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Alzamrooni A, Mendes Vieira P, Murciano N, Wolton M, Schubert FR, Robson SC, Dietrich S. Cardiac competence of the paraxial head mesoderm fades concomitant with a shift towards the head skeletal muscle programme. Dev Biol 2023; 501:39-59. [PMID: 37301464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate head mesoderm provides the heart, the great vessels, some smooth and most head skeletal muscle, in addition to parts of the skull. It has been speculated that the ability to generate cardiac and smooth muscle is the evolutionary ground-state of the tissue. However, whether indeed the entire head mesoderm has generic cardiac competence, how long this may last, and what happens as cardiac competence fades, is not clear. Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) are known to promote cardiogenesis. Using 41 different marker genes in the chicken embryo, we show that the paraxial head mesoderm that normally does not engage in cardiogenesis has the ability to respond to Bmp for a long time. However, Bmp signals are interpreted differently at different time points. Up to early head fold stages, the paraxial head mesoderm is able to read Bmps as signal to engage in the cardiac programme; the ability to upregulate smooth muscle markers is retained slightly longer. Notably, as cardiac competence fades, Bmp promotes the head skeletal muscle programme instead. The switch from cardiac to skeletal muscle competence is Wnt-independent as Wnt caudalises the head mesoderm and also suppresses Msc-inducing Bmp provided by the prechordal plate, thus suppressing both the cardiac and the head skeletal muscle programmes. Our study for the first time suggests a specific transition state in the embryo when cardiac competence is replaced by skeletal muscle competence. It sets the stage to unravel the cardiac-skeletal muscle antagonism that is known to partially collapse in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Alzamrooni
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Petra Mendes Vieira
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Nicoletta Murciano
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK; Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstr. 70A, DE - 80339, München, Germany; Saarland University, Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Kirrbergerstr. 100, DE - 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Wolton
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Frank R Schubert
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samuel C Robson
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Susanne Dietrich
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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2
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Inhibition of RhoA and Cdc42 by miR-133a Modulates Retinoic Acid Signalling during Early Development of Posterior Cardiac Tube Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084179. [PMID: 35456995 PMCID: PMC9025022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that multiple microRNAs play crucial roles in cardiovascular development, including miR-133a. Additionally, retinoic acid regulates atrial marker expression. In order to analyse the role of miR-133a as a modulator of retinoic acid signalling during the posterior segment of heart tube formation, we performed functional experiments with miR-133a and retinoic acid by means of microinjections into the posterior cardiac precursors of both primitive endocardial tubes in chick embryos. Subsequently, we subjected embryos to whole mount in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry and qPCR analysis. Our results demonstrate that miR-133a represses RhoA and Cdc42, as well as Raldh2/Aldh1a2, and the specific atrial markers Tbx5 and AMHC1, which play a key role during differentiation. Furthermore, we observed that miR-133a upregulates p21 and downregulates cyclin A by repressing RhoA and Cdc42, respectively, thus functioning as a cell proliferation inhibitor. Additionally, retinoic acid represses miR-133a, while it increases Raldh2, Tbx5 and AMHC1. Given that RhoA and Cdc42 are involved in Raldh2 expression and that they are modulated by miR-133a, which is influenced by retinoic acid signalling, our results suggest the presence of a negative feedback mechanism between miR-133a and retinoic acid during early development of the posterior cardiac tube segment. Despite additional unexplored factors being possible contributors to this negative feedback mechanism, miR-133a might also be considered as a potential therapeutic tool for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of cardiac diseases.
