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In Vitro Analysis of TGF-β Signaling Modulation of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages in Porcine Circovirus Type 2b Infection. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030101. [PMID: 35324828 PMCID: PMC8951539 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been recognized as an immunosuppressive pathogen. However, the crosstalk between this virus and its host cells in related signaling pathways remains poorly understood. In this study, the expression profiles of 84 genes involved in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway were probed in PCV2b-infected primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) by using an RT2 profiler PCR array system. The protein expression levels of cytokines involved in the TGF-β signaling pathway were determined with a RayBiotech fluorescent Quantibody® porcine cytokine array system. Results showed that 48, 30, and 42 genes were differentially expressed at 1, 24, and 48 h after infection, respectively. A large number of genes analyzed by a co-expression network and implicated in transcriptional regulation and apoptosis were differentially expressed in PCV2b-infected PAMs. Among these genes, TGF-β, interleukin-10, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPB), growth arrest, and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta (GADD45B), and BCL2 were upregulated. By contrast, SMAD family member 1 (smad1) and smad3 were downregulated. These results suggested that the TGF-β signaling pathway was repressed in PAMs at the early onset of PCV2 infection. The inhibited apoptosis was indicated by the upregulated C/EBPB, GADD45B, and BCL2, and by the downregulated smad1 and smad3, which possibly increased the duration of PCV2 replication-permissive conditions and caused a persistent infection. Our study may provide insights into the underlying antiviral functional changes in the immune system of PCV2-infected pigs.
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He J, Leng C, Pan J, Li A, Zhang H, Cong F, Wang H. Identification of lncRNAs Involved in PCV2 Infection of PK-15 Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060479. [PMID: 32560439 PMCID: PMC7350310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause severe disease in infected pigs, resulting in massive economic loss for the swine industry. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been widely employed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of the PCV2 infection. Numerous differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, together with their associated signaling pathways, have been identified during PCV2 infection, paving the way for analysis of their biological functions. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of multiple biological processes. However, little is known regarding their role in the PCV2 infection. Hence, in our study, RNA-seq was performed by infecting PK-15 cells with PCV2. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that the cytoskeleton, apoptosis, cell division, and protein phosphorylation were significantly disturbed. Then, using stringent parameters, six lncRNAs were identified. Additionally, potential targets of the lncRNAs were predicted using both cis- and trans-prediction methods. Interestingly, we found that the HOXB (Homeobox B) gene cluster was probably the target of the lncRNA LOC106505099. Enrichment analysis of the target genes showed that numerous developmental processes were altered during PCV2 infection. Therefore, our study revealed that lncRNAs might affect porcine embryonic development through the regulation of the HOXB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China;
| | - Jiazhen Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Aoqi Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Huanan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Porcine Dendritic Cells and Viruses: An Update. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050445. [PMID: 31100880 PMCID: PMC6563313 DOI: 10.3390/v11050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral infections of swine are responsible for major economic losses and represent a threat to the swine industry worldwide. New tools are needed to prevent and control endemic, emerging, and re-emerging viral diseases. Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in linking the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, so knowledge regarding their interaction with pathogens is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying diseases pathogenesis and protection. In the first part of this review, we provide an update on the heterogeneous cell subsets that comprise the porcine DC family. In the second part of this review, we provide an overview of how three viruses, affecting pork production at a global level, African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), modulate DC function.
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Giles TA, Belkhiri A, Barrow PA, Foster N. Molecular approaches to the diagnosis and monitoring of production diseases in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:266-272. [PMID: 28535467 PMCID: PMC7118804 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Production disease in pigs is caused by a variety of different pathogens, mainly enteric and respiratory and can result in significant economic loss. Other factors such as stress, poor husbandry and nutrition can also contribute to an animal's susceptibility to disease. Molecular biomarkers of production disease could be of immense value by improving diagnosis and risk analysis to determine best practice with an impact on increased economic output and animal welfare. In addition to the use of multiplex PCR or microarrays to detect individual or mixed pathogens during infection, these technologies can also be used to monitor the host response to infection via gene expression. The patterns of gene expression associated with cellular damage or initiation of the early immune response may indicate the type of pathology and, by extension the types of pathogen involved. Molecular methods can therefore be used to monitor both the presence of a pathogen and the host response to it during production disease. The field of biomarker discovery and implementation is expanding as technologies such as microarrays and next generation sequencing become more common. Whilst a large number of studies have been carried out in human medicine, further work is needed to identify molecular biomarkers in veterinary medicine and in particular those associated with production disease in the pig industry. The pig transcriptome is highly complex and still not fully understood. Further gene expression studies are needed to identify molecular biomarkers which may have predictive value in identifying the environmental, nutritional and other risk factors which are associated with production diseases in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Giles
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE125RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Aouatif Belkhiri
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE125RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE125RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil Foster
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE125RD, United Kingdom.
