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Smerbeck A, Olson LT, Morra LF, Raines J, Schretlen DJ, Benedict RHB. Effects of Repeated Administration and Comparability of Alternate Forms for the Global Neuropsychological Assessment (GNA). Assessment 2023; 30:160-170. [PMID: 34528446 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211045125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Global Neuropsychological Assessment (GNA) is an extremely brief battery of cognitive tasks assessing episodic memory, processing speed, working memory, verbal fluency, executive function, and mood. It can be given in under 15 minutes, has five alternate forms, and does not require an examinee to be literate. The purpose of this study was to quantify practice effects over repeated administrations and assess comparability of the GNA's five alternate forms, preparing the battery for repeated administration in research and clinical settings. Forty participants each completed all five GNA forms at weekly intervals following a Latin square design (i.e., each form was administered at every position in the sequence an equal number of times). In a cognitively intact population, practice effects of 0.56 to 1.06 SD were observed across GNA measures when comparing the first and fifth administration. Most GNA tests showed nonsignificant interform differences with cross-form means differing by 0.35 SD or less, with the exception of modest but statistically significant interform differences for the GNA Story Memory subtest across all five forms. However, post hoc analysis identified clusters of two and three Story Memory alternate forms that were equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Smerbeck
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lauren T Olson
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay F Morra
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Lescht E, Venker C, McHaney JR, Bohland JW, Wray AH. Novel word recognition in childhood stuttering. TOPICS IN LANGUAGE DISORDERS 2022; 42:41-56. [PMID: 35295185 PMCID: PMC8920118 DOI: 10.1097/tld.0000000000000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lescht
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Courtney Venker
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jacie R. McHaney
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason W. Bohland
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda Hampton Wray
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Reifegerste J, Estabrooke IV, Russell LE, Veríssimo J, Johari K, Wilmarth B, Pagan FL, Moussa C, Ullman MT. Can sex influence the neurocognition of language? Evidence from Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107633. [PMID: 32971096 PMCID: PMC8613481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), which involves basal ganglia degeneration, affects language as well as motor function. However, which aspects of language are impaired in PD and under what circumstances remains unclear. We examined whether lexical and grammatical aspects of language are differentially affected in PD, and whether this dissociation is moderated by sex as well as the degree of basal ganglia degeneration. Our predictions were based on the declarative/procedural model of language. The model posits that grammatical composition, including in regular inflection, depends importantly on left basal ganglia procedural memory circuits, whereas irregular and other lexicalized forms are memorized in declarative memory. Since females tend to show declarative memory advantages as compared to males, the model further posits that females should tend to rely on this system for regulars, which can be stored as lexicalized chunks. We tested non-demented male and female PD patients and healthy control participants on the intensively studied paradigm of English regular and irregular past-tense production. Mixed-effects regression revealed PD deficits only at regular inflection, only in male patients. The degree of left basal ganglia degeneration, as reflected by right-side hypokinesia, predicted only regular inflection, and only in male patients. Left-side hypokinesia did not show this pattern. Past-tense frequency effects suggested that the female patients retrieved regular as well as irregular past-tense forms from declarative memory, whereas the males retrieved only irregulars. Sensitivity analyses showed that the pattern of findings was robust. The results, which are consistent with the declarative/procedural model, suggest a grammatical deficit in PD due to left basal ganglia degeneration, with a relative sparing of lexical retrieval. Female patients appear to compensate for this deficit by relying on chunks stored in declarative memory. More generally, the study elucidates the neurocognition of inflectional morphology and provides evidence that sex can influence how language is computed in the mind and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Reifegerste
- Department of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Ivy V Estabrooke
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Science and Technology Policy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lauren E Russell
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - João Veríssimo
- Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karim Johari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Barbara Wilmarth
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fernando L Pagan
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charbel Moussa
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael T Ullman
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Wolter JA, Gibson FE, Slocum TA. A Dynamic Measure of Morphological Awareness and First-Grade Literacy Skill. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2020; 51:617-639. [DOI: 10.1044/2020_lshss-19-00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this feasibility study was to investigate an early dynamic measure of morphological awareness (MA) involving graduated prompts to measure early MA skill and determine whether this task relates to and predicts performance on other language and/or literacy measures in first-grade children with language abilities typically found in the classroom.
Method
In addition to a battery of language and literacy measures, a dynamic assessment of MA was designed and administered to 74 first-grade children with a range of language abilities.
Results
The dynamic measure of MA was found to be valid, reliable, and measured early school–age MA performance for children with typical language and those at risk for developmental language disorder. For children with typical language, the developed dynamic MA measure was related to and predictive of performance on other language and literacy measures above and beyond static phonological and MA measures.
Conclusions
The results provide preliminary support for the use of dynamic assessment to measure MA in first-grade children with a range of language abilities.