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3
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Garcia-Padilla C, Dueñas A, Franco D, Garcia-Lopez V, Aranega A, Garcia-Martinez V, Lopez-Sanchez C. Dynamic MicroRNA Expression Profiles During Embryonic Development Provide Novel Insights Into Cardiac Sinus Venosus/Inflow Tract Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:767954. [PMID: 35087828 PMCID: PMC8787322 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been explored in different organisms and are involved as molecular switches modulating cellular specification and differentiation during the embryonic development, including the cardiovascular system. In this study, we analyze the expression profiles of different microRNAs during early cardiac development. By using whole mount in situ hybridization in developing chick embryos, with microRNA-specific LNA probes, we carried out a detailed study of miR-23b, miR-130a, miR-106a, and miR-100 expression during early stages of embryogenesis (HH3 to HH17). We also correlated those findings with putative microRNA target genes by means of mirWalk and TargetScan analyses. Our results demonstrate a dynamic expression pattern in cardiac precursor cells from the primitive streak to the cardiac looping stages for miR-23b, miR-130a, and miR-106a. Additionally, miR-100 is later detectable during cardiac looping stages (HH15-17). Interestingly, the sinus venosus/inflow tract was shown to be the most representative cardiac area for the convergent expression of the four microRNAs. Through in silico analysis we revealed that distinct Hox family members are predicted to be targeted by the above microRNAs. We also identified expression of several Hox genes in the sinus venosus at stages HH11 and HH15. In addition, by means of gain-of-function experiments both in cardiomyoblasts and sinus venosus explants, we demonstrated the modulation of the different Hox clusters, Hoxa, Hoxb, Hoxc, and Hoxd genes, by these microRNAs. Furthermore, we correlated the negative modulation of several Hox genes, such as Hoxa3, Hoxa4, Hoxa5, Hoxc6, or Hoxd4. Finally, we demonstrated through a dual luciferase assay that Hoxa1 is targeted by miR-130a and Hoxa4 is targeted by both miR-23b and miR-106a, supporting a possible role of these microRNAs in Hox gene modulation during differentiation and compartmentalization of the posterior structures of the developing venous pole of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Angel Dueñas
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginio Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carmen Lopez-Sanchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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4
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Stutt N, Song M, Wilson MD, Scott IC. Cardiac specification during gastrulation - The Yellow Brick Road leading to Tinman. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:46-58. [PMID: 34865988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The question of how the heart develops, and the genetic networks governing this process have become intense areas of research over the past several decades. This research is propelled by classical developmental studies and potential clinical applications to understand and treat congenital conditions in which cardiac development is disrupted. Discovery of the tinman gene in Drosophila, and examination of its vertebrate homolog Nkx2.5, along with other core cardiac transcription factors has revealed how cardiac progenitor differentiation and maturation drives heart development. Careful observation of cardiac morphogenesis along with lineage tracing approaches indicated that cardiac progenitors can be divided into two broad classes of cells, namely the first and second heart fields, that contribute to the heart in two distinct waves of differentiation. Ample evidence suggests that the fate of individual cardiac progenitors is restricted to distinct cardiac structures quite early in development, well before the expression of canonical cardiac progenitor markers like Nkx2.5. Here we review the initial specification of cardiac progenitors, discuss evidence for the early patterning of cardiac progenitors during gastrulation, and consider how early gene expression programs and epigenetic patterns can direct their development. A complete understanding of when and how the developmental potential of cardiac progenitors is determined, and their potential plasticity, is of great interest developmentally and also has important implications for both the study of congenital heart disease and therapeutic approaches based on cardiac stem cell programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stutt
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Mengyi Song
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Ian C Scott
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.
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5
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Wittig JG, Münsterberg A. The Chicken as a Model Organism to Study Heart Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037218. [PMID: 31767650 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart development is a complex process and begins with the long-range migration of cardiac progenitor cells during gastrulation. This culminates in the formation of a simple contractile tube with multiple layers, which undergoes remodeling into a four-chambered heart. During this morphogenesis, additional cell populations become incorporated. It is important to unravel the underlying genetic and cellular mechanisms to be able to identify the embryonic origin of diseases, including congenital malformations, which impair cardiac function and may affect life expectancy or quality. Owing to the evolutionary conservation of development, observations made in nonamniote and amniote vertebrate species allow us to extrapolate to human. This review will focus on the contributions made to a better understanding of heart development through studying avian embryos-mainly the chicken but also quail embryos. We will illustrate the classic and recent approaches used in the avian system, give an overview of the important discoveries made, and summarize the early stages of cardiac development up to the establishment of the four-chambered heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Wittig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Ton MLN, Guibentif C, Göttgens B. Single cell genomics and developmental biology: moving beyond the generation of cell type catalogues. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:66-71. [PMID: 32629366 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Major developmental processes such as gastrulation and early embryogenesis rely on a complex network of cell-cell interactions, chromatin remodeling, and transcriptional regulators. This makes it challenging to study early development when using bulk populations of cells. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have allowed researchers to better understand the interactions between different molecular modalities and the heterogeneities within classically defined cell types. As new single-cell technologies mature, they have the potential of providing a step-change in our understanding of embryogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in single-cell technologies with particular focus on those that lend insight into early organogenesis. We then discuss current pitfalls and implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Linh N Ton