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Ren L, Chen X, Ouyang H. Interactions of porcine circovirus 2 with its hosts. Virus Genes 2016; 52:437-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Qin Y, Li H, Qiao J. TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway regulates IL-8 production in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus 2. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:445-452. [PMID: 26581603 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haihua Li
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
| | - Jiayun Qiao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
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Patterson R, Eley T, Browne C, Martineau HM, Werling D. Oral application of freeze-dried yeast particles expressing the PCV2b Cap protein on their surface induce protection to subsequent PCV2b challenge in vivo. Vaccine 2015; 33:6199-205. [PMID: 26476879 PMCID: PMC4654422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PCV2 is the underlying cause for an economically devastating disease of pigs. Vaccine construct was PCV2b Cap protein expressed on the surface of yeast. Oral vaccination of freeze-dried yeast-Cap did not induce negative side effects. Application protected pigs from subsequent PCV2b challenge. Vaccination reduced pro-inflammatory but increased antiviral cytokine expression.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is now endemic in every major pig producing country, causing PCV-associated disease (PCVAD), linked with large scale economic losses. Current vaccination strategies are based on the capsid protein of the virus and are reasonably successful in preventing PCVAD but fail to induce sterile immunity. Additionally, vaccinating whole herds is expensive and time consuming. In the present study a “proof of concept” vaccine trial was employed to test the effectiveness of powdered freeze-dried recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast stably expressing the capsid protein of PCV2b on its surface as an orally applied vaccine. PCV2-free pigs were given 3 doses of vaccine or left un-vaccinated before challenge with a defined PCV2b strain. Rectal temperatures were measured and serum and faeces samples were collected weekly. At the end of the study, pigs were euthanized, tissue samples taken and tested for PCV2b load by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The peak of viraemia in sera and faeces of unvaccinated pigs was higher than that of vaccinated pigs. Additionally more sIgA was found in faeces of vaccinated pigs than unvaccinated. Vaccination was associated with lower serum concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β but higher concentrations of IFNα and IFNγ in comparison to the unvaccinated animals. At the end of the trial, a higher viral load was found in several lymphatic tissues and the ileum of unvaccinated pigs in comparison to vaccinated pigs. The difference between groups was especially apparent in the ileum. The results presented here demonstrate a possible use for recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing viral proteins as an oral vaccine against PCV2. A powdered freeze-dried recombinant S. cerevisiae used as an oral vaccine could be mixed with feed and may offer a cheap and less labour intensive alternative to inoculation with the additional advantage that no cooling chain would be required for vaccine transport and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Patterson
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, UK
| | - Thomas Eley
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, UK
| | - Christopher Browne
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, UK
| | - Henny M Martineau
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, UK.
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Yue F, Cheng A, Zhu Y, Li P, Zhang Y, Sun G, Wang M, Wang X. Overexpression of programmed death ligands in naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:101-6. [PMID: 25594677 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is regarded as an immunosuppressive disease in pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Immune inhibitory receptors, particularly programmed death 1/programmed death-ligands (PD-1/PD-Ls) are presumably involved in the immunopathogenesis of PMWS. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship of immune inhibitory receptors and immunocompromised by PMWS. Nine 45-day-old conventional pigs were selected from a farm where pigs exhibited typical signs of PMWS (wasting and respiratory disorders) and tested positive for PCV2 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six pigs were selected as controls due to their notably healthy state and absence of PCV2 infection. Heparinized blood samples were taken from each pig for pathogen detection and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), from which mRNA expression of immunomodulatory molecule (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, PTEN, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3) and cytokines (IL-10, IL-2, and IFN-γ) was determined. Proliferation of PBMