Margaret E. Caulfield
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (C.A.S.); (K.S.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-616-234-0969; Fax: +1- 616-234-0991
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kluever V, Fornasiero EF. Principles of brain aging: Status and challenges of modeling human molecular changes in mice. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101465. [PMID: 34555542 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extension of human life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive impairment is rising in the older portion of society. Developing new strategies to delay or attenuate cognitive decline is vital. For this purpose, it is imperative to understand the cellular and molecular events at the basis of brain aging. While several organs are directly accessible to molecular analysis through biopsies, the brain constitutes a notable exception. Most of the molecular studies are performed on postmortem tissues, where cell death and tissue damage have already occurred. Hence, the study of the molecular aspects of cognitive decline largely relies on animal models and in particular on small mammals such as mice. What have we learned from these models? Do these animals recapitulate the changes observed in humans? What should we expect from future mouse studies? In this review we answer these questions by summarizing the state of the research that has addressed cognitive decline in mice from several perspectives, including genetic manipulation and omics strategies. We conclude that, while extremely valuable, mouse models have limitations that can be addressed by the optimal design of future studies and by ensuring that results are cross-validated in the human context.
Collapse
|
5
|
Policastro G, Brunelli M, Tinazzi M, Chiamulera C, Emerich DF, Paolone G. Cytokine-, Neurotrophin-, and Motor Rehabilitation-Induced Plasticity in Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8814028. [PMID: 33293946 PMCID: PMC7714573 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and cytokine-dependent neurotoxicity appear to be major contributors to the neuropathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). While pharmacological advancements have been a mainstay in the treatment of PD for decades, it is becoming increasingly clear that nonpharmacological approaches including traditional and nontraditional forms of exercise and physical rehabilitation can be critical adjunctive or even primary treatment avenues. Here, we provide an overview of preclinical and clinical research detailing the biological role of proinflammatory molecules in PD and how motor rehabilitation can be used to therapeutically modulate neuroinflammation, restore neural plasticity, and improve motor function in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Quercetin mitigates the deoxynivalenol mycotoxin induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by modulating the oxidative stress mediators. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:465-477. [PMID: 33424329 PMCID: PMC7783655 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is Fusarium mycotoxin that is frequently found in many cereal-based foods, and its ingestion has a deleterious impact on human health. In this investigation, we studied the mechanism of DON-induced neurotoxicity and followed by cytoprotective efficacy of quercetin (QUE) in contradiction of DON-induced neurotoxicity through assessing the oxidative stress and apoptotic demise in the human neuronal model, i.e. SH-SY5Y cells. DON diminished the proliferation of cells in the manner of dose and time-dependent as revealed by cell viability investigations, i.e. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Additional studies, such as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA damage, cell cycle, and neuronal biomarkers (amino acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) demonstrated that DON induces apoptotic demise in neuronal cells through oxidative stress intermediaries. On another hand, pre-treatment of neuronal cells with 1 mM of quercetin (QUE) showed decent viability upon exposure to 100 µM of DON. In detailed studies demonstrated that QUE (1 mM) pre-treated cells show strong attenuation efficiency against DON-induced ROS generation, LPO, MMP loss, DNA impairment, cell cycle arrest, and down-regulation of neuronal biomarkers. The consequences of the investigation concluded that QUE mitigates the DON-induced stress viz., decreased ROS production and LPO generation, upholding MMP and DNA integrity and regulation of neuronal biomarker gene expression in SH-SY5Y cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Crotty GF, Schwarzschild MA. Chasing Protection in Parkinson's Disease: Does Exercise Reduce Risk and Progression? Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:186. [PMID: 32636740 PMCID: PMC7318912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may be the most commonly offered yet least consistently followed therapeutic advice for people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Epidemiological studies of prospectively followed cohorts have shown a lower risk for later developing PD in healthy people who report moderate to high levels of physical activity, and slower rates of motor and non-motor symptom progression in people with PD who report higher baseline physical activity. In animal models of PD, exercise can reduce inflammation, decrease α-synuclein expression, reduce mitochondrial dysfunction, and increase neurotrophic growth factor expression. Randomized controlled trials of exercise in PD have provided clear evidence for short-term benefits on many PD measurements scales, ranging from disease severity to quality of life. In this review, we present these convergent epidemiological and laboratory data with particular attention to translationally relevant features of exercise (e.g., intensity requirements, gender differences, and associated biomarkers). In the context of these findings we will discuss clinical trial experience, design challenges, and emerging opportunities for determining whether exercise can prevent PD or slow its long-term progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace F Crotty
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Palasz E, Wysocka A, Gasiorowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Niewiadomski W, Niewiadomska G. BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031170. [PMID: 32050617 PMCID: PMC7037114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. In animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), BDNF enhances the survival of dopaminergic neurons, improves dopaminergic neurotransmission and motor performance. Pharmacological therapies of PD are symptom-targeting, and their effectiveness decreases with the progression of the disease; therefore, new therapeutical approaches are needed. Since, in both PD patients and animal PD models, decreased level of BDNF was found in the nigrostriatal pathway, it has been hypothesized that BDNF may serve as a therapeutic agent. Direct delivery of exogenous BDNF into the patient’s brain did not relieve the symptoms of disease, nor did attempts to enhance BDNF expression with gene therapy. Physical training was neuroprotective in animal models of PD. This effect is mediated, at least partly, by BDNF. Animal studies revealed that physical activity increases BDNF and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression, leading to inhibition of neurodegeneration through induction of transcription factors and expression of genes related to neuronal proliferation, survival, and inflammatory response. This review focuses on the evidence that increasing BDNF level due to gene modulation or physical exercise has a neuroprotective effect and could be considered as adjunctive therapy in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225892409