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carolina Guibentif
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Borasch K, Richardson K, Plendl J. Cardiogenesis with a focus on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:643-655. [PMID: 32319704 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial intraembryonic vasculogenesis occurs in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Here, a cell population of proendocardial cells detaches from the mesoderm that subsequently generates the single endocardial tube by forming vascular plexuses. In the course of embryogenesis, the endocardium retains vasculogenic, angiogenic and haematopoietic potential. The coronary blood vessels that sustain the rapidly expanding myocardium develop in the course of the formation of the cardiac loop by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis from progenitor cells of the proepicardial serosa at the venous pole of the heart as well as from the endocardium and endothelial cells of the sinus venosus. Prospective coronary endothelial cells and progenitor cells of the coronary blood vessel walls (smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells) originate from different cell populations that are in close spatial as well as regulatory connection with each other. Vasculo- and angiogenesis of the coronary blood vessels are for a large part regulated by the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells. Vasculogenic and angiogenic signalling pathways include the vascular endothelial growth factors, the angiopoietins and the fibroblast growth factors and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Borasch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Tsujino K, Okuzaki Y, Hibino N, Kawamura K, Saito S, Ozaki Y, Ishishita S, Kuroiwa A, Iijima S, Matsuda Y, Nishijima K, Suzuki T. Identification of transgene integration site and anatomical properties of fluorescence intensity in a EGFP transgenic chicken line. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:393-401. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Tsujino
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuya Okuzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hibino
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawamura
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Seiji Saito
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Yumi Ozaki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishishita
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Kenichi Nishijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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9
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Vilches-Moure JG. Embryonic Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus) as a Model of Cardiac Biology and Development. Comp Med 2019; 69:184-203. [PMID: 31182184 PMCID: PMC6591676 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the top contributors to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Increasing evidence suggests that many processes, pathways, and programs observed during development and organogenesis are recapitulated in adults in the face of disease. Therefore, a heightened understanding of cardiac development and organogenesis will help increase our understanding of developmental defects and cardiovascular diseases in adults. Chicks have long served as a model system in which to study developmental problems. Detailed descriptions of morphogenesis, low cost, accessibility, ease of manipulation, and the optimization of genetic engineering techniques have made chicks a robust model for studying development and make it a powerful platform for cardiovascular research. This review summarizes the cardiac developmental milestones of embryonic chickens, practical considerations when working with chicken embryos, and techniques available for use in chicks (including tissue chimeras, genetic manipulations, and live imaging). In addition, this article highlights examples that accentuate the utility of the embryonic chicken as model system in which to study cardiac development, particularly epicardial development, and that underscore the importance of how studying development informs our understanding of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,
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10
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Gibb N, Lazic S, Yuan X, Deshwar AR, Leslie M, Wilson MD, Scott IC. Hey2 regulates the size of the cardiac progenitor pool during vertebrate heart development. Development 2018; 145:dev.167510. [PMID: 30355727 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A key event in heart development is the timely addition of cardiac progenitor cells, defects in which can lead to congenital heart defects. However, how the balance and proportion of progenitor proliferation versus addition to the heart is regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Hey2 functions to regulate the dynamics of cardiac progenitor addition to the zebrafish heart. We found that the previously noted increase in myocardial cell number found in the absence of Hey2 function was due to a pronounced expansion in the size of the cardiac progenitor pool. Expression analysis and lineage tracing of hey2-expressing cells showed that hey2 is active in cardiac progenitors. Hey2 acted to limit proliferation of cardiac progenitors, prior to heart tube formation. Use of a transplantation approach demonstrated a likely cell-autonomous (in cardiac progenitors) function for Hey2. Taken together, our data suggest a previously unappreciated role for Hey2 in controlling the proliferative capacity of cardiac progenitors, affecting the subsequent contribution of late-differentiating cardiac progenitors to the developing vertebrate heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gibb
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Savo Lazic
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xuefei Yuan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ashish R Deshwar
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Meaghan Leslie
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ian C Scott