Supplemental Material
https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12591767
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Wolter
- School of Speech, Language, Hearing, & Occupational Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula
| | - Frances E. Gibson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro
| | - Timothy A. Slocum
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan
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The neural bases of the learning and generalization of morphological inflection. Neuropsychologia 2017; 98:139-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dye CD, Walenski M, Mostofsky SH, Ullman MT. A verbal strength in children with Tourette syndrome? Evidence from a non-word repetition task. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2016; 160:61-70. [PMID: 27479738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by motor and vocal tics, and frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities. Whereas cognitive strengths have been found in other neurodevelopmental disorders, less attention has been paid to strengths in TS, or to verbal strengths in any neurodevelopmental disorder. We examined whether the finding of speeded TS production of rule-governed morphological forms (e.g., "slipped") that involve composition (Walenski, Mostofsky, & Ullman, 2007) might extend to another language domain, phonology. Thirteen children with TS and 14 typically-developing (TD) children performed a non-word repetition task: they repeated legal phonological strings (e.g.,"naichovabe"), a task that taps rule-governed (de)composition. Parallel to the morphology findings, the children with TS showed speeded production, while the two groups had similar accuracy. The results were not explained by potentially confounding factors, including IQ. Overall, the findings suggest that rule-governed grammatical composition may be speeded in TS, perhaps due to frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D Dye
- Centre for Research in Linguistics and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Walenski
- The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, United States
| | | | - Michael T Ullman
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, United States.
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Nemeth D, Janacsek K, Turi Z, Lukacs A, Peckham D, Szanka S, Gazso D, Lovassy N, Ullman MT. The production of nominal and verbal inflection in an agglutinative language: evidence from Hungarian. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119003. [PMID: 25769039 PMCID: PMC4358927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contrast between regular and irregular inflectional morphology has been useful in investigating the functional and neural architecture of language. However, most studies have examined the regular/irregular distinction in non-agglutinative Indo-European languages (primarily English) with relatively simple morphology. Additionally, the majority of research has focused on verbal rather than nominal inflectional morphology. The present study attempts to address these gaps by introducing both plural and past tense production tasks in Hungarian, an agglutinative non-Indo-European language with complex morphology. Here we report results on these tasks from healthy Hungarian native-speaking adults, in whom we examine regular and irregular nominal and verbal inflection in a within-subjects design. Regular and irregular nouns and verbs were stem on frequency, word length, and phonological structure, and both accuracy and response times were acquired. The results revealed that the regular/irregular contrast yields similar patterns in Hungarian, for both nominal and verbal inflection, as in previous studies of non-agglutinative Indo-European languages: the production of irregular inflected forms was both less accurate and slower than of regular forms, both for plural and past-tense inflection. The results replicate and extend previous findings to an agglutinative language with complex morphology. Together with previous studies, the evidence suggests that the regular/irregular distinction yields a basic behavioral pattern that holds across language families and linguistic typologies. Finally, the study sets the stage for further research examining the neurocognitive substrates of regular and irregular morphology in an agglutinative non-Indo-European language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Zsolt Turi
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes Lukacs
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Don Peckham
- Department of English Language Teacher Education and Applied Linguistics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Szanka
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Gazso
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noemi Lovassy
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Walenski M, Mostofsky SH, Ullman MT. Inflectional morphology in high-functioning autism: Evidence for speeded grammatical processing. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2014; 8:1607-1621. [PMID: 25342962 PMCID: PMC4203658 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Autism is characterized by language and communication deficits. We investigated grammatical and lexical processes in high-functioning autism by contrasting the production of regular and irregular past-tense forms. Boys with autism and typically-developing control boys did not differ in accuracy or error rates. However, boys with autism were significantly faster than controls at producing rule-governed past-tenses (slip-slipped, plim-plimmed, bring-bringed), though not lexically-dependent past-tenses (bring-brought, squeeze-squeezed, splim-splam). This pattern mirrors previous findings from Tourette syndrome attributed to abnormalities of frontal/basal-ganglia circuits that underlie grammar. We suggest a similar abnormality underlying language in autism. Importantly, even when children with autism show apparently normal language (e.g., in accuracy or with diagnostic instruments), processes and/or brain structures subserving language may be atypical in the disorder.
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Marshall CR. Word production errors in children with developmental language impairments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 369:20120389. [PMID: 24324233 PMCID: PMC3866419 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the errors that children with developmental language impairments make on three types of word production tasks: lexical retrieval, the elicitation of derivationally complex forms and the repetition of non-sense forms. The studies discussed in this review come principally from children with specific language impairment, and from children who are English-speakers or deaf users of British sign language. It is argued that models of word production need to be able to account for the data presented here, and need to have explanatory power across both modalities (i.e. speech and sign).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloë R. Marshall
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK
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