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Active pharmacovigilance of the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine produced by Instituto Butantan: A prospective cohort study of five target groups. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246540. [PMID: 33571237 PMCID: PMC7877614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Active pharmacovigilance studies are pivotal to better characterize vaccine safety. Methods These are multicenter prospective cohort studies to evaluate the safety of the 2017 and 2018 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs) manufactured by Instituto Butantan, by means of active pharmacovigilance practices. Elderly, children, healthcare workers, pregnant women, and women in the puerperium period were invited to participate in the study during the 2017 and 2018 Brazilian national seasonal influenza vaccination campaigns. Following immunization, participants were observed for 30 minutes and they received a participant card to register adverse events information. All safety information registered were checked at a clinical site visit 14 days after immunization and by a telephone contact 42 days after immunization for unsolicited Adverse Events (AE) and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Results A total of 942 volunteers participated in the two studies: 305 elderly, 109 children, 108 pregnant women, 32 women in the postpartum period, and 388 health workers. Overall, the median number of AR per participant ranged from 1 to 4. The lowest median number of AR per participant was observed among healthcare workers (1 AR per participant) and the highest among pregnant women (4 AR per participant). Overall, local pain (46.6%) was the most frequent solicited local AR. The most frequent systemic ARs were: headache (22.5%) followed by fatigue (16.0%), and malaise (11.0%). The majority of solicited ARs (96%) were mild, Grades 1 or 2), only 3% were Grade 3, and 1% was Grade 4. No serious AEs, including Guillain-Barré Syndrome, were reported up to 42 days postvaccination. Conclusion The results from the two studies confirmed that the 2017 and 2018 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines produced by Instituto Butantan were safe and that active pharmacovigilance studies should be considered, when it is feasible, as an important initiative to monitor vaccine safety in the post-marketing period.
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Cuningham W, Geard N, Fielding JE, Braat S, Madhi SA, Nunes MC, Christian LM, Lin S, Lee C, Yamaguchi K, Bisgaard H, Chawes B, Chao A, Blanchard‐Rohner G, Schlaudecker EP, Fisher BM, McVernon J, Moss R. Optimal timing of influenza vaccine during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:438-452. [PMID: 31165580 PMCID: PMC6692549 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women have an elevated risk of illness and hospitalisation from influenza. Pregnant women are recommended to be prioritised for influenza vaccination during any stage of pregnancy. The risk of seasonal influenza varies substantially throughout the year in temperate climates; however, there is limited knowledge of how vaccination timing during pregnancy impacts the benefits received by the mother and foetus. OBJECTIVES To compare antenatal vaccination timing with regard to influenza vaccine immunogenicity during pregnancy and transplacental transfer to their newborns. METHODS Studies were eligible for inclusion if immunogenicity to influenza vaccine was evaluated in women stratified by trimester of pregnancy. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres, stratified by trimester of vaccination, had to be measured at either pre-vaccination and within one month post-vaccination, post-vaccination and at delivery in the mother, or in cord/newborn blood. Authors searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE databases from inception until June 2016 and authors of identified studies were contacted for additional data. Extracted data were tabulated and summarised via random-effect meta-analyses and qualitative methods. RESULTS Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses found that compared with women vaccinated in an earlier trimester, those vaccinated in a later trimester had a greater fold increase in HI titres (1.33- to 1.96-fold) and higher HI titres in cord/newborn blood (1.21- to 1.64-fold). CONCLUSIONS This review provides comparative analysis of the effect of vaccination timing on maternal immunogenicity and protection of the infant that is informative and relevant to current vaccine scheduling for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Cuningham
- Menzies School of Health ResearchCharles Darwin UniversityCasuarinaNorthern TerritoryAustralia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nicholas Geard
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of EngineeringThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - James E. Fielding
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sabine Braat
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Melbourne Clinical and Translational Sciences (MCATS) Platform, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Department of Science/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Marta C. Nunes
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Department of Science/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Lisa M. Christian
- The Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health and The Institute for Behavioral Medicine ResearchThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Shin‐Yu Lin
- Department of OBS & GYNNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chien‐Nan Lee
- Department of OBS & GYNNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Koushi Yamaguchi
- Division of Immunology and Microbiology, Center of Maternal‐Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive MedicineNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte HospitalUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte HospitalUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - An‐Shine Chao
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital & Chang Gung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Geraldine Blanchard‐Rohner