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palasz E, Niewiadomski W, Gasiorowska A, Wysocka A, Stepniewska A, Niewiadomska G. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection and Recovery of Motor Function in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31736859 PMCID: PMC6838750 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is manifested by progressive motor, autonomic, and cognitive disturbances. Dopamine (DA) synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) degenerate, causing a decline in DA level in the striatum that leads to the characteristic movement disorders. A disease-modifying therapy to arrest PD progression remains unattainable with current pharmacotherapies, most of which cause severe side effects and lose their efficacy with time. For this reason, there is a need to seek new therapies supporting the pharmacological treatment of PD. Motor therapy is recommended for pharmacologically treated PD patients as it alleviates the symptoms. Molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of motor therapy are unknown, nor is it known whether such therapy may be neuroprotective in PD patients. Due to obvious limitations, human studies are unlikely to answer these questions; therefore, the use of animal models of PD seems indispensable. Motor therapy in animal models of PD characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects, and the completeness of neuronal protection may depend on (i) degree of neuronal loss, (ii) duration and intensity of exercise, and (iii) time elapsed between insult and commencing of training. As the physical activity is neuroprotective for dopaminergic neurons, the question arises what is the mechanism of this protective action. A current hypothesis assumes a central role of neurotrophic factors in the neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons, even though it is still not clear whether increased DA level in the nigrostriatal axis results from neurogenesis of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, recovery of the phenotype of dopaminergic neurons, increased sprouting of the residual dopaminergic axons in the striatum, or generation of local striatal neurons from inhibitory interneurons. In the present review, we discuss studies describing the influence of physical exercise on the PD-like changes manifested in animal models of the disease and focus our interest on the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by physical activity as a supportive therapy in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stepniewska
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fallah Mohammadi Z, Falah Mohammadi H, Patel DI. Comparing the effects of progressive and mild intensity treadmill running protocols on neuroprotection of parkinsonian rats. Life Sci 2019; 229:219-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
11
|
Lai JH, Chen KY, Wu JCC, Olson L, Brené S, Huang CZ, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Ma KH, Hoffer BJ, Hsieh TH, Chiang YH. Voluntary exercise delays progressive deterioration of markers of metabolism and behavior in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146301. [PMID: 31226324 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although a good deal is known about the genetics and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), and information is emerging about its cause, there are no pharmacological treatments shown to have a significant, sustained capacity to prevent or attenuate the ongoing neurodegenerative processes. However, there is accumulating clinical results to suggest that physical exercise is such a treatment, and studies of animal models of the dopamine (DA) deficiency associated with the motor symptoms of PD further support this hypothesis. Exercise is a non-pharmacological, economically practical, and sustainable intervention with little or no risk and with significant additional health benefits. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of voluntary exercise on motor behavior and brain biochemistry in the transgenic MitoPark mouse PD model with progressive degeneration of the DA systems caused by DAT-driven deletion of the mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in DA neurons. We found that voluntary exercise markedly improved behavioral function, including overall motor activity, narrow beam walking, and rotarod performance. There was also improvement of biochemical markers of nigrostriatal DA input. This was manifested by increased levels of DA measured by HPLC, and of the DA membrane transporter measured by PET. Moreover, exercise increased oxygen consumption and, by inference, ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, exercise augmented aerobic mitochondrial oxidative metabolism vs glycolysis in the nigrostriatal system. We conclude that there are clear-cut physiological mechanisms for beneficial effects of exercise in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Huei Lai
- Core Laboratory of Neuroscience, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Brené
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chi-Zong Huang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Core Laboratory of Neuroscience, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neuroplasticity and Neuroprotective Effect of Treadmill Training in the Chronic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:8215017. [PMID: 31073303 PMCID: PMC6470436 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8215017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical training confers protection to dopaminergic neurons in rodent models of parkinsonism produced by neurotoxins. The sparing effect of physical training on dopaminergic neurons can be tested with training applied during chronic MPTP treatment, while the neurorestorative effect when training is applied after completing such treatment. In this study, the effect of the onset of training respective to chronic MPTP treatment was specifically addressed. Three groups of mice were injected with 10 doses of MPTP (12.5 mg/kg/injection) over 5 weeks. The first group remained sedentary; the second one underwent early onset training, which started 1 week before commencing MPTP treatment, continued throughout 5 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks thereafter; the third group underwent late-onset training of the same length and intensity as the former group, except that it started immediately after the end of MPTP treatment. Two groups served as