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Mishra S, Chaudhary V, Saraswathy KN, Shekhawat LS, Devi NK. Prevalence of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in India: a systematic review and a cross-sectional study among young adults in Delhi-NCR. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02697-z. [PMID: 38832970 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The epidemiology of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not well explored in India. The present study aims to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of adult ADHD in India and also estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of adult ADHD among the young adults in Delhi-NCR. METHODS For the systematic review, 494 articles were identified of which 10 were included in the review. Simultaneously, a cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1665 adults (18-25 years; mean age 19.92) of both sexes (69.1% females) from different colleges in Delhi-NCR, India. Data was collected using structured interviews and standardized diagnostic tool ASRS V1.1 was used for screening of ADHD. RESULT The systematic review revealed a high prevalence of adult ADHD ranging from 5.48 to 25.7% among general and specific populations of India. Further, in the cross-sectional study, 14% of participants were screened positive for ADHD. While factors like South Indian origin and higher maternal education were associated with an increased risk of adult ADHD, low socioeconomic status was found to be protective. CONCLUSION Considering the high prevalence of adult ADHD in India, there is an urgent need to increase awareness regarding adult ADHD and identify vulnerable populations to facilitate informed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mishra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Vineet Chaudhary
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | - Lokesh Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Psychiatry, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Delhi, 110001, India
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Caci H. Prevalence rate of ADHD in France: Review of the literature and results from ChiP-ARD study. L'ENCEPHALE 2023; 49:624-631. [PMID: 37612161 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder whose first clinical description was published more than two centuries ago. Prevalence rates have been evaluated in many countries and meta-analyses conducted, but the data collected in France are scarce. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted by retrieving the references from four electronic databases leading to the selection of four studies in children and four in adults. Meta-analyses of prevalence rates were performed on this published data as well as unpublished results from the ChiP-ARD study (Children and Parents with ADHD and Related Disorders), separately for children and adults. RESULTS While the quality of most studies is questionable, the prevalence rates are close to those reported in international meta-analytic studies for children (3.68%), but are higher in adults (5.5%). CONCLUSIONS Well-conducted studies in both general and special populations are needed (e.g., in patients with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, developmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, behavioural or substance abuse, and incarcerated). Nevertheless, healthcare stakeholders can conservatively consider that .8 million children and 1.4 million adults in the metropolitan French general population are likely to have ADHD and suffer from its multiple consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Caci
- Hôpitaux Pédiatrique de Nice, CHU Lenval, 57, avenue de la Californie, 06200 Nice, France; Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations. Psychiatrie du Développement et Trajectoires (CESP), U1018 INSERM, Université Paris Saclay et Université de Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France.
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Tilahun WM, Wolde HF, Gebreegziabher ZA, Abebaw WA, Simegn MB, Tadesse AA. Magnitude, relationship and determinants of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression among University of Gondar undergraduate students, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022: Non-recursive structural equation modeling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291137. [PMID: 37796847 PMCID: PMC10553242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 80% of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have a concomitant psychiatric disorder. ADHD and depression, combined with the demands of University life, can pose serious challenges for students. However, there are limited studies conducted on this topic in our country. Therefore, the current study assessed the magnitude, relationship, and determinants of ADHD and depressive symptoms among students at the University of Gondar. METHOD An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed among 1514 undergraduate students at the University of Gondar from June 1-20, 2022. A stratified, simple random sampling technique was applied. Structural equation modeling was employed. The degree of relationship was interpreted based on the adjusted regression coefficient with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value (<0.05). RESULT In our study, 37.6% [CI: 35.2-40.1%] and 20.01% [CI: 18.1-22.1%] of the participants had depressive and ADHD symptoms, respectively. Chronic illness [β = 0.19, CI; 0.09, 0.30], alcohol use [β = 0.10, CI; 0.03, 0.17], social support [β = -0.23, CI; -0.29, -0.17], problematic internet use (PIU) [β = 0.23, CI; 0.18, 0.27], and insomnia [β = 0.24, CI; 0.17, 0.30] had a direct relationship with depressive symptoms. Mother education level [β = -0.09, CI; -0.13, -0.06], birth order [β = -0.09, CI; -0.11, -0.07], chat chewing [β = 0.18, CI; 0.06, 0.30], and depressive symptoms [β = 0.73, CI; 0.62, 0.86] had a direct relationship with ADHD. Chronic illness [β = 0.14, CI; 0.06, 0.22], PIU [β = 0.16, CI; 0.13, 0.21], social support [β = -0.16, CI; -0.22, -0.12], and insomnia [β = 0.17, CI; 0.13, 0.23] had an indirect effect on ADHD. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The prevalence of ADHD and depressive symptoms was high. Chronic disease, alcohol use, social support, PIU, and insomnia had a direct effect on depressive symptoms and an indirect effect on ADHD. Mother education, birth order, chat chewing, and depressive symptoms had a direct effect on ADHD. Our study provided useful clues for clinical treatment and school-based interventions that aim to improve college students' mental well-being. It is better to design school-based intervention and prevention programs to achieve timely diagnosis and treatment of these disorders among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werkneh Melkie Tilahun