- Department of PediatricsChildren’s Hospital of Geneva, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health CenterCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
| | - Barbra M. Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Maternal‐Fetal MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColorado
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteThe Royal Children’s HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robert Moss
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Haveri A, Ikonen N, Kantele A, Anttila VJ, Ruotsalainen E, Savolainen-Kopra C, Julkunen I. Seasonal influenza vaccines induced high levels of neutralizing cross-reactive antibody responses against different genetic group influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Vaccine 2019; 37:2731-2740. [PMID: 30954308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have been circulating throughout the world since the 2009 pandemic. A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus was included in seasonal influenza vaccines for seven years altogether, providing a great opportunity to analyse vaccine-induced immunity in relation to the postpandemic evolution of the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Serum antibodies against various epidemic strains of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were measured among health care workers (HCWs) by haemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization tests before and after 2010 and 2012 seasonal influenza vaccinations. We detected high responses of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies to six distinct genetic groups. Our results indicate antigenic similarity between vaccine and circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 strains, and substantial vaccine-induced immunity against circulating epidemic viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Neutralization Tests
- Phylogeny
- Seasons
- Serologic Tests
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Haveri
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 348, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Jukka Anttila
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 348, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Ruotsalainen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 348, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), POB 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Kostinov MP, Cherdantsev AP, Akhmatova NK, Praulova DA, Kostinova AM, Akhmatova EA, Demina EO. Immunogenicity and safety of subunit influenza vaccines in pregnant women. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4:00060-2017. [PMID: 29637079 PMCID: PMC5890026 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00060-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a condition of modulated immune suppression, so this group of patients has increased risk of infectious diseases. Trivalent subunit vaccines, unadjusted Agrippal S1 (group I) and immunoadjuvant Grippol Plus (group II), containing 5 μg of actual influenza virus strains, were administered respectively to 37 and 42 women in the second and third trimester of physiological pregnancy. The administration of subunit influenza vaccines was accompanied by the development of local reactions in no more than 10% of patients, compared with 4.9% of the 41 pregnant women in the placebo group (group III). Systemic reactions were of a general somatic nature, did not differ between vaccinated and placebo groups, and were not associated with vaccination. Physiological births in groups I, II and III were 94.6%, 92.9% and 85.4%, respectively, and the birth rates of children without pathologies were 91.9%, 90.5% and 80.5%, respectively, and were comparable between groups. Vaccination stimulated the production of protective antibodies against influenza virus strains in 64.8-94.5% of patients after immunisation with an unadjusted vaccine and in 72.5-90.0% of patients after the administration of an immunoadjuvant vaccine. After 9 months, antibody levels were recorded in 51.3-72.9% in group I and 54.2-74.2% in group II. Immunisation against influenza in pregnant women provided a high level of seroprotection and seroconversion. Nevertheless, the level of seroprotection against the influenza strain A(H3N2, Victoria) was slightly lower in the group immunised with an unadjusted vaccine compared to those vaccinated with the immunoadjuvant vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail P. Kostinov
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P. Cherdantsev
- Federal State Budget-funded Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Education Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | | | - Daria A. Praulova
- Federal State Budget-funded Establishment “Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitriy Rogachev” of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aristitsa M. Kostinova
- National Research Center – Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Abu Raya B, Edwards KM, Scheifele DW, Halperin SA. Pertussis and influenza immunisation during pregnancy: a landscape review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:e209-e222. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Harder T, Remschmidt C, Haller S, Eckmanns T, Wichmann O. Use of existing systematic reviews for evidence assessments in infectious disease prevention: a comparative case study. Syst Rev 2016; 5:171. [PMID: 27724950 PMCID: PMC5057474 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given limited resources and time constraints, the use of existing systematic reviews (SR) for the development of evidence-based public health recommendations has become increasingly important. Recently, a five-step approach for identifying, analyzing, appraising and using existing SRs based on recent guidance by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) was proposed within the Project on a Framework for Rating Evidence in Public Health (PRECEPT). However, case studies are needed to test whether this approach is useful, what challenges arise and how problems can be solved. METHODS In two case studies, the