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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Console L, Scalise M, Eberini I, Indiveri C. Inflammation and Organic Cation Transporters Novel (OCTNs). Biomolecules 2024; 14:392. [PMID: 38672410 PMCID: PMC11048549 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological condition characterized by a complex interplay between different cells handled by metabolites and specific inflammatory-related molecules. In some pathological situations, inflammation persists underlying and worsening the pathological state. Over the years, two membrane transporters namely OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) have been shown to play specific roles in inflammation. These transporters form the OCTN subfamily within the larger SLC22 family. The link between these proteins and inflammation has been proposed based on their link to some chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, the two transporters show the ability to mediate the transport of several compounds including carnitine, carnitine derivatives, acetylcholine, ergothioneine, and gut microbiota by-products, which have been specifically associated with inflammation for their anti- or proinflammatory action. Therefore, the absorption and distribution of these molecules rely on the presence of OCTN1 and OCTN2, whose expression is modulated by inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors typically activated by inflammation. In the present review, we wish to provide a state of the art on OCTN1 and OCTN2 transport function and regulation in relationships with inflammation and inflammatory diseases focusing on the metabolic signature collected in different body districts and gene polymorphisms related to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Lara Console
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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2
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Farahzadi R, Hejazi MS, Molavi O, Pishgahzadeh E, Montazersaheb S, Jafari S. Clinical Significance of Carnitine in the Treatment of Cancer: From Traffic to the Regulation. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2023; 2023:9328344. [PMID: 37600065 PMCID: PMC10435298 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9328344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a common hallmark of cancer cells. Cancer cells exhibit metabolic flexibility to maintain high proliferation and survival rates. In other words, adaptation of cellular demand is essential for tumorigenesis, since a diverse supply of nutrients is required to accommodate tumor growth and progression. Diversity of carbon substrates fueling cancer cells indicate metabolic heterogeneity, even in tumors sharing the same clinical diagnosis. In addition to the alteration of glucose and amino acid metabolism in cancer cells, there is evidence that cancer cells can alter lipid metabolism. Some tumors rely on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) as the primary energy source; hence, cancer cells overexpress the enzymes involved in FAO. Carnitine is an essential cofactor in the lipid metabolic pathways. It is crucial in facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. This role and others played by carnitine, especially its antioxidant function in cellular processes, emphasize the fine regulation of carnitine traffic within tissues and subcellular compartments. The biological activity of carnitine is orchestrated by specific membrane transporters that mediate the transfer of carnitine and its derivatives across the cell membrane. The concerted function of carnitine transporters creates a collaborative network that is relevant to metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Here, the molecular mechanisms relevant to the role and expression of carnitine transporters are discussed, providing insights into cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elahe Pishgahzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevda Jafari
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Zhou S, Shu Y. Transcriptional Regulation of Solute Carrier (SLC) Drug Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-MR-2021-000704. [PMID: 35644529 PMCID: PMC9488976 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitated transport is necessitated for large size, charged, and/or hydrophilic drugs to move across the membrane. The drug transporters in the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, mainly including organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTNs), peptide transporters (PEPTs), and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), are critical facilitators of drug transport and distribution in human body. The expression of these SLC drug transporters is found in tissues throughout the body, with high abundance in the epithelial cells of major organs for drug disposition, such as intestine, liver, and kidney. These SLC drug transporters are clinically important in drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion. The mechanisms underlying their regulation have been revealing in recent years. Epigenetic and nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional regulation of SLC drug transporters have particularly attracted much attention. This review focuses on the transcriptional regulation of major SLC drug transporter genes. Revealing the mechanisms underlying the transcription of those critical drug transporters will help us understand pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, ultimately improving drug therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing drug toxicity. Significance Statement It has become increasingly recognized that solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters play a crucial, and sometimes determinative, role in drug disposition and response, which is reflected in decision-making during not only clinical drug therapy but also drug development. Understanding the mechanisms accounting for the transcription of these transporters is critical to interpret their abundance in various tissues under different conditions, which is necessary to clarify the pharmacological response, adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions for clinically used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Yan Shu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, United States
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4
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Hao X, Li Y, Bian J, Zhang Y, He S, Yu F, Feng Y, Huang L. Impact of DNA methylation on ADME gene expression, drug disposition and efficacy. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:194-206. [PMID: 35412942 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2064488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Interindividual differences in drug response have always existed in clinical treatment. Genes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) play an important role in the process of pharmacokinetics. The effects of genetic polymorphism and nuclear receptors on the expression of drug metabolism enzymes and transporters can only explain some individual differences in clinical treatment. Several key ADME genes have been demonstrated to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that can potentially affect interindividual variability in medical treatment. Emerging studies have focused on the importance of DNA methylation for ADME gene expression and for drug response. Among them, the most studied is anti-tumor drugs, and followed by anti-tuberculous and anti-platelet drugs. Therefore, we provide an epigenetics perspective on variability in drug response. The review summarizes the correlation between ADME gene expression and DNA methylation, including the exact methylation locations, and focuses on the corresponding drug disposition and effects to illuminate interindividual differences in clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jialu Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Shiyu He
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yufei Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
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5
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Abstract
This review aims to serve as an introduction to the solute carrier proteins (SLC) superfamily of transporter proteins and their roles in human cells. The SLC superfamily currently includes 458 transport proteins in 65 families that carry a wide variety of substances across cellular membranes. While members of this superfamily are found throughout cellular organelles, this review focuses on transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. At the cell surface, SLC proteins may be viewed as gatekeepers of the cellular milieu, dynamically responding to different metabolic states. With altered metabolism being one of the hallmarks of cancer, we also briefly review the roles that surface SLC proteins play in the development and progression of cancer through their influence on regulating metabolism and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D. Pizzagalli
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Giulio Superti‐Furga
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Center for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
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6
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Wang Y, Zhu Q, Hu H, Zhu H, Yang B, He Q, Yu L, Zeng S. Upregulation of histone acetylation reverses organic anion transporter 2 repression and enhances 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114546. [PMID: 33838133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. The failure of chemotherapy in HCC patients is partly due to inadequate intracellular drug accumulation caused by abnormally expressed drug transporters. Human organic anion transporter 2 (hOAT2), a transporter mainly expressed in liver and kidney, is responsible for uptake of various antineoplastic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Among 32 pairs of human HCC samples, we preliminarily found that OAT2 was suppressed in HCC tissues compared with matched tumor-adjacent tissues at both mRNA and protein levels, which resulted in 5-FU resistance in HCC. However, the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of OAT2 downregulation have not been investigated. In this study, we first proved it was histone hypoacetylation rather than DNA hypermethylation that participated in transcriptional repression of OAT2 in two HCC cell lines (BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721). In general, there were two pathways confirmed using tissues and cells: 1) Increased histone deacetylase sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) mediated loss of histone 3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac) at the promoter of OAT2 and inhibited its transcription. 2) More histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) instead of lysine acetyltransferase 8 (KAT8) enrichment at the promoter of OAT2 led to low levels of histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac). Further, we found that histone deacetylases inhibitor vorinostat (SAHA) could reverse histone hypoacetylation state to activate OAT2 transcription and enhance uptake of classic OAT2 substrate zidovudine. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of combining SAHA and 5-FU and the results demonstrated that SAHA could sensitize HCC cells to 5-FU. Collectively, we proposed such a combination treatment to overcome 5-FU resistance in HCC from the perspective of epigenetically restoring OAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianying Zhu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Console L, Scalise M, Mazza T, Pochini L, Galluccio M, Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Indiveri C. Carnitine Traffic in Cells. Link With Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583850. [PMID: 33072764 PMCID: PMC7530336 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility is a peculiar hallmark of cancer cells. A growing number of observations reveal that tumors can utilize a wide range of substrates to sustain cell survival and proliferation. The diversity of carbon sources is indicative of metabolic heterogeneity not only across different types of cancer but also within those sharing a common origin. Apart from the well-assessed alteration in glucose and amino acid metabolisms, there are pieces of evidence that cancer cells display alterations of lipid metabolism as well; indeed, some tumors use fatty acid oxidation (FAO) as the main source of energy and express high levels of FAO enzymes. In this metabolic pathway, the cofactor carnitine is crucial since it serves as a “shuttle-molecule” to allow fatty acid acyl moieties entering the mitochondrial matrix where these molecules are oxidized via the β-oxidation pathway. This role, together with others played by carnitine in cell metabolism, underlies the fine regulation of carnitine traffic among different tissues and, within a cell, among different subcellular compartments. Specific membrane transporters mediate carnitine and carnitine derivatives flux across the cell membranes. Among the SLCs, the plasma membrane transporters OCTN2 (Organic cation transport novel 2 or SLC22A5), CT2 (Carnitine transporter 2 or SLC22A16), MCT9 (Monocarboxylate transporter 9 or SLC16A9) and ATB0, + [Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+) or SLC6A14] together with the mitochondrial membrane transporter CAC (Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier or SLC25A20) are the most acknowledged to mediate the flux of carnitine. The concerted action of these proteins creates a carnitine network that becomes relevant in the context of cancer metabolic rewiring. Therefore, molecular mechanisms underlying modulation of function and expression of carnitine transporters are dealt with furnishing some perspective for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tiziano Mazza
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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8
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Buelow DR, Anderson JT, Pounds SB, Shi L, Lamba JK, Hu S, Gibson AA, Goodwin EA, Sparreboom A, Baker SD. DNA Methylation-Based Epigenetic Repression of SLC22A4 Promotes Resistance to Cytarabine in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:137-142. [PMID: 32905646 PMCID: PMC7877866 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of the uptake transporter, OCTN1 (SLC22A4), has been reported as a strong predictor of poor event-free and overall survival in multiple cohorts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving the cytidine nucleoside analog, cytarabine (Ara-C). To further understand the mechanistic basis of interindividual variability in the functional expression of OCTN1 in AML, we hypothesized a mechanistic connection to DNA methylation-based epigenetic repression of SLC22A4. We found increased basal SLC22A4 methylation was associated with decreased Ara-C uptake in AML cell lines. Pre-treatment with hypomethylating agents, 5-azacytidine, or decitabine, restored SLC22A4 mRNA expression, increased cellular uptake of Ara-C, and was associated with increased cellular sensitivity to Ara-C compared with vehicle-treated cells. Additionally, lower SLC22A4 methylation status was associated with distinct clinical advantages in both adult and pediatric patients with AML. These findings suggest a regulatory mechanism is involved in the interindividual variability in response to Ara-C, and provides a basis for the integration of hypomethylating agents into Ara-C-based treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daelynn R Buelow
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason T Anderson
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanley B Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jatinder K Lamba
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alice A Gibson
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily A Goodwin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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10
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Dai Y, Lv Q, Qi T, Qu J, Ni H, Liao Y, Liu P, Qu Q. Identification of hub methylated-CpG sites and associated genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3174-3187. [PMID: 32155325 PMCID: PMC7196066 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve personalized diagnosis and prognosis for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by identification of hub methylated‐CpG sites and associated genes, weighted gene comethylation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to examine and identify hub modules and CpG sites correlated with OSCC. Here, WGCNA modeling yielded blue and brown comethylation modules that were significantly associated with OSCC status. Following screening of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from gene expression microarrays and differentially methylated‐CpG sites (DCGs), integrated multiomics analysis of the DEGs, DCGs, and hub CpG sites from the modules was performed to investigate their correlations. Expression levels of 16 CpG sites‐associated genes were negatively correlated with methylation patterns of promoter. Moreover, Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis of the hub CpG sites and associated genes was carried out using 2 public databases, MethSurv and GEPIA. Only 5 genes, ACTA1, ACTN2, OSR1, SYNGR1, and ZNF677, had significant overall survival using GEPIA. Hypermethylated‐CpG sites ACTN2‐cg21376883 and OSR1‐cg06509239 were found to be associated with poor survival by MethSurv. Methylation status of specific site and expression levels of associated genes were determined using clinical samples by quantitative methylation‐specific PCR and real‐time PCR. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that methylation levels of cg06509239 and cg18335068 were negatively related to OSR1 and ZNF677 expression levels, respectively. Our classification schema using multiomics analysis represents a screening framework for identification of hub CpG sites and associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiaoli Lv