controls: a saline-injected group that remained sedentary and saline-injected group, which underwent the same training as the early and late-onset training groups. Both early and late-onset physical training saved almost all nigral and VTA dopaminergic neurons, prevented inflammatory response, and increased the BDNF and GDNF levels to a similar extent. From these results one may conclude that early and late-onset training schedules were equipotent in their neuroprotective effect and that the mechanism of neuroprotection was similar. The sparing effect of early onset training may be satisfactorily explained by assuming that the increased level of BDNF and GDNF prevented the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. To explain a similar number of dopaminergic neurons detected at the end of the early and late-onset training, one should additionally assume that the former training schedule induced neurogenesis. Results of this study support the view that physical activity may be neuroprotective even at a more advanced stage of PD and justify starting physical activity at any point of the disease.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shahidani S, Rajaei Z, Alaei H. Pretreatment with crocin along with treadmill exercise ameliorates motor and memory deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:459-468. [PMID: 30652256 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are preceded by non-motorized symptoms including memory deficits. Treatment with dopamine replacement medications, such as L-DOPA only control motor symptoms and does not meet the clinical challenges of the disease, such as dyskinesia, non-motor symptoms, and neuroprotection. The purpose of the current study was to examine the neuroprotective potential of crocin and physical exercise in an animal model of PD. Male Wistar rats ran on a horizontal treadmill and/or pretreated with crocin at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Then, 16 μg of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was microinjected into left medial forebrain bundle. Crocin treatment and/or exercise continued for 6 more weeks. Spatial and aversive memories, rotational behaviour, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were assessed at the end of week 6 post surgery. The results showed that pretreatment with crocin alone and in combination with exercise decreased the total number of rotaions as compared with 6-OHDA-lesioned group. Furthermore, treatment of parkinsonian rats with crocin along with exercise training improved aversive and spatial memories. Biochemical analysis showed that crocin and exercise (alone and in combination) reduced tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) α levels in the striatum. Moreover, treatment with crocin at a dose of 100 mg/kg decreased the lipid peroxidation levels in the hippocampus, while exercise training increased the total thiol concentration. In conclusion, our findings indicated that pretreatment with crocin along with treadmill exercise ameliorated motor and memory deficits induced by 6-OHDA, which is considered to be due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results suggest that combined therapy with crocin and exercise may be protective for motor and memory deficits in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Shahidani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ziba Rajaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
PEDARD MARTIN, CEFIS MARINA, ENNEQUIN GAËL, QUIRIÉ AURORE, GARNIER PHILIPPE, PRIGENT-TESSIER ANNE, PERNET NICOLAS, MARIE CHRISTINE. Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Pathway after Downhill and Uphill Training in Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:27-34. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Rahmani F, Saghazadeh A, Rahmani M, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N, Aghamollaii V, Ardebili HE. Plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Res 2018; 1704:127-136. [PMID: 30296429 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an abundant neurotrophin in the adult brain. Serum BDNF levels might be used as a proxy for its central expression. Considering conflicting reports, we aimed to answer "How do serum/CSF levels of BDNF change in patients with PD?". METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search in MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS databases including 12 eligible studies. Five studies compared BDNF in serum of PD patients versus healthy controls (HC) and 3 studies provided BDNF levels in sera of non-depressed and depressed PD patients (NDPD and DPD). Review Manager and Software version 3.0 were used for meta-analysis and meta-regressions. Mean difference (MD) was used for measurement of effect size. RESULTS PD patients had reduced serum BDNF levels compared to HC (MD = -2.99 ng/mL). Serum BDNF was highest in DPD patients compared to HC (MD = -4.83 ng/mL), with no difference between DPD and NDPD patients in serum BDNF levels. Among co-variates that were eligible for meta-regression, age, sex, and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) motor stage had significant positive associations with the effect size in the difference of serum BDNF between patients and HC. CONCLUSIONS PD patients had reduced serum BDNF levels compared to HC, regardless of presence of co-morbid depression. PD is at least equally effective in reducing serum BDNF levels as depression. Motor progression predicts serum BDNF downregulation in PD. Acute exercise improves motor function and depressive symptoms in PD probably via BDNF upregulation. The paradoxical rise in serum BDNF in advance PD is probably compensatory in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rahmani
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rahmani
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nima Rezaei
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Boston, USA; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vajiheh Aghamollaii
- Department of Neurology, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Eftekhar Ardebili
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Madeo G, Giladi N, Petzinger GM, Frazzitta G. Basal ganglia and beyond: The interplay between motor and cognitive aspects in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:294-308. [PMID: 29733882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor and cognitive dysfunctions, affecting the motor behaviour. We summarize evidence that the interplay between motor and cognitive approaches is crucial in PD rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is complementary to pharmacological therapy and effective in reducing the PD disturbances, probably acting by inducing neuroplastic effects. The motor behaviour results from a complex integration between cortical and subcortical areas, underlying the motor, cognitive and motivational aspects of movement. The close interplay amongst these areas makes possible to learn, control and express habitual-automatic actions, which are dysfunctional in PD. The physiopathology of PD could be considered the base for the development of effective rehabilitation treatments. As the volitional action control is spared in early-medium stages of disease, rehabilitative approaches engaging cognition permit to achieve motor benefits and appear to be the most effective for PD. We will point out data supporting the relevance of targeting both motor and cognitive aspects in PD rehabilitation. Finally, we will discuss the role of cognitive engagement in motor rehabilitation for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Graziella Madeo