five-step approach was applied to integrate existing SRs in the development of evidence-based public health recommendations. Case study A focused on the role of neonatal sepsis as a risk factor for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Case study B examined the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. For each step, we report the approach of the review team, discuss challenges and describe solutions. RESULTS For case study A, one existing SR was identified, while in case study B four SRs were eligible for analysis. We found that comparison of inclusion criteria alone was sufficient to judge on relevance of SRs in case study A, but not B. Although methodological quality of all identified SRs was acceptable, risk of bias assessments of individual studies included in the SRs had to be repeated in both case studies. Particular challenges appeared in case study B where multiple SRs addressed the same research question. With the help of spreadsheets comparing the characteristics of the existing SR we decided to use the most comprehensive one for our evidence synthesis and supplemented the results with those from the other SRs. CONCLUSIONS In both case studies using the complete SR was not possible. The five-step approach provided useful and structured guidance and should be routinely applied when using existing SRs as a basis for evidence-based recommendations in public health. In situations where more than one SR has to be considered, the development of spreadsheets comparing characteristics, inclusion criteria, risk of bias, included studies and outcomes seems useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harder
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Haller
- Unit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Eckmanns
- Unit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Wichmann
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Beeler JA, Lambach P, Fulton TR, Narayanan D, Ortiz JR, Omer SB. A systematic review of ethical issues in vaccine studies involving pregnant women. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1952-1959. [PMID: 27246403 PMCID: PMC4994733 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1186312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization during pregnancy can provide protection for mother and child. However, there have been only a limited number of studies documenting the efficacy and safety of this strategy. AIMS To determine the extent and nature of subject matter related to ethics in maternal immunization by systematically documenting the spectrum of ethical issues in vaccine studies involving pregnant women. METHOD We conducted a systematic literature review of published works pertaining to vaccine and therapeutic studies involving pregnant women through searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Database, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We selected literature meeting the inclusion criteria published between 1988 and June 2014. We systematically abstracted subject matter pertaining to ethical issues in immunization studies during pregnancy. Immunization-specific ethical issues were matched and grouped into major categories and subcategories. RESULTS Seventy-seven published articles met the inclusion criteria. Published articles reported findings on data that had been collected in 26 countries, the majority of which were classified as high-income or upper-middle-income nations according to World Bank criteria. Review of these publications produced 60 immunization-specific ethical issues, grouped into six major categories. Notably, many studies demonstrated limited acknowledgment of key ethical issues including the rights and welfare of participants. Additionally, there was no discussion pertaining to the ethics of program implementation, including integration of maternal immunization programs into existing routine immunization programs. CONCLUSION This review of ethical issues in immunization studies of pregnant women can be used to help inform future vaccine trials in this important population. Consistent documentation of these ethical issues by investigators will facilitate a broader and more nuanced discussion of ethics in immunization of pregnant women - offering new and valuable insights for programs developed to prevent disease in newborn children in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Beeler
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philipp Lambach
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T. Roice Fulton
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Divya Narayanan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin R. Ortiz
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Phadke VK, Omer SB. Maternal vaccination for the prevention of influenza: current status and hopes for the future. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1255-80. [PMID: 27070268 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1175304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and young infants, and influenza infection during pregnancy has also been associated with adverse obstetric and birth outcomes. There is substantial evidence - from randomized trials and observational studies - that maternal influenza immunization can protect pregnant women and their infants from influenza disease. In addition, there is compelling observational evidence that prevention of influenza in pregnant women can also protect against certain adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth and preterm birth. In this article we will review and evaluate the literature on both the burden of influenza disease in pregnant women and infants, as well as the multiple potential benefits of maternal influenza immunization for mother, fetus, and infant. We will also review key clinical aspects of maternal influenza immunization, as well as identify remaining knowledge gaps, and discuss avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K Phadke