- Department of Science and Education, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tingting Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongli Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongkang Liao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Wang G, Zhao L, Jiang Q, Sun Y, Zhao D, Sun M, He Z, Sun J, Wang Y. Intestinal OCTN2- and MCT1-targeted drug delivery to improve oral bioavailability. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:158-173. [PMID: 32256846 PMCID: PMC7118283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various drug transporters are widely expressed throughout the intestine and play important roles in absorbing nutrients and drugs, thus providing high quality targets for the design of prodrugs or nanoparticles to facilitate oral drug delivery. In particular, intestinal carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) and mono-carboxylate transporter protein 1 (MCT1) possess high transport capacities and complementary distributions. Therefore, we outline recent developments in transporter-targeted oral drug delivery with regard to the OCTN2 and MCT1 proteins in this review. First, basic information of the two transporters is reviewed, including their topological structures, characteristics and functions, expression and key features of their substrates. Furthermore, progress in transporter-targeting prodrugs and nanoparticles to increase oral drug delivery is discussed, including improvements in the oral absorption of anti-inflammatory drugs, antiepileptic drugs and anticancer drugs. Finally, the potential of a dual transporter-targeting strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Lichun Zhao
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yixin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongyang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengchi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
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12
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Fink MA, Paland H, Herzog S, Grube M, Vogelgesang S, Weitmann K, Bialke A, Hoffmann W, Rauch BH, Schroeder HWS, Bien-Möller S. L-Carnitine-Mediated Tumor Cell Protection and Poor Patient Survival Associated with OCTN2 Overexpression in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2874-2886. [PMID: 30670496 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptotic dysregulation, redox adaptive mechanisms, and resilience to hypoxia are major causes of glioblastoma (GBM) resistance to therapy. Commonly known as crucial factors in energy metabolism, OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate L-carnitine (LC) are increasingly recognized as actors in cytoprotection. This study provides a comprehensive expression and survival analysis of the OCTN2/LC system in GBM and clarifies the system's impact on GBM progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OCTN2 expression and LC content were measured in 121 resected human GBM specimens and 10 healthy brain samples and analyzed for prognostic significance. Depending on LC administration, the effects of hypoxic, metabolic, and cytotoxic stress on survival and migration of LN18 GBM cells were further studied in vitro. Finally, an orthotopic mouse model was employed to investigate inhibition of the OCTN2/LC system on in vivo GBM growth. RESULTS Compared with healthy brain, OCTN2 expression was increased in primary and even more so in recurrent GBM on mRNA and protein level. High OCTN2 expression was associated with a poor overall patient survival; the unadjusted HR for death was 2.7 (95% CI, 1.47-4.91; P < 0.001). LC administration to GBM cells increased their tolerance toward cytotoxicity, whereas siRNA-mediated OCTN2 silencing led to a loss of tumor cell viability. In line herewith, OCTN2/LC inhibition by meldonium resulted in reduced tumor growth in an orthotopic GBM mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a potential role of the OCTN2/LC system in GBM progression and resistance to therapy, and suggests OCTN2 as a prognostic marker in patients with primary GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A Fink
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heiko Paland
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susann Herzog
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Grube
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Vogelgesang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weitmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Angela Bialke
- Independent Trusted Third Party, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry W S Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Bien-Möller
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Indiveri C. OCTN: A Small Transporter Subfamily with Great Relevance to Human Pathophysiology, Drug Discovery, and Diagnostics. SLAS Discov 2018; 24:89-110. [PMID: 30523710 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCTN is a small subfamily of membrane transport proteins that belongs to the larger SLC22 family. Two of the three members of the subfamily, namely, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are present in humans. OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter. These findings suggest avoiding a strict vegetarian diet during pregnancy and in childhood. Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues. The role of OCTN1 is still unclear, despite the identification of some substrates such as ergothioneine, acetylcholine, and choline. Plausibly, the transporter acts on the control of inflammation and oxidative stress, even though knockout mice do not display phenotypes. A clear role of both transporters has been revealed in drug interaction and delivery. The polyspecificity of the OCTNs is at the base of the interactions with drugs. Interestingly, OCTN2 has been recently exploited in the prodrug approach and in diagnostics. A promising application derives from the localization of OCTN2 in exosomes that represent a noninvasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,2 CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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14
