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Zhang N, Zuo Y, Jiang L, Peng Y, Huang X, Zuo L. Epstein-Barr Virus and Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:816098. [PMID: 35083281 PMCID: PMC8784775 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.816098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is a double-stranded DNA virus that is ubiquitous in 90–95% of the population as a gamma herpesvirus. It exists in two main states, latent infection and lytic replication, each encoding viral proteins with different functions. Human B-lymphocytes and epithelial cells are EBV-susceptible host cells. EBV latently infects B cells and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells throughout life in most immunologically active individuals. EBV-infected cells, free viruses, their gene products, and abnormally elevated EBV titers are observed in the cerebrospinal fluid. Studies have shown that EBV can infect neurons directly or indirectly via infected B-lymphocytes, induce neuroinflammation and demyelination, promote the proliferation, degeneration, and necrosis of glial cells, promote proliferative disorders of B- and T-lymphocytes, and contribute to the occurrence and development of nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, acute cerebellar ataxia, meningitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and brain tumors. However, the specific underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this paper, we review the mechanisms underlying the role of EBV in the development of central nervous system diseases, which could bebeneficial in providing new research ideas and potential clinical therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Dongkou People’s Hospital, Shaoyang, China
| | - Yuxin Zuo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lielian Zuo,
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Håvik AL, Bruland O, Aarhus M, Kalland KH, Stokowy T, Lund-Johansen M, Knappskog PM. Screening for viral nucleic acids in vestibular schwannoma. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:730-737. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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3
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François S, Filloux D, Roumagnac P, Bigot D, Gayral P, Martin DP, Froissart R, Ogliastro M. Discovery of parvovirus-related sequences in an unexpected broad range of animals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30880. [PMID: 27600734 PMCID: PMC5013282 DOI: 10.1038/srep30880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the genetic diversity and host ranges of viruses is fragmentary. This is particularly true for the Parvoviridae family. Genetic diversity studies of single stranded DNA viruses within this family have been largely focused on arthropod- and vertebrate-infecting species that cause diseases of humans and our domesticated animals: a focus that has biased our perception of parvovirus diversity. While metagenomics approaches could help rectify this bias, so too could transcriptomics studies. Large amounts of transcriptomic data are available for a diverse array of animal species and whenever this data has inadvertently been gathered from virus-infected individuals, it could contain detectable viral transcripts. We therefore performed a systematic search for parvovirus-related sequences (PRSs) within publicly available transcript, genome and protein databases and eleven new transcriptome datasets. This revealed 463 PRSs in the transcript databases of 118 animals. At least 41 of these PRSs are likely integrated within animal genomes in that they were also found within genomic sequence databases. Besides illuminating the ubiquity of parvoviruses, the number of parvoviral sequences discovered within public databases revealed numerous previously unknown parvovirus-host combinations; particularly in invertebrates. Our findings suggest that the host-ranges of extant parvoviruses might span the entire animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. François
- INRA, UMR DGIMI, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - D. Filloux
- CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex-5, France
| | - P. Roumagnac
- CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex-5, France
| | - D. Bigot
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS–Université François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - P. Gayral
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS–Université François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
- UMR5554–Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution UMR5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - D. P. Martin
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - R. Froissart
- CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex-5, France
- CNRS-IRD-UM, UMR 5290, MIVEGEC, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
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Renzette N, Kowalik TF, Jensen JD. On the relative roles of background selection and genetic hitchhiking in shaping human cytomegalovirus genetic diversity. Mol Ecol 2015. [PMID: 26211679 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A central focus of population genetics has been examining the contribution of selective and neutral processes in shaping patterns of intraspecies diversity. In terms of selection specifically, surveys of higher organisms have shown considerable variation in the relative contributions of background selection and genetic hitchhiking in shaping the distribution of polymorphisms, although these analyses have rarely been extended to bacteria and viruses. Here, we study the evolution of a ubiquitous, viral pathogen, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), by analysing the relationship among intraspecies diversity, interspecies divergence and rates of recombination. We show that there is a strong correlation between diversity and divergence, consistent with expectations of neutral evolution. However, after correcting for divergence, there remains a significant correlation between intraspecies diversity and recombination rates, with additional analyses suggesting that this correlation is largely due to the effects of background selection. In addition, a small number of loci, centred on long noncoding RNAs, also show evidence of selective sweeps. These data suggest that HCMV evolution is dominated by neutral mechanisms as well as background selection, expanding our understanding of linked selection to a novel class of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Renzette
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Timothy F Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.,Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Jensen
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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Moens U, Van Ghelue M, Ehlers B. Are human polyomaviruses co-factors for cancers induced by other oncoviruses? Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:343-60. [PMID: 24888895 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Presently, 12 human polyomaviruses are known: BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), JCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV and HPyV12. In addition, the non-human primate polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) seems to circulate in the human population. MCPyV was first described in 2008 and is now accepted to be an etiological factor in about 80% of the rare but aggressive skin cancer Merkel cell carcinoma. SV40, BKPyV and JCPyV or part of their genomes can transform cells, including human cells, and induce tumours in animal models. Moreover, DNA and RNA sequences and proteins of these three viruses have been discovered in tumour tissue. Despite these observations, their role in cancer remains controversial. So far, an association between cancer and the other human polyomaviruses is lacking. Because human polyomavirus DNA has been found in a broad spectrum of cell types, simultaneous dwelling with other oncogenic viruses is possible. Co-infecting human polyomaviruses may therefore act as a co-factor in the development of cancer, including those induced by other oncoviruses. Reviewing studies that report co-infection with human polyomaviruses and other tumour viruses in cancer tissue fail to detect a clear link between co-infection and cancer. Directions for future studies to elaborate on a possible auxiliary role of human polyomaviruses in cancer are suggested, and the mechanisms by which human polyomaviruses may synergize with other viruses in oncogenic transformation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Tromsø, Norway
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Cimino PJ, Zhao G, Wang D, Sehn JK, Lewis JS, Duncavage EJ. Detection of viral pathogens in high grade gliomas from unmapped next-generation sequencing data. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:310-5. [PMID: 24704430 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathogens have been implicated in the development of certain cancers including human papillomavirus (HPV) in squamous cell carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Burkitt's lymphoma. The significance of viral pathogens in brain tumors is controversial, and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been associated with glioblastoma (GBM) in some but not all studies, making the role of HCMV unclear. In this study we sought to determine if viral pathogen sequences could be identified in an unbiased manner from previously discarded, unmapped, non-human, next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads obtained from targeted oncology, panel-based sequencing of high grade gliomas (HGGs), including GBMs. Twenty one sequential HGG cases were analyzed by a targeted NGS clinical oncology panel containing 151 genes using DNA obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Sequencing reads that did not map to the human genome (average of 38,000 non-human reads/case (1.9%)) were filtered and low quality reads removed. Extracted high quality reads were then sequentially aligned to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant nucleotide (nt and nr) databases. Aligned reads were classified based on NCBI taxonomy database and all eukaryotic viral sequences were further classified into viral families. Two viral sequences (both herpesviruses), EBV and Roseolovirus were detected in 5/21 (24%) cases and in 1/21 (5%) cases, respectively. None of the cases had detectable HCMV. Of the five HGG cases with detectable EBV DNA, four had additional material for EBV in situ hybridization (ISH), all of which were negative for expressed viral sequence. Overall, a similar discovery approach using unmapped non-human NGS reads could be used to discover viral sequences in other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Cimino
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jennifer K Sehn
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - James S Lewis
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Eric J Duncavage
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
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