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Organizers, which comprise groups of cells with the ability to instruct adjacent cells into specific states, represent a key principle in developmental biology. The concept was first introduced by Spemann and Mangold, who showed that there is a cellular population in the newt embryo that elicits the development of a secondary axis from adjacent cells. Similar experiments in chicken and rabbit embryos subsequently revealed groups of cells with similar instructive potential. In birds and mammals, organizer activity is often associated with a structure known as the node, which has thus been considered a functional homologue of Spemann's organizer. Here, we take an in-depth look at the structure and function of organizers across species and note that, whereas the amphibian organizer is a contingent collection of elements, each performing a specific function, the elements of organizers in other species are dispersed in time and space. This observation urges us to reconsider the universality and meaning of the organizer concept. Summary: This Review re-evaluates the notion of Spemann's organizer as identified in amphibians, highlighting the spatiotemporal dispersion of equivalent elements in mouse and the key influence of responsiveness to organizer signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Steventon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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12
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Schubert FR, Singh AJ, Afoyalan O, Kioussi C, Dietrich S. To roll the eyes and snap a bite - function, development and evolution of craniofacial muscles. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:31-44. [PMID: 29331210 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial muscles, muscles that move the eyes, control facial expression and allow food uptake and speech, have long been regarded as a variation on the general body muscle scheme. However, evidence has accumulated that the function of head muscles, their developmental anatomy and the underlying regulatory cascades are distinct. This article reviews the key aspects of craniofacial muscle and muscle stem cell formation and discusses how this differs from the trunk programme of myogenesis; we show novel RNAseq data to support this notion. We also trace the origin of head muscle in the chordate ancestors of vertebrates and discuss links with smooth-type muscle in the primitive chordate pharynx. We look out as to how the special properties of head muscle precursor and stem cells, in particular their competence to contribute to the heart, could be exploited in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Schubert
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Arun J Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Oluwatomisin Afoyalan
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Susanne Dietrich
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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13
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Santos R, Kawauchi S, Jacobs RE, Lopez-Burks ME, Choi H, Wikenheiser J, Hallgrimsson B, Jamniczky HA, Fraser SE, Lander AD, Calof AL. Conditional Creation and Rescue of Nipbl-Deficiency in Mice Reveals Multiple Determinants of Risk for Congenital Heart Defects. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000197. [PMID: 27606604 PMCID: PMC5016002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the causes of congenital heart defects is made difficult by the complex morphogenesis of the mammalian heart, which takes place early in development, involves contributions from multiple germ layers, and is controlled by many genes. Here, we use a conditional/invertible genetic strategy to identify the cell lineage(s) responsible for the development of heart defects in a Nipbl-deficient mouse model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, in which global yet subtle transcriptional dysregulation leads to development of atrial septal defects (ASDs) at high frequency. Using an approach that allows for recombinase-mediated creation or rescue of Nipbl deficiency in different lineages, we uncover complex interactions between the cardiac mesoderm, endoderm, and the rest of the embryo, whereby the risk conferred by genetic abnormality in any one lineage is modified, in a surprisingly non-additive way, by the status of others. We argue that these results are best understood in the context of a model in which the risk of heart defects is associated with the adequacy of early progenitor cell populations relative to the sizes of the structures they must eventually form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaysela Santos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Martha E Lopez-Burks
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hojae Choi
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie Wikenheiser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Anne L Calof
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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14
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Wittig JG, Münsterberg A. The Early Stages of Heart Development: Insights from Chicken Embryos. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3020012. [PMID: 29367563 PMCID: PMC5715676 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first functioning organ in the developing embryo and a detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in its formation provides insights into congenital malformations affecting its function and therefore the survival of the organism. Because many developmental mechanisms are highly conserved, it is possible to extrapolate from observations made in invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms to humans. This review will highlight the contributions made through studying heart development in avian embryos, particularly the chicken. The major advantage of chick embryos is their accessibility for surgical manipulation and functional interference approaches, both gain- and loss-of-function. In addition to experiments performed in ovo, the dissection of tissues for ex vivo culture, genomic, or biochemical approaches is straightforward. Furthermore, embryos can be cultured for time-lapse imaging, which enables tracking of fluorescently labeled cells and detailed analysis of tissue morphogenesis. Owing to these features, investigations in chick embryos have led to important discoveries, often complementing genetic studies in mice and zebrafish. As well as including some historical aspects, we cover here some of the crucial advances made in understanding early heart development using the chicken model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Wittig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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15