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Centre, Sieratzki Chair in Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Giuseppe Frazzitta
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mattson MP, Moehl K, Ghena N, Schmaedick M, Cheng A. Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:63-80. [PMID: 29321682 PMCID: PMC5913738 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, individuals whose brains and bodies functioned well in a fasted state were successful in acquiring food, enabling their survival and reproduction. With fasting and extended exercise, liver glycogen stores are depleted and ketones are produced from adipose-cell-derived fatty acids. This metabolic switch in cellular fuel source is accompanied by cellular and molecular adaptations of neural networks in the brain that enhance their functionality and bolster their resistance to stress, injury and disease. Here, we consider how intermittent metabolic switching, repeating cycles of a metabolic challenge that induces ketosis (fasting and/or exercise) followed by a recovery period (eating, resting and sleeping), may optimize brain function and resilience throughout the lifespan, with a focus on the neuronal circuits involved in cognition and mood. Such metabolic switching impacts multiple signalling pathways that promote neuroplasticity and resistance of the brain to injury and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Keelin Moehl
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ghena
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Maggie Schmaedick
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Aiwu Cheng
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hou L, Chen W, Liu X, Qiao D, Zhou FM. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:358. [PMID: 29163139 PMCID: PMC5675869 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that physical activity and exercise may reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), and clinical observations suggest that physical exercise can reduce the motor symptoms in PD patients. In experimental animals, a profound observation is that exercise of appropriate timing, duration, and intensity can reduce toxin-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system in animal PD models, although negative results have also been reported, potentially due to inappropriate timing and intensity of the exercise regimen. Exercise may also minimize DA denervation-induced medium spiny neuron (MSN) dendritic atrophy and other abnormalities such as enlarged corticostriatal synapse and abnormal MSN excitability and spiking activity. Taken together, epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and animal research indicate that appropriately dosed physical activity and exercise may not only reduce the risk of developing PD in vulnerable populations but also benefit PD patients by potentially protecting the residual DA neurons or directly restoring the dysfunctional cortico-basal ganglia motor control circuit, and these benefits may be mediated by exercise-triggered production of endogenous neuroprotective molecules such as neurotrophic factors. Thus, exercise is a universally available, side effect-free medicine that should be prescribed to vulnerable populations as a preventive measure and to PD patients as a component of treatment. Future research needs to establish standardized exercise protocols that can reliably induce DA neuron protection, enabling the delineation of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that in turn can maximize exercise-induced neuroprotection and neurorestoration in animal PD models and eventually in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Hou
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation, Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Qiao
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Exercise in an animal model of Parkinson's disease: Motor recovery but not restoration of the nigrostriatal pathway. Neuroscience 2017; 359:224-247. [PMID: 28754312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many clinical studies have reported on the benefits of exercise therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Exercise cannot stop the progression of PD or facilitate the recovery of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (Bega et al., 2014). To tease apart this paradox, we utilized a progressive MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine) mouse model in which we initiated 4weeks of treadmill exercise after the completion of toxin administration (i.e., restoration). We found in our MPTP/exercise (MPTP+EX) group several measures of gait function that recovered compared to the MPTP only group. Although there was a small recovery of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive DA neurons in the SNpc and terminals in the striatum, this increase was not statistically significant. These small changes in TH could not explain the improvement of motor function. The MPTP group had a significant 170% increase in the glycosylated/non-glycosylated dopamine transporter (DAT) and a 200% increase in microglial marker, IBA-1, in the striatum. The MPTP+EX group showed a nearly full recovery of these markers back to the vehicle levels. There was an increase in GLT-1 levels in the striatum due to exercise, with no change in striatal BDNF protein expression. Our data suggest that motor recovery was not prompted by any significant restoration of DA neurons or terminals, but rather the recovery of DAT and dampening the inflammatory response. Although exercise does not promote recovery of nigrostriatal DA, it should be used in conjunction with pharmaceutical methods for controlling PD symptoms.
Collapse
|
20
|
The Treadmill Exercise Protects against Dopaminergic Neuron Loss and Brain Oxidative Stress in Parkinsonian Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2138169. [PMID: 28713483 PMCID: PMC5497606 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2138169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant for p < 0.05. The results showed behavioral change improvements in the 6-OHDA group, after the treadmill exercise, evaluated by apomorphine rotational behavior, open field, and rota rod tests. The exercise reduced striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and decreased the oxidative stress. In addition, significant increases in BDNF contents and in immunoreactive cells to TH and DAT were also observed, in striata of the 6-OHDA group with exercise, relatively to those with no exercise. We conclude that exercise improves behavior and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The increased oxidative stress and decreased BDNF contents were also reversed, emphasizing the importance of exercise for the PD management.
Collapse
|
21
|
Koo JH, Jang YC, Hwang DJ, Um HS, Lee NH, Jung JH, Cho JY. Treadmill exercise produces neuroprotective effects in a murine model of Parkinson's disease by regulating the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Neuroscience 2017; 356:102-113. [PMID: 28527958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopamine depletion and a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Treadmill exercise is a promising non-pharmacological approach for reducing the risk of PD and other neuroinflammatory disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on α-synuclein-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Eight weeks of treadmill exercise improved motor deficits and reduced α-synuclein expression, a major causative factor of PD-like symptoms, in MPTP mice. Treadmill exercise also down-regulated the expression of toll-like receptor 2 and its associated downstream signaling molecules, including myeloid differentiation factor-88, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, and transforming growth factor-β-activated protein kinase 1. These effects were associated with reduced ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 expression, decreased IκBα and nuclear transcription factor-κB phosphorylation, decreased tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β expression, and decreased NADPH oxidase subunit expression in the SNpc and striatum. Additionally, it promoted the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine transporter, as well as plasma dopamine levels, in MPTP mice; these effects were associated with decreased caspase-3 expression and cleavage, as well as increased Bcl-2 expression in the SNpc. Taken together, our data suggest that treadmill exercise improves MPTP-associated motor deficits by exerting neuroprotective effects in the SNpc and striatum, supporting the notion that treadmill exercise is useful as a non-pharmacological tool for the management of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Koo
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 1239, Yangjae, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea; Institute of Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, 1239, Yangjae, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Jang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 1239, Yangjae, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Hwang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 1239, Yangjae, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Um
- Department of Exercise Prescription, Kon-Yang University, 119 Daehangro, Nonsan City, Chungnam 320-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hee Lee
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Dan Kook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Han-Yang University, 222 Wangsibri-ro, sungdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 1239, Yangjae, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koo JH, Cho JY, Lee UB. Treadmill exercise alleviates motor deficits and improves mitochondrial import machinery in an MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Gerontol 2017; 89:20-29. [PMID: 28062370 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation is significantly correlated with motor deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the molecular mechanism underlying its pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on motor deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Treadmill exercise inhibited dopaminergic neuron loss by promoting the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) and seemed to improve cell survival by reducing α-Syn expression. Most importantly, treadmill exercise increased expression of the mitochondrial import machinery proteins TOM-40, TOM-20, and TIM-23. This was associated with decreased α-Syn expression and subsequent upregulation of the mitochondrial proteins COX-I, COX-IV, and mtHSP70. Taken together, these results indicate that treadmill exercise may ameliorate motor deficits and improve mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing α-Syn expression in the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Koo
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung-Bae Lee
- Department of Beauty Health Science, Shinhan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jaumotte JD, Wyrostek SL, Zigmond MJ. Protection of cultured dopamine neurons from MPP(+) requires a combination of neurotrophic factors. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:1691-9. [PMID: 27098376 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, caused in part by the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Neurotrophic factors have been shown to increase the basal survival of DA neurons in vitro, as well as to protect the neurons from some toxins under certain in vitro conditions and in animal models. Although these factors have often been tested individually, they have rarely been studied in combinations. We therefore examined the effect of such combinations after acute exposure to the toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ) using dissociated postnatal rat midbrain cultures isolated from SN and ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that significant loss of DA neurons in the SN occurred with an LC50 of between 1 and 10 μm, whereas the LC50 of DA neurons from the VTA was approximately 1000-fold higher. We did not observe neuroprotection against MPP(+) by individual exposure to glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) or growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) at concentrations of 100 or 500 ng/mL. Combinations of two, three or four neurotrophic factors were also ineffective. However, when the SN cultures were exposed to a combination of all five neurotrophic factors, each at a concentration of 100 ng/mL, we observed a 30% increase in DA neuron survival in the presence of 10 and 500 μm MPP(+) . These results may be relevant to the use of neurotrophic factors as therapeutic treatments for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliann D Jaumotte
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie L Wyrostek
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Zigmond
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Robertson CL, Ishibashi K, Chudzynski J, Mooney LJ, Rawson RA, Dolezal BA, Cooper CB, Brown AK, Mandelkern MA, London ED. Effect of Exercise Training on Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors in Methamphetamine Users during Behavioral Treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1629-36. [PMID: 26503310 PMCID: PMC4832026 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine use disorder is associated with striatal dopaminergic deficits that have been linked to poor treatment outcomes, identifying these deficits as an important therapeutic target. Exercise attenuates methamphetamine-induced neurochemical damage in the rat brain, and a preliminary observation suggests that exercise increases striatal D2/D3 receptor availability (measured as nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND)) in patients with Parkinson's disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether adding an exercise training program to an inpatient behavioral intervention for methamphetamine use disorder reverses deficits in striatal D2/D3 receptors. Participants were adult men and women who met DSM-IV criteria for methamphetamine dependence and were enrolled in a residential facility, where they maintained abstinence from illicit drugs of abuse and received behavioral therapy for their addiction. They were randomized to a group that received 1 h supervised exercise training (n=10) or one that received equal-time health education training (n=9), 3 days/week for 8 weeks. They came to an academic research center for positron emission tomography (PET) using [(18)F]fallypride to determine the effects of the 8-week interventions on striatal D2/D3 receptor BPND. At baseline, striatal D2/D3 BPND did not differ between groups. However, after 8 weeks, participants in the exercise group displayed a significant increase in striatal D2/D3 BPND, whereas those in the education group did not. There were no changes in D2/D3 BPND in extrastriatal regions in either group. These findings suggest that structured exercise training can ameliorate striatal D2/D3 receptor deficits in methamphetamine users, and warrants further evaluation as an adjunctive treatment for stimulant dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Hospital and Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenji Ishibashi
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Hospital and Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joy Chudzynski
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larissa J Mooney
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Rawson
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Hospital and Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brett A Dolezal
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher B Cooper
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amira K Brown
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Hospital and Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Mandelkern
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Hospital and Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Hospital and Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, C8-831, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA, Tel: +1 310 825 0606, Fax: +1 310 825 0812, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Impulsivity, Stimulant Abuse, and Dopamine Receptor Signaling. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:67-84. [PMID: 27288074 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nonmedical use of amphetamine-type stimulants is a worldwide problem, with substantial medical and social consequences. Nonetheless, the identification of a pharmacological treatment for amphetamine use disorder remains elusive. Stimulant users exhibit neurochemical evidence of dopamine-system dysfunction as well as impulsive behaviors that may interfere with the success of treatments for their addiction. This review focuses on the potential role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in impulsivity, both in healthy individuals and chronic stimulant users who meet criteria for methamphetamine dependence. Presented are findings related to the potential contributions of signaling through dopamine D1- and D2-type receptors to self-control impulsivity in methamphetamine- dependent users. The information available points to signaling through striatal D2-type dopamine receptors as a potential therapeutic target for stimulant use disorders, but medications that target D2-type dopamine receptors have not been successful in treating stimulant-use disorders, possibly because D2-type receptors are downregulated. Other means to augment D2-type receptor signaling are therefore under consideration, and one promising approach is the addition of exercise training as an adjunct to behavioral treatment for addiction.
Collapse
|
26
|
Arnold JC, Salvatore MF. Exercise-Mediated Increase in Nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase Is Accompanied by Increased Nigral GFR-α1 and EAAC1 Expression in Aging Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:227-39. [PMID: 26599339 PMCID: PMC4926611 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise may alleviate locomotor impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) or aging. Identifying molecular responses immediately engaged by exercise in the nigrostriatal pathway and allied tissue may reveal critical targets associated with its long-term benefits. In aging, there is loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor, GFR-α1, in the substantia nigra (SN). Exercise can increase GDNF expression, but its effect on GFR-α1 expression is unknown. Infusion of GDNF into striatum or GFR-α1 in SN, respectively, can increase locomotor activity and TH function in SN but not striatum in aged rats. GDNF may also increase glutamate transporter expression, which attenuates TH loss in PD models. We utilized a footshock-free treadmill exercise regimen to determine the immediate impact of short-term exercise on GFR-α1 expression, dopamine regulation, glutamate transporter expression, and glutamate uptake in 18 month old male Brown-Norway/Fischer 344 F1 hybrid rats. GFR-α1 and TH expression significantly increased in SN but not striatum. This exercise regimen did not affect glutamate uptake or glutamate transporter expression in striatum. However, EAAC1 expression increased in SN. These results indicate that nigral GFR-α1 and EAAC1 expression increased in conjunction with increased nigral TH expression following short-term exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Arnold
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
| | - Michael F. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
da Silva PGC, Domingues DD, de Carvalho LA, Allodi S, Correa CL. Neurotrophic factors in Parkinson's disease are regulated by exercise: Evidence-based practice. J Neurol Sci 2016; 363:5-15. [PMID: 27000212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a qualitative review of the literature on the influence of forced or voluntary exercise in Parkinson's Disease (PD)-induced animals, to better understand neural mechanisms and the role of neurotrophic factors (NFs) involved in the improvement of motor behavior. A few studies indicated that forced or voluntary exercise may promote neuroprotection, through upregulation of NF expression, against toxicity of drugs that simulate PD. Forced training, such as treadmill exercise and forced-limb use, adopted in most studies, in addition to voluntary exercise on a running wheel are suitable methods for NFs upregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grazielle Chaves da Silva
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Desidério Domingues
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Litia Alves de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clynton Lourenço Correa
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Machado V, Zöller T, Attaai A, Spittau B. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Protection in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease-Lessons from Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020151. [PMID: 26821015 PMCID: PMC4783885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by histopathological and biochemical manifestations such as loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decrease in dopamine levels accompanied by a concomitant neuroinflammatory response in the affected brain regions. Over the past decades, the use of toxin-based animal models has been crucial to elucidate disease pathophysiology, and to develop therapeutic approaches aimed to alleviate its motor symptoms. Analyses of transgenic mice deficient for cytokines, chemokine as well as neurotrophic factors and their respective receptors in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD have broadened the current knowledge of neuroinflammation and neurotrophic support. Here, we provide a comprehensive review that summarises the contribution of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Moreover, we highlight the contribution of neurotrophic factors as endogenous and/or exogenous molecules to slow the progression of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and further discuss the potential of combined therapeutic approaches employing neuroinflammation modifying agents and neurotrophic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venissa Machado
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Tanja Zöller
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Abdelraheim Attaai
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aguiar AS, Duzzioni M, Remor AP, Tristão FSM, Matheus FC, Raisman-Vozari R, Latini A, Prediger RD. Moderate-Intensity Physical Exercise Protects Against Experimental 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Hemiparkinsonism Through Nrf2-Antioxidant Response Element Pathway. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:64-72. [PMID: 26323504 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise improves the motor symptoms of patients with Parkinson disease in a palliative manner. Existing evidence demonstrates that exercise induces neuroprotection based on the neurotrophic properties. We investigated the effect of exercise on mitochondrial physiology and oxidative stress in an animal model of hemiparkinsonism. METHODS C57BL/6 mice completed a 6-week exercise program on a treadmill. We injected 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 4 μg/2 μl) into the midstriatum. The animals progressively developed bradykinesia and R(-)-apomorphine-induced rotations that were attenuated by exercise. Transcriptional activation of protective genes is mediated by the antioxidant response element (ARE). Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) binds to ARE. We investigated the Nrf2-ARE pathway in the striatum of animals. RESULTS Exercise protected 6-OHDA-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling and activated the Nrf2-ARE pathway in the nigrostriatal pathway. Exercise stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in the striatum of animals that was more resistant to oxidant 6-OHDA and nitric oxide donor (±)-S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. CONCLUSIONS In mice, exercise activated Nrf2-ARE signaling in the nigrostriatal pathway that was protective against the development of hemiparkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal Silva Aguiar
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas (LEXDON), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas (LEXDON), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aline Pertile Remor
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fabrine Sales Massafera Tristão
- INSERM UMR 975 (ex U679), CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière-Bâtiment, ICM (Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CRICM), Thérapeutique Expérimentale de la Neurodégénérescence, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris, France
| | - Filipe C Matheus
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas (LEXDON), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- INSERM UMR 975 (ex U679), CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière-Bâtiment, ICM (Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CRICM), Thérapeutique Expérimentale de la Neurodégénérescence, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas (LEXDON), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Smeyne M, Sladen P, Jiao Y, Dragatsis I, Smeyne RJ. HIF1α is necessary for exercise-induced neuroprotection while HIF2α is needed for dopaminergic neuron survival in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Neuroscience 2015; 295:23-38. [PMID: 25796140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise reduces the risk of developing a number of neurological disorders and increases the efficiency of cellular energy production. However, overly strenuous exercise produces oxidative stress. Proper oxygenation is crucial for the health of all tissues, and tight regulation of cellular oxygen is critical to balance O2 levels and redox homeostasis in the brain. Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)1α and HIF2α are transcription factors regulated by cellular oxygen concentration that initiate gene regulation of vascular development, redox homeostasis, and cell cycle control. HIF1α and HIF2α contribute to important adaptive mechanisms that occur when oxygen and ROS homeostasis become unbalanced. It has been shown that preconditioning by exposure to a stressor prior to a hypoxic event reduces damage that would otherwise occur. Previously we reported that 3 months of exercise protects SNpc dopaminergic (DA) neurons from toxicity caused by Complex I inhibition. Here, we identify the cells in the SNpc that express HIF1α and HIF2α and show that running exercise produces hypoxia in SNpc DA neurons, and alters the expression of HIF1α and HIF2α. In mice carrying a conditional knockout of Hif1α in postnatal neurons we observe that exercise alone produces SNpc TH+ DA neuron loss. Loss of HIF1α also abolishes exercise-induced neuroprotection. In mice lacking Hif2α in postnatal neurons, the number of TH+ DA neurons in the adult SNpc is diminished, but 3months of exercise rescues this loss. We conclude that HIF1α is necessary for exercise-induced neuroprotection and both HIF1α and HIF2α are necessary for the survival and function of adult SNpc DA neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - P Sladen
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Y Jiao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - I Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - R J Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Exercise-induced neuroprotection in the spastic Han Wistar rat: the possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:834543. [PMID: 25710032 PMCID: PMC4331471 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Moderate aerobic exercise has been shown to enhance motor skills and protect the nervous system from neurodegenerative diseases, like ataxia. Our lab uses the spastic Han Wistar rat as a model of ataxia. Mutant rats develop forelimb tremor and hind limb rigidity and have a decreased lifespan. Our lab has shown that exercise reduced Purkinje cell degeneration and delayed motor dysfunction, significantly increasing lifespan. Our study investigated how moderate exercise may mediate neuroprotection by analyzing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB. To link BDNF to exercise-induced neuroprotection, mutant and normal rats were infused with the TrkB antagonist K252a or vehicle into the third ventricle. During infusion, rats were subjected to moderate exercise regimens on a treadmill. Exercised mutants receiving K252a exhibited a 21.4% loss in Purkinje cells compared to their controls. Cerebellar TrkB expression was evaluated using non-drug-treated mutants subjected to various treadmill running regimens. Running animals expressed three times more TrkB than sedentary animals. BDNF was quantified via Sandwich ELISA, and cerebellar expression was found to be 26.6% greater in mutant rats on 7-day treadmill exercise regimen compared to 30 days of treadmill exercise. These results suggest that BDNF is involved in mediating exercise-induced neuroprotection.
Collapse
|
32
|
Segura-Aguilar J, Kostrzewa RM. Neurotoxin mechanisms and processes relevant to Parkinson's disease: an update. Neurotox Res 2015; 27:328-54. [PMID: 25631236 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism responsible for degenerative process in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown. One major advance in this field has been the discovery of several genes associated to familial PD, including alpha synuclein, parkin, LRRK2, etc., thereby providing important insight toward basic research approaches. There is an consensus in neurodegenerative research that mitochon dria dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, aggregation of alpha synuclein to neurotoxic oligomers, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuroinflammation are involved in degeneration of the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the disease. An update of the mechanisms relating to neurotoxins that are used to produce preclinical models of Parkinson´s disease is presented. 6-Hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone have been the most wisely used neurotoxins to delve into mechanisms involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin. Neurotoxins generated from dopamine oxidation during neuromelanin formation are likewise reviewed, as this pathway replicates neurotoxin-induced cellular oxidative stress, inactivation of key proteins related to mitochondria and protein degradation dysfunction, and formation of neurotoxic aggregates of alpha synuclein. This survey of neurotoxin modeling-highlighting newer technologies and implicating a variety of processes and pathways related to mechanisms attending PD-is focused on research studies from 2012 to 2014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile,
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Archer T, Garcia D. Exercise and Dietary Restriction for Promotion of Neurohealth Benefits. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.71016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Tsou YH, Shih CT, Ching CH, Huang JY, Jen CJ, Yu L, Kuo YM, Wu FS, Chuang JI. Treadmill exercise activates Nrf2 antioxidant system to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons from MPP+ toxicity. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:50-62. [PMID: 25286336 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise induces oxidative stress, which may activate adaptive antioxidant responses. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays an important role in the defense of oxidative stress by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (γGCL) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). We investigated whether treadmill exercise protects dopaminergic neurons by regulating the Nrf2 antioxidant system in a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP(+))-induced parkinsonian rat model. We found that MPP(+) induced early decreases in total glutathione level and Nrf2/γGCLC (catalytic subunit of γGCL) expression, but late upregulation of HO-1 expression in association with loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression in the striatum. Treadmill exercise for 4weeks induced upregulation of Nrf2 and γGCLC expression, and also prevented the MPP(+)-induced downregulation of Nrf2/γGCLC/glutathione, HO-1 upregulation, and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Moreover, the protective effect of exercise was blocked by the knockdown of Nrf2 using a lentivirus-carried shNrf2 delivery system. These results demonstrate an essential role of Nrf2 in the exercise-mediated protective effect that exercise enhances the nigrostriatal Nrf2 antioxidant defense capacity to protect dopaminergic neurons against the MPP(+)-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsien Tsou
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Ting Shih
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Hsin Ching
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jui-Yen Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chauying J Jen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung Yu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fong-Sen Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jih-Ing Chuang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aguiar A, Stragier E, da Luz Scheffer D, Remor A, Oliveira P, Prediger R, Latini A, Raisman-Vozari R, Mongeau R, Lanfumey L. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial function, neuroplasticity and anxio-depressive behavior of mice. Neuroscience 2014; 271:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Rowe
- Cardiovascular Institute and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Neuroprotective effects of madecassoside in early stage of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP in rats. Fitoterapia 2013; 90:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
38
|
Six Weeks of Voluntary Exercise don’t Protect C57BL/6 Mice Against Neurotoxicity of MPTP and MPP+. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:147-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
39
|
Petzinger GM, Fisher BE, McEwen S, Beeler JA, Walsh JP, Jakowec MW. Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:716-26. [PMID: 23769598 PMCID: PMC3690528 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Exercise interventions in individuals with Parkinson's disease incorporate goal-based motor skill training to engage cognitive circuitry important in motor learning. With this exercise approach, physical therapy helps with learning through instruction and feedback (reinforcement) and encouragement to perform beyond self-perceived capability. Individuals with Parkinson's disease become more cognitively engaged with the practice and learning of movements and skills that were previously automatic and unconscious. Aerobic exercise, regarded as important for improvement of blood flow and facilitation of neuroplasticity in elderly people, might also have a role in improvement of behavioural function in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Exercises that incorporate goal-based training and aerobic activity have the potential to improve both cognitive and automatic components of motor control in individuals with mild to moderate disease through experience-dependent neuroplasticity. Basic research in animal models of Parkinson's disease is beginning to show exercise-induced neuroplastic effects at the level of synaptic connections and circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gerecke KM, Kolobova A, Allen S, Fawer JL. Exercise protects against chronic restraint stress-induced oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. Brain Res 2013; 1509:66-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|