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zenebe Abebe Gebreegziabher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Debre Birhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwosen Abey Abebaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Belay Simegn
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Asefa Adimasu Tadesse
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Tan HX, Md Kamal A, Thurairajasingam S, Phipps ME. Addressing Emotional Dysregulation and Potential Pharmacogenetic Implication of 5-HTTLPR Genotype in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Complex Psychiatry 2023; 9:70-88. [PMID: 37404870 PMCID: PMC10315004 DOI: 10.1159/000529732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This review unpacks the emotional presentation of externalizing behaviors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), by diving into the psychophysiology, neurophysiology, and neurogenetics in relation to executive function. The correlations among these three variables are identified, showing that standard assessments for ADHD leave out the emotional dysregulation element. This may lead to suboptimal management outcomes during the developmental progression into adolescence and adulthood. Summary The emotional impulsivity manifestation in adolescence and adulthood related to the under-managed emotional dysregulation in childhood is found to be associated with subtle confounding impact of 5-HTTLPR (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region) genotype. The genotype of interest affects the neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and psychophysiology of the cognition for executive function. The established practice of using methylphenidate in treating ADHD surprisingly has a neurogenetic effect in targeting the genotype of interest. Methylphenidate provides neuroprotective effects throughout the neurodevelopment timeline from childhood to adulthood. Key Messages The emotional dysregulation element in ADHD which is often overlooked should be addressed to improve the prognostic outcomes in adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xuan Tan
- Medical Education Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University (Sunway Campus), Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Adam Md Kamal
- Medical Department, Mackay Hospital and Health Service, Mackay, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Maude Elvira Phipps
- Department of Human Genetics, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University (Sunway Campus), Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Férat V, Arns M, Deiber MP, Hasler R, Perroud N, Michel CM, Ros T. Electroencephalographic Microstates as Novel Functional Biomarkers for Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:814-823. [PMID: 34823049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has historically concentrated on its frequency spectrum or event-related evoked potentials. In this work, we investigate EEG microstates (MSs), an alternative framework defined by the clustering of recurring topographical patterns, as a novel approach for examining large-scale cortical dynamics in ADHD. METHODS Using k-means clustering, we studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of ADHD during the rest condition by comparing the MS segmentations between adult patients with ADHD and neurotypical control subjects across two independent datasets: the first dataset consisted of 66 patients with ADHD and 66 control subjects, and the second dataset comprised 22 patients with ADHD and 22 control subjects and was used for out-of-sample validation. RESULTS Spatially, patients with ADHD and control subjects displayed equivalent MS topographies (canonical maps), indicating the preservation of prototypical EEG generators in patients with ADHD. However, this concordance was accompanied by significant differences in temporal dynamics. At the group level, and across both datasets, ADHD diagnosis was associated with longer mean durations of a frontocentral topography (MS D), indicating that its electrocortical generator(s) could be acting as pronounced attractors of global cortical dynamics. In addition, its spatiotemporal metrics were correlated with sleep disturbance, the latter being known to have a strong relationship with ADHD. Finally, in the first (larger) dataset, we also found evidence of decreased time coverage and mean duration of a left-right diagonal topography (MS A), which inversely correlated with ADHD scores. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study underlines the value of EEG MSs as promising functional biomarkers for ADHD, offering an additional lens through which to examine its neurophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Férat
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Martijn Arns
- Research Institute Brainclinics, Brainclinics Foundation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Pierre Deiber
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hasler
- Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nader Perroud
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Ros