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- b Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA.,c Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA.,d Emory Vaccine Center , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Fulton TR, Narayanan D, Bonhoeffer J, Ortiz JR, Lambach P, Omer SB. A systematic review of adverse events following immunization during pregnancy and the newborn period. Vaccine 2015; 33:6453-65. [PMID: 26413879 PMCID: PMC8290429 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) requested WHO to develop a process and a plan to move the maternal immunization agenda forward in support of an increased alignment of data safety evidence, public health needs, and regulatory processes. A key challenge identified was the continued need for harmonization of maternal adverse event following immunization (AEFI) research and surveillance efforts within developing and developed country contexts. We conducted a systematic review as a preliminary step in the development of standardized AEFI definitions for use in maternal and neonatal clinical trials, post-licensure surveillance, and other vaccine studies. We documented the current extent and nature of variability in AEFI definitions and adverse event reporting among 74 maternal immunization studies, which reported a total of 240 different types of adverse events. Forty-nine studies provided explicit AEFI case definitions describing 35 separate types of AEFIs. We identified variability in how AEFIs were determined to be present, in how AEFI definitions were applied, and in the ways that AEFIs were reported. Definitions for key maternal/neonatal AEFIs differed on four discrete attributes: overall level of detail, physiological and temporal boundaries and cut-offs, severity strata, and standards used. Our findings suggest that investigators may proactively address these inconsistencies through comprehensive and consistent reporting of AEFI definitions and outcomes in future publications. In addition, efforts to develop standardized AEFI definitions should generate definitions of sufficient detail and consistency of language to avoid the ambiguities we identified in reviewed articles, while remaining practically applicable given the constraints of low-resource contexts such as limited diagnostic capacity and high patient throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Roice Fulton
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Divya Narayanan
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jan Bonhoeffer
- University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Brighton Collaboration Foundation, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Lambach
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Saad B Omer
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Macias AE, Precioso AR, Falsey AR. The Global Influenza Initiative recommendations for the vaccination of pregnant women against seasonal influenza. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9 Suppl 1:31-7. [PMID: 26256293 PMCID: PMC4549100 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a heavy disease burden due to seasonal influenza in pregnant women, their fetuses, and their newborns. The main aim of this study was to review and analyze current evidence on safety, immunogenicity, and clinical benefits of the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in pregnant women. Current evidence shows that in pregnant women, the seasonal and pandemic IIVs are safe and well tolerated. After vaccination, pregnant women have protective concentrations of anti-influenza antibodies, conferring immunogenicity in newborns. The best evidence, to date, suggests that influenza vaccination confers clinical benefits in both pregnant women and their newborns. Vaccination with either the seasonal or pandemic vaccine has been shown to be cost-effective in pregnancy. There are scarce data from randomized clinical trials; fortunately, new phase 3 clinical trials are under way. In the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, data suggest that the greatest clinical benefit for infants occurs if the IIV is administered within the first weeks of availability of the vaccine, at the beginning of the influenza season, regardless of the pregnancy trimester. The optimal timing to vaccinate pregnant women who live in tropical regions is unclear. Based on evaluation of the evidence, the Global Influenza Initiative (GII) recommends that to prevent seasonal influenza morbidity and mortality in infants and their mothers, all pregnant women, regardless of trimester, should be vaccinated with the IIV. For countries where vaccination against influenza is starting or expanding, the GII recommends that pregnant women have the highest priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander R Precioso
- Division of Clinical Trials and Pharmacovigilance, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatric Department, Medical School of University of Sao PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital and University of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochester, NY, USA
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Nunes MC, Cutland CL, Dighero B, Bate J, Jones S, Hugo A, van Niekerk N, Kuwanda L, Izu A, Weinberg A, Madhi SA. Kinetics of Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Antibodies Following Maternal Influenza Vaccination Among Mothers With and Those Without HIV Infection and Their Infants. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1976-87. [PMID: 26080370 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in pregnant women with and those without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the persistence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in mothers and infants. METHODS Antibodies were measured before vaccination, 1 month after vaccination, at delivery, and at postpartum week 24 in mothers and within 1 week of birth and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age in infants. RESULTS We enrolled 98 HIV-uninfected and 100 HIV-infected pregnant women, including 93% with a CD4(+) T-cell count of ≥ 200 cells/µL. Compared with HIV-uninfected women, HIV-infected women had lower seroconversion rates (ranging from 63%-92% vs 36%-40%), lower antibody titers through postpartum week 24, and overlapping antibody half-lives (ranging from 106-121 vs 87-153 days). Infant titers were lower than the maternal titers within 1 week of delivery, regardless of vaccine strain and HIV exposure status. Compared with HIV-unexposed infants, HIV-exposed infants had a similar transplacental influenza virus antibody transfer ratio, lower titers, and a lower frequency of titers ≥ 1:40 (ranging from 82%-95% vs 43%-79%) at birth and higher antibody half-lives (ranging from 43-45 vs 56-65 days). CONCLUSIONS Compared with HIV-uninfected pregnant women, HIV-infected pregnant women had lower antibody responses and persistence. Compared with HIV-unexposed infants, HIV-exposed infants had lower antibody levels at birth but similar antibody levels after 8 weeks of life. Early IIV3 administration during pregnancy did not decrease antibody titers among infants at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C Nunes