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Nogueira JM, Hawrot K, Sharpe C, Noble A, Wood WM, Jorge EC, Goldhamer DJ, Kardon G, Dietrich S. The emergence of Pax7-expressing muscle stem cells during vertebrate head muscle development. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:62. [PMID: 26042028 PMCID: PMC4436886 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax7 expressing muscle stem cells accompany all skeletal muscles in the body and in healthy individuals, efficiently repair muscle after injury. Currently, the in vitro manipulation and culture of these cells is still in its infancy, yet muscle stem cells may be the most promising route toward the therapy of muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophies. It is often overlooked that muscular dystrophies affect head and body skeletal muscle differently. Moreover, these muscles develop differently. Specifically, head muscle and its stem cells develop from the non-somitic head mesoderm which also has cardiac competence. To which extent head muscle stem cells retain properties of the early head mesoderm and might even be able to switch between a skeletal muscle and cardiac fate is not known. This is due to the fact that the timing and mechanisms underlying head muscle stem cell development are still obscure. Consequently, it is not clear at which time point one should compare the properties of head mesodermal cells and head muscle stem cells. To shed light on this, we traced the emergence of head muscle stem cells in the key vertebrate models for myogenesis, chicken, mouse, frog and zebrafish, using Pax7 as key marker. Our study reveals a common theme of head muscle stem cell development that is quite different from the trunk. Unlike trunk muscle stem cells, head muscle stem cells do not have a previous history of Pax7 expression, instead Pax7 expression emerges de-novo. The cells develop late, and well after the head mesoderm has committed to myogenesis. We propose that this unique mechanism of muscle stem cell development is a legacy of the evolutionary history of the chordate head mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Meireles Nogueira
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK ; Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Katarzyna Hawrot
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
| | - Colin Sharpe
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
| | - Anna Noble
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
| | - William M Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Erika C Jorge
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David J Goldhamer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Susanne Dietrich
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
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16
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Furtado J, Bento M, Correia E, Inácio JM, Belo JA. Expression and function of Ccbe1 in the chick early cardiogenic regions are required for correct heart development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115481. [PMID: 25545279 PMCID: PMC4278723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a differential screen to identify transcripts specific for chick heart/hemangioblast precursor cells, we have identified Ccbe1 (Collagen and calcium-binding EGF-like domain 1). While the importance of Ccbe1 for the development of the lymphatic system is now well demonstrated, its role in cardiac formation remained unknown. Here we show by whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis that cCcbe1 mRNA is initially detected in early cardiac progenitors of the two bilateral cardiogenic fields (HH4), and at later stages on the second heart field (HH9-18). Furthermore, cCcbe1 is expressed in multipotent and highly proliferative cardiac progenitors. We characterized the role of cCcbe1 during early cardiogenesis by performing functional studies. Upon morpholino-induced cCcbe1 knockdown, the chick embryos displayed heart malformations, which include aberrant fusion of the heart fields, leading to incomplete terminal differentiation of the cardiomyocytes. cCcbe1 overexpression also resulted in severe heart defects, including cardia bifida. Altogether, our data demonstrate that although cardiac progenitors cells are specified in cCcbe1 morphants, the migration and proliferation of cardiac precursors cells are impaired, suggesting that cCcbe1 is a key gene during early heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Furtado
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular. e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - Margaret Bento
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular. e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth Correia
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular. e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Inácio
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular. e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José António Belo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular. e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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17
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Devine WP, Wythe JD, George M, Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Bruneau BG. Early patterning and specification of cardiac progenitors in gastrulating mesoderm. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25296024 PMCID: PMC4356145 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian heart development requires precise allocation of cardiac progenitors. The existence of a multipotent progenitor for all anatomic and cellular components of the heart has been predicted but its identity and contribution to the two cardiac progenitor ‘fields’ has remained undefined. Here we show, using clonal genetic fate mapping, that Mesp1+ cells in gastrulating mesoderm are rapidly specified into committed cardiac precursors fated for distinct anatomic regions of the heart. We identify Smarcd3 as a marker of early specified cardiac precursors and identify within these precursors a compartment boundary at the future junction of the left and right ventricles that arises prior to morphogenesis. Our studies define the timing and hierarchy of cardiac progenitor specification and demonstrate that the cellular and anatomical fate of mesoderm-derived cardiac cells is specified very early. These findings will be important to understand the basis of congenital heart defects and to derive cardiac regeneration strategies. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03848.001 Most internal organs in the body are made up of several different kinds of cells. Understanding where these cells come from and how these different cells develop from a single cell in an embryo could help to guide regenerative therapies, where tissues grown in the laboratory are used to repair damage that the body cannot repair itself. The existence of a single heart progenitor cell that can produce all of the heart's structures has long been predicted, but has so far escaped discovery. Currently, it is known that two distinct sets of heart precursor cells exist in mammals, which each produce cells for different parts of the heart. Work performed in mouse embryos has hinted that both sets of cells develop from cells that produce a protein called Mesp1. This protein controls when many genes—including those involved in heart development—are activated. Devine et al. marked a small number of Mesp1-producing cells and followed the fate of these cells through development to see where their descendants would end up within the embryo—and specifically within the mature heart. Labeling occurred at a very early stage of development, called gastrulation, when the embryonic cells first begin to organize themselves into three tissue layers that will go on to form all the different parts of the organism. Devine et al. found that shortly after gastrulation begins, heart precursor cells are present and are already assigned to particular regions of the heart. This means that if there is a single pool of heart precursor cells, it specializes into different populations very early in the development of an embryo. Devine et al. show that during gastrulation, heart precursor cells are already split into two distinct populations: one containing the cells that go on to form the atria and left ventricle of the heart; the other consisting of the cells that will make up the right ventricle and the ‘outflow tract’ that will eventually form the great vessels leading into and out of the heart. These two populations are separated by a boundary, which Devine et al. suggest is established very early on, and will go on to form the septum that separates the left and right ventricles in the developed heart. As defects in the septum are the source of many congenital heart defects, a better understanding of the heart cell precursor populations and how they interact could help develop treatments for these conditions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03848.002
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Affiliation(s)
- W Patrick Devine
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, United States
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, United States
| | - Matthew George
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, United States
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18
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Smad1 transcription factor integrates BMP2 and Wnt3a signals in migrating cardiac progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7337-42. [PMID: 24808138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321764111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate embryos, cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) undergo long-range migration after emerging from the primitive streak during gastrulation. Together with other mesoderm progenitors, they migrate laterally and then toward the ventral midline, where they form the heart. Signals controlling the migration of different progenitor cell populations during gastrulation are poorly understood. Several pathways are involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and ingression of mesoderm cells through the primitive streak, including fibroblast growth factors and wingless-type family members (Wnt). Here we focus on early CPC migration and use live video microscopy in chicken embryos to demonstrate a role for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMA and MAD related (Smad) signaling. We identify an interaction of BMP and Wnt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) pathways via the differential phosphorylation of Smad1. Increased BMP2 activity altered migration trajectories of prospective cardiac cells and resulted in their lateral displacement and ectopic differentiation, as they failed to reach the ventral midline. Constitutively active BMP receptors or constitutively active Smad1 mimicked this phenotype, suggesting a cell autonomous response. Expression of GSK3β, which promotes the turnover of active Smad1, rescued the BMP-induced migration phenotype. Conversely, expression of GSK3β-resistant Smad1 resulted in aberrant CPC migration trajectories. De-repression of GSK3β by dominant negative Wnt3a restored normal migration patterns in the presence of high BMP activity. The data indicate the convergence of BMP and Wnt pathways on Smad1 during the early migration of prospective cardiac cells. Overall, we reveal molecular mechanisms that contribute to the emerging paradigm of signaling pathway integration in embryo development.
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19
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Abu-Issa R. Heart fields: spatial polarity and temporal dynamics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:175-82. [PMID: 24443184 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In chick and mouse, heart fields undergo dynamic morphological spatiotemporal changes during heart tube formation. Here, the dynamic change in spatial polarity of such fields is discussed and a new perspective on the heart fields is proposed. The heart progenitor cells delaminate through the primitive streak and migrate in a semicircular trajectory craniolaterally forming the bilateral heart fields as part of the splanchnic mesoderm. They switch their polarity from anteroposterior to mediolateral. The anterior intestinal portal posterior descent inverts the newly formed heart field mediolateral polarity into lateromedial by 125° bending. The heart fields revert back to their original anteroposterior polarity and fuse at the midline forming a semi heart tube by completing their half circle movement. Several names and roles were assigned to different portions of the heart fields: posterior versus anterior, first versus second, and primary versus secondary heart field. The posterior and anterior heart fields define basically physical fields that form the inflow-outflow axis of the heart tube. The first and second heart fields are, in contrast, temporal fields of differentiating cardiomyocytes expressing myosin light chain 2a and undifferentiated and proliferating precardiac mesoderm expressing Isl1 gene, respectively. The two markers present a complementary pattern and are expressed transiently in all myocardial lineages. Thus, Isl1 is not restricted to a portion of the heart field or one of the two heart lineages as has been often assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwan Abu-Issa
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Michigan
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