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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Shaaban S, Alghamdi W, Alzaben F, Alhashemi H, Fairaq K, Alsuliamani A, Mahin B, Ghurab R, Sehlo M, Koenig H. Prevalence and correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among college students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 10:131-138. [PMID: 35602395 PMCID: PMC9121697 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_654_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly diagnosed in Saudi Arabia, but there is negligible evidence regarding adult ADHD in college students. Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of ADHD among undergraduates at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 2280 undergraduate students from 11 colleges at King Abdulaziz University, one of the largest university in Saudi Arabia, were approached in person with a questionnaire that elicited information regarding demographics, education, psychiatric history, health behaviors, and ADHD. A validated Arabic version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was used. Results: A total of 2059 students (90%) completed the questionnaire (mean age: 21.2 years). Almost one-tenth (11.9%) of the sample met the criteria for adult ADHD; only 6.5% had been diagnosed with ADHD in childhood and <1% (0.8%) had taken medication for the same. Multivariate analyses revealed that high family income, low grade in the last semester, parental divorce, diagnosis of childhood ADHD, prior diagnosis of depression, greater severity of current depression and anxiety, and cigarette smoking increased the likelihood of adult ADHD. Conclusion: A notable proportion of students in this study had suspected adult ADHD. Early evaluation of students with ADHD and identification of those at risk may potentially help in improving their academic performance and quality of life.
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van Andel E, Ten Have M, Bijlenga D, Beekman ATF, de Graaf R, Sandra Kooij JJ. Combined impact of ADHD and insomnia symptoms on quality of life, productivity, and health care use in the general population. Psychol Med 2022; 52:36-47. [PMID: 32597743 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and insomnia have been independently related to poorer quality of life (QoL), productivity loss, and increased health care use, although most previous studies did not take the many possible comorbidities into account. Moreover, ADHD and insomnia often co-occur. Symptoms of ADHD and insomnia together may have even stronger negative effects than they do separately. We investigated the combined effects of symptoms of ADHD and insomnia, in addition to their independent effects, on QoL, productivity, and health care use, thereby controlling for a wide range of possible comorbidities and confounders. METHODS Data from the third wave of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 were used, involving N = 4618 from the general population. Both the inattention and the hyperactivity ADHD symptom dimensions were studied, assessed by the ASRS Screener. RESULTS Mental functioning and productivity were negatively associated with the co-occurrence of ADHD and insomnia symptoms, even after adjusting for comorbidity and confounders. The results show no indication of differences between inattention and hyperactivity. Poorer physical functioning and health care use were not directly influenced by the interaction between ADHD and insomnia. CONCLUSIONS People with both ADHD and sleep problems have increased risk for poorer mental functioning and productivity loss. These results underscore the importance of screening for sleep problems when ADHD symptoms are present, and vice versa, and to target both disorders during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma van Andel
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, 2593 HR The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Ten Have
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Da Costakade 45, 3521 VSUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Bijlenga
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, 2593 HR The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Aartjan T F Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, A.J. Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HLAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Da Costakade 45, 3521 VSUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J J Sandra Kooij
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, 2593 HR The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, A.J. Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HLAmsterdam, The Netherlands
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Song P, Zha M, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Rudan I. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2021; 11:04009. [PMID: 33692893 PMCID: PMC7916320 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has recently attracted much attention, however, an up-to-date estimation on the prevalence of adult ADHD is lacking. In this study, we aimed to assess the global prevalence of adult ADHD in the general population through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods PubMed, Medline, Embase and PsycINFO were searched to identify relevant articles published from January 2000 onwards. Population-based studies that were conducted in the general adult population and quantified the prevalence of adult ADHD were included. Results The prevalence of persistent adult ADHD (with a childhood onset) and symptomatic adult ADHD (regardless of a childhood onset) both decreased with advancing age. By adjusting for the global demographic structure in 2020, the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD was 2.58% and that of symptomatic adult ADHD was 6.76%, translating to 139.84 million and 366.33 million affected adults in 2020 globally. Conclusions This study provides an up-to-date estimation of the global prevalence of both persistent and symptomatic adult ADHD. A well-defined strategy for diagnosing adult ADHD and large-scale investigations on the epidemiology of adult ADHD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peige Song
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingming Zha
- Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingwen Yang
- Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Xue Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Estévez-Lamorte N, Foster S, Eich-Höchli D, Moggi F, Gmel G, Mohler-Kuo M. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, risky substance use and substance use disorders: a follow-up study among young men. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:667-679. [PMID: 30483874 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predicts risky substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs), and its impact on the course of these problematic substance use patterns. Our sample included 4975 Swiss men (mean age 20 ± 1.2 years) who participated in the baseline and 15-month follow-up assessments of the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. We examined: (1) the contribution of ADHD, as assessed at baseline, on the risky use of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis, and their corresponding use disorders (AUD, NUD, CUD) at follow-up; and (2) the association between ADHD and the course of outcomes (i.e., absence, initiation, maturing out, persistence) over 15 months. All analyses were adjusted for socio-demographics and co-morbidity. Men with ADHD were more likely to exhibit persistent risky alcohol and nicotine use, and to mature out of risky cannabis use. ADHD at baseline was positively linked to AUD and negatively to CUD at follow-up, but not to NUD. For all SUDs, ADHD had a positive association with use persistence and maturing out. Comparing these two trajectories revealed that early age of alcohol use initiation distinguished between persistence and maturing out of AUD, while the course of NUD and CUD was related to ADHD symptoms and SUD severity at baseline. Already in their early twenties, men with ADHD are especially likely to exhibit persistent problematic substance use patterns. Substance-specific prevention strategies, particularly implemented before early adulthood, may be crucial to reducing the development and persistence of pathological patterns in such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Estévez-Lamorte
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simon Foster
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich, Switzerland.,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Franz Moggi
- University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, UK
| | - Meichun Mohler-Kuo
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich, Switzerland.,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
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Grazioli VS, Gmel G, Rougemont-Bücking A, Baggio S, Daeppen JB, Studer J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and future alcohol outcomes: Examining the roles of coping and enhancement drinking motives among young men. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218469. [PMID: 31216319 PMCID: PMC6584013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although there is evidence that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms are positively related to alcohol use and related problems among young adults, little research has examined the mechanisms that might explain this association. In response, this study examined the mediating effects of coping and enhancement drinking motives on the prospective associations between ADHD symptoms and alcohol outcomes. Method Participants (N = 4,536) were young men from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Measures of ADHD symptoms and those of drinking motives, heavy episodic drinking (HED) and alcohol use disorder symptoms were used from the baseline and 15-month follow-up assessments. Results Findings indicated that the associations of ADHD-inattention symptoms with alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms and with HED were partially and completely mediated through drinking motives, respectively, whereas drinking motives did not mediate the ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity-symptoms-alcohol outcomes associations. Conclusion Results indicated that coping and enhancement motives partially explained the ADHD-inattention symptoms—subsequent alcohol outcomes association. These findings suggest that interventions targeting enhancement and coping motives may help prevent problematic drinking among young men with elevated ADHD-inattention symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique S. Grazioli
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Life Course and Social Inequality Research Centre, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph Studer
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ghorayeb I, Gamas A, Mazurie Z, Mayo W. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Adult Patients With Primary Restless Legs Syndrome: Different Phenotypes of the Same Disease? Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:246-253. [PMID: 28557538 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2017.1326919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in adult patients with primary restless legs syndrome (RLS) and to determine the iron biological correlates of these comorbidities. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We obtained demographic and clinical data from consecutive 105 outpatients with idiopathic RLS who answered validated questionnaires designed to assess the presence of ADHD and OCD symptoms. In these patients, iron blood parameters were routinely checked. RESULTS Of the total sample, 42.86% of the patients with RLS showed symptoms reminiscent either of ADHD or OCD. Prevalence of ADHD and OCD symptoms was 27.62% and 7.62%, respectively. Compared to other groups, a significantly higher percentage of RLS patients with ADHD symptoms was on antidepressant (p = 0.012); and women with ADHD symptoms, either alone or combined with OCD symptoms, showed significant reduced ferritin concentrations compared to men with either isolated ADHD symptoms or with combined ADHD and OCD symptoms (p = 0.028 and p = 0.025, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the high prevalence of ADHD and OCD symptoms in adult patients with primary RLS and independently of serum iron stores decrease, except for women with ADHD symptoms either alone or in combination with OCD symptoms. This may suggest an overlapping neurobiological dopaminergic and serotoninergic dysfunction in ADHD, OCD, and RLS, and question the expression of different RLS phenotypes. The efficacy of dopamine agonists in these groups of patients should be questioned in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ghorayeb