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Console L, Scalise M, Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Indiveri C. Characterization of Exosomal SLC22A5 (OCTN2) carnitine transporter. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3758. [PMID: 29491466 PMCID: PMC5830701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communication. Previous large scale proteomics revealed that they contain SLC proteins. However, no data on the function of exosomal SLCs is available, so far. An SLC localized in exosomes was here characterized for the first time: the carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5). The protein was detected by Western Blot analysis in HEK293 exosomes. To investigate the functional properties of the exosomal OCTN2, the proteins extracted from vesicles were reconstituted into proteolipsomes and the transport function was measured as uptake of 3H-carnitine. Transport was stimulated by sodium and was dependent on pH. 3H-carnitine uptake was inhibited by Acetyl-carnitine, but not by Asn, Gln and Arg thus excluding interference by ATB0,+, an amino acid transporter which also recognizes carnitine. Cardiolipin failed to stimulate transport, excluding the activity of the mitochondrial Carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter. Increased level of exosomal OCTN2 was induced by treatment of HEK293 with the pro-inflammatory cytokine INFγ. All data concurred to demonstrate that OCTN2 present in exosomes is fully functional and is in its native conformation. Functional OCTN2 was detected also in human urinary exosomes, thus suggesting the OCTN2 exosomal protein as a candidate biomarker for inflammation related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy. .,CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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15
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Tanaka T, Hirota T, Ieiri I. Relationship between DNA Methylation in the 5' CpG Island of the SLC47A1 (Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Protein MATE1) Gene and Interindividual Variability in MATE1 Expression in the Human Liver. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:1-7. [PMID: 29070695 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), which is encoded by solute carrier 47A1 (SLC47A1), mediates the excretion of organic cations into bile and urine. Some genetic variants in human MATE1 altered its transport function in in vitro experiments; however, differences in the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs cannot be explained by genetic variations in humans. In this study, we investigated whether DNA methylation was involved in interindividual variability in MATE1 expression in the human liver. Approximately 20-fold interindividual variability in MATE1 mRNA expression levels was observed in liver samples and mRNA expression levels negatively correlated with methylation levels of the CpG island in the 27 kb upstream of SLC47A1 DNA demethylation by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine increased MATE1 mRNA expression in MATE1-negative cell lines. The luciferase reporter assay showed that the CpG island increased the transcriptional activity of the SLC47A1 promoter. MATE1 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in CpG island knockout HepG2 cells than in control cells. These results suggest that the 5' CpG island of SLC47A1 acts as an enhancer for SLC47A1, and DNA methylation in the CpG island plays an important role in interindividual differences in hepatic MATE1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirota
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hirota T, Tanaka T, Takesue H, Ieiri I. Epigenetic regulation of drug transporter expression in human tissues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:19-30. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1230199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Qu Q, Qu J, Guo Y, Zhou BT, Zhou HH. Luteolin potentiates the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cell lines to oxaliplatin through the PPARγ/OCTN2 pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 25:1016-27. [PMID: 25075794 DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of colorectal cancers. However, the mechanism controlling the cellular uptake and efflux of oxaliplatin is not completely understood. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) is a member of the solute carrier superfamily and is a determinant of oxaliplatin uptake. OCTN2 is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) binding to the PPAR-response element within the first intron. Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid and an agonist of PPARγ. Thus, we hypothesize that luteolin-mediated OCTN2 expression and activity potentiate the sensitivity of cancer cells to oxaliplatin. In this study, luteolin increased mRNA and protein expression of OCTN2 in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner in colorectal cancer SW480 cells. This induction was attenuated by PPARγ antagonist GW9662 as well as by PPARγ knockdown, suggesting that the induction by luteolin is dependent on PPARγ. In uptake studies, luteolin increased the binding affinity of OCTN2 toward oxaliplatin and enhanced intracellular concentration of oxaliplatin. This finding is likely because of the increase of PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1) and PDZ domain containing 3 (PDZK2), which are known to facilitate the expression of OCTN2 on the cell surface and/or enhance transporter activity. Moreover, cell viability and cell apoptosis assays showed that luteolin increased oxaliplatin uptake and intracellular accumulation through OCTN2. Thus, our study showed that luteolin increased the sensitivity of colorectal cancer SW480 cells to oxaliplatin, likely through the PPARγ/OCTN2 pathway.
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