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Clare L Cutland
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Bonnie Dighero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Janie Bate
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Stephanie Jones
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Andrea Hugo
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Nadia van Niekerk
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Locadiah Kuwanda
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Alane Izu
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Meijer WJ, van Noortwijk AGA, Bruinse HW, Wensing AMJ. Influenza virus infection in pregnancy: a review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94:797-819. [PMID: 26012384 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infection is very common and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in specific populations like pregnant women. Following the 2009 pandemic, several reports on the effects of influenza virus infection on maternal health and pregnancy outcome have been published. Also the safety and efficacy of antiviral treatment and vaccination of pregnant women have been studied. In this review, we have analyzed and summarized these data. OBJECTIVE To provide information on the influence of influenza virus infection during pregnancy on maternal health and pregnancy outcome and on the effect of treatment and vaccination. DATA SOURCES We have searched Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library. We used influenza, influenz*, pregnancy and pregnan* as search terms. STUDY SELECTION In total, 294 reports were reviewed and judged according to the STROBE guidelines or CONSORT statement. In all, 100 studies, published between 1961 and 2015, were included. RESULTS Compared to the general population, pregnant women are more often hospitalized and admitted to an intensive care unit due to influenza virus infection. For hospitalized patients, increased rates of preterm birth and fetal/neonatal death are reported. Early treatment with oseltamivir is associated with a reduced risk of severe disease. Vaccination of pregnant women is safe and reduces maternal and neonatal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS There is level 2b evidence that maternal health and pregnancy outcome can be severely affected by influenza virus infection. Antiviral treatment may diminish these effects and vaccination protects pregnant women and neonates from infection (level of evidence 2b and 1b, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J Meijer
- Perinatal Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hein W Bruinse
- Perinatal Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Department of Virology, Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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13
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Influenza and pregnancy: a review of the literature from India. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2015; 2015:867587. [PMID: 25810687 PMCID: PMC4355110 DOI: 10.1155/2015/867587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal influenza infection is known to cause substantial morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and young children. Many professional healthcare bodies including the World Health Organization (WHO) have identified pregnant women as a priority risk group for receipt of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccination. However influenza prevention in this group is not yet a public health priority in India. This literature review was undertaken to examine the Indian studies of influenza among pregnant women. Eight Indian studies describing influenza burden and/or outcomes among pregnant women with influenza were identified. In most studies, influenza A (pH1N1) was associated with increased maternal mortality (25–75%), greater disease severity, and adverse fetal outcomes as compared to nonpregnant women. Surveillance for seasonal influenza infections along with higher quality prospective studies among pregnant women is needed to quantify disease burden, improve awareness among antenatal care providers, and formulate antenatal influenza vaccine policies.
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14
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Abstract
Pregnant women are at risk for the same infectious diseases as nonpregnant individuals and often have increased morbidity and mortality associated with infection. Thus, immunizing women during pregnancy with recommended vaccines provides direct maternal benefit. Furthermore, maternal immunization has the potential for both fetal and infant benefit by preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes and infection during early life through passive immunity. This article reviews current knowledge on the importance and benefits of maternal immunization, which are 3-fold: protecting the mother from antepartum infection; reducing poor pregnancy and fetal outcomes; and providing immunity for infants during the first few months of life.
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15
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McMillan M, Kralik D, Porritt K, Marshall H. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2014-1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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