- a Département de Neurophysiologie Clinique , Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques , CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux , France.,b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
| | - Ashley Gamas
- b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
| | - Zoé Mazurie
- b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
| | - Willy Mayo
- b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
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12
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Estévez-Lamorte N, Pitzurra R, Foster S, Gmel G, Mohler-Kuo M, Schnyder U. Exposure to potentially traumatic events in young Swiss men: associations with socio-demographics and mental health outcomes (alcohol use disorder, major depression and suicide attempts). Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1611093. [PMID: 31231475 PMCID: PMC6566504 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1611093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: The aims of this study were to estimate the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) in young men in Switzerland and to assess factors and mental health outcomes associated with such events. Method: Data were drawn from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), encompassing 5,223 young men. Exposure to PTEs was assessed using the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ) and Life Event Checklist (LEC). Results: Lifetime prevalence of PTEs was 59.4%, with 37.3% reporting multiple types of events. Twelve-month prevalence was 31.2%, with 12.7% reporting multiple types of events. Low education level of participants, high maternal education, family affluence below average, and not living with biological parents were associated with a higher risk of having experienced one or more PTEs in one's lifetime. Low education level of participants and high maternal education were also related to exposure to one or more PTEs over the past 12 months. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that PTE exposure was directly associated with all assessed mental health outcomes. The strongest relationship was found between exposure to multiple types of PTEs and suicide attempts (adjusted OR 4.9 [95% CI: 2.9-8.4]). Conclusions: These results indicate that having experienced one or multiple types of PTEs is common in Swiss young men. Efforts should be intensified to reduce exposure to PTEs and prevent and treat resulting problematic mental health outcomes in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Estévez-Lamorte
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lausanne, Western Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaela Pitzurra
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Foster
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research Department, Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Faculty of Health and Social Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Meichun Mohler-Kuo
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lausanne, Western Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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McGowan NM, Coogan AN. Sleep and circadian rhythm function and trait impulsivity: An actigraphy study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:251-256. [PMID: 30071388 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the relationship between daily rest-activity patterns and trait impulsivity in healthy young adults. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale was used to identify high and low impulsive individuals among a group of 51 volunteers. Participants' sleep behaviour and circadian rhythm function was assessed using week-long actigraphy. High impulsive individuals displayed phase-delayed patterns of sleep, a decreased total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and disrupted circadian function. Such outcomes were also associated with greater self-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. The results highlight that sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances may be associated with impulsive traits replicating relationships described in psychiatric illnesses in which impulsivity is a core feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall M McGowan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland.
| | - Andrew N Coogan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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14
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Vogel SWN, Ten Have M, Bijlenga D, de Graaf R, Beekman ATF, Kooij JJS. Distribution of ADHD symptoms, and associated comorbidity, exposure to risk factors and disability: Results from a general population study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:256-265. [PMID: 29940457 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether ADHD is a dimensional trait in the adult general population. We studied whether an increased number of ADHD symptoms was associated with higher comorbidity, exposure to risk factors (childhood abuse and parental psychopathology), and disability. We ascertained whether even low numbers of ADHD symptoms were associated with an increased burden of disease. Data were used from the second wave of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2, N = 5303). NEMESIS-2 is a nationally representative face-to-face survey on mental health of the Dutch general population. ADHD symptoms, mental comorbidity, and disability were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey, respectively. Dose-response relationships were found between the number of ADHD symptoms and Axis I and II mental disorders; exposure to risk factors; and mental and physical disability. Our study supports the notion that ADHD is a dimensional trait in the adult general population. Even low numbers of symptoms were associated with an increased burden of disease, and therefore these should be identified and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan W N Vogel
- PsyQ Medical Programs, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, The Hague 2593 HR, The Netherlands.
| | - Margreet Ten Have
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Da Costakade 45, Utrecht 3521 VS, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Bijlenga
- PsyQ Medical Programs, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, The Hague 2593 HR, The Netherlands
| | - Ron de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Da Costakade 45, Utrecht 3521 VS, The Netherlands
| | - Aartjan T F Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, A.J. Ernststraat 1187, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - J J Sandra Kooij
- PsyQ Medical Programs, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, The Hague 2593 HR, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, A.J. Ernststraat 1187, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
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15
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Marmet S, Studer J, Grazioli VS, Gmel G. Bidirectional Associations Between Self-Reported Gaming Disorder and Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence From a Sample of Young Swiss Men. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 30618855 PMCID: PMC6297670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gaming disorder (GD) has been shown to co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet few studies to date have investigated their longitudinal associations. Method: The sample included 5,067 young Swiss men (mean age was 20 years at wave 1 and 25 years at wave 3). Measures were the Game Addiction Scale and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (6-item screener). Longitudinal associations were tested using autoregressive cross-lagged models for binary measures of GD and ADHD, as well as continuous measures for GD score and ADHD subscales of inattention and hyperactivity. Results: ADHD at age 20 increased the risk for GD at age 25 (probit = 0.066 [0.023, 0.109]; p = 0.003). GD at age 20 also increased the risk for ADHD at wave 3 (probit = 0.058 [0.013, 0.102]; p = 0.011). Only the ADHD inattention subscale showed a bidirectional longitudinal relationship with the GD score (standardized Beta from inattention at age 20 to GD score at age 25: 0.090 [0.056, 0.124]; p < 0.001; from GD score at age 20 to inattention at age 25: 0.044 [0.016, 0.071]; p = 0.002), whereas associations between the hyperactivity subscale and GD were not significant. Discussion: GD had bidirectional longitudinal associations with ADHD, in that ADHD increased the risk for GD and GD increased the risk for ADHD, and they may reinforce each other. These associations may be linked more to the inattention ADHD component than to the hyperactivity ADHD component. Individuals with ADHD or GD should be screened for the other disorder, and preventive measures for GD should be evaluated in individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Marmet
- Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital/CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Studer
- Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital/CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Véronique S Grazioli
- Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital/CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital/CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Takeda T, Tsuji Y, Kurita H. Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Adult Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS-J) and its short scale in accordance with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 63:59-66. [PMID: 28260624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed the Japanese version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-J) and report its psychometric properties. The ASRS-J and other questionnaires were administered to 48 adults with ADHD, 46 adults with non-ADHD psychiatric disorders, 96 non-clinical adults, and 894 university students. ADHD diagnoses were made using the Japanese semi-structured diagnostic interview for adult ADHD, which is compatible with the DSM-5. The ASRS-J, its subscales, and the short form, all had Cronbach's α values of around 0.80. Total scores on the ASRS-J and the ASRS-J-6 were highly correlated with readministration after a two-week interval. The total and 18 individual item scores in the ASRS-J were significantly higher in the ADHD group than the other three groups. ASRS-J scores were correlated with scores on the Japanese version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales-Self Report subscales (0.59≤r≤0.77), with one exception. ASRS-J scores were also correlated (albeit more weakly; r=0.38) with Beck Depression Inventory-II total scores. Employing optimal cut-offs, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the ASRS-J and ASRS-J-6 are all above 0.69. The ASRS-J and ASRS-J-6 showed acceptable psychometric properties, although further study is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yui Tsuji
- Graduate School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Ito W, Komada Y, Okajima I, Inoue Y. Excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with possible attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a web-based cross-sectional study. Sleep Med 2016; 32:4-9. [PMID: 28366340 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arousal dysregulation has been speculated to be involved in the pathological mechanism of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there has been no epidemiological study assessing the real condition of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in adults with ADHD. This study investigated the prevalence of EDS and the relationship between sleepiness and ADHD symptoms in adults with possible ADHD. METHODS An observational, cross-sectional, web-based study was performed. Participants were 9822 Japanese adults aged 20-69 years who completed an Internet-based questionnaire that assessed ADHD symptoms, autistic traits, depressive symptoms, chronotype, sleepiness, and sleep disturbances. RESULTS Participants with possible ADHD were more likely than non-ADHD participants to have an evening chronotype and experience depressive symptoms, sleepiness, and sleep disturbances. The rates of having moderate and severe sleepiness in the possible ADHD group were higher than those in the non-ADHD group. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that the presence of ADHD symptoms was independently associated with EDS even after adjusting for factors related to the presence of sleepiness. When examining inattention and hyperactivity scores among participants with possible ADHD, the inattention score was significantly higher in the severe EDS group compared with the moderate and non-EDS groups. CONCLUSIONS EDS was relatively common in adults with possible ADHD. ADHD symptoms, especially inattentiveness, were associated with the formation of EDS in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Ito
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Japan Somnology Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoko Komada
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isa Okajima
- Faculty of Human Science, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Japan Somnology Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its association with substance use and substance use disorders in young men. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2016; 25:255-66. [PMID: 25989844 PMCID: PMC6998734 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796015000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional and mental health impairments that adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience may be exacerbated by regular substance use and co-morbidity with substance use disorders (SUD). This may be especially true during young adulthood, which represents a critical stage of life associated with increased substance use and associated problems. However, previous studies investigating the association between ADHD and substance use and SUD have demonstrated inconsistent results, probably due to methodological limitations (e.g., small and non-representative samples). Thus, the relationship of ADHD with substance use and related disorders remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between ADHD and both the use of licit and illicit substances and the presence of SUD in a large, representative sample of young men. METHOD The sample included 5677 Swiss men (mean age 20 ± 1.23 years) who participated in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). ADHD was assessed using the adult ADHD Self Report Screener (ASRS). The association between ADHD and substance use and SUD was assessed for alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and other illicit drugs, while controlling for socio-demographic variables and co-morbid psychiatric disorders (i.e., major depression (MD) and anti-social personality disorder (ASPD)). RESULTS Men with ADHD were more likely to report having used nicotine, cannabis and other illicit drugs at some time in their life, but not alcohol. ADHD was positively associated with early initiation of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use, the risky use of these substances, and the presence of alcohol use disorders, and nicotine and cannabis dependence. Additionally, our analyses revealed that these patterns are also highly associated with ASPD. After adjusting for this disorder, the association between ADHD and licit and illicit substance use and the presence of SUDs was reduced, but remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that adult ADHD is significantly associated with a propensity to experiment with licit and illicit substances, especially at earlier ages, to exhibit risky substance use patterns, and to subsequently develop SUDs. Preventive strategies that include early intervention and addressing co-morbidity with ASPD may be crucial to reducing substance use and the development of pathological substance use patterns in young men affected by ADHD and, thus, helping to prevent further illness burden later in life.
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Foster S, Held L, Estévez N, Gmel G, Mohler-Kuo M. Liberal alcohol legislation: does it amplify the effects among Swiss men of person-related risk factors on heavy alcohol use? Addiction 2015. [PMID: 26219733 DOI: 10.1111/add.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To estimate the statistical interactions between alcohol policy strength and the person-related risk factors of sensation-seeking, antisocial personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder related to heavy alcohol use. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Young Swiss men living within 21 jurisdictions across Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS A total of 5701 Swiss men (mean age 20 years) participating in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). MEASUREMENTS Outcome measures were alcohol use disorder (AUD) as defined in the DSM-5 and risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD). Independent variables were sensation-seeking, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and an index of alcohol policy strength. FINDINGS Alcohol policy strength was protective against RSOD [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91 (0.84-0.99)], while sensation-seeking and ASPD were risk factors for both RSOD [OR = 1.90 (1.77-2.04); OR = 1.69 (1.44-1.97)] and AUD [OR = 1.58 (1.47-1.71); OR = 2.69 (2.30-3.14)] and ADHD was a risk factor for AUD [OR = 1.08 (1.06-1.10)]. Significant interactions between alcohol policy strength and sensation-seeking were identified for RSOD [OR = 1.06 (1.01-1.12)] and AUD [OR = 1.06 (1.01-1.12)], as well as between alcohol policy strength and ASPD for both RSOD [OR = 1.17 (1.03-1.31)] and AUD [OR = 1.15 (1.02-1.29)]. These interactions indicated that the protective effects of alcohol policy strength on RSOD and AUD were lost in men with high levels of sensation-seeking or an ASPD. No interactions were detected between alcohol policy strength and ADHD. CONCLUSION Stronger alcohol legislation protects against heavy alcohol use in young Swiss men, but this protective effect is lost in individuals with high levels of sensation-seeking or having an antisocial personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Foster
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Estévez
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Meichun Mohler-Kuo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Amador-Campos JA, Nuño L, Gómez-Benito J. The Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scales-Long Self-Report and Observer Forms: Validation of the Catalan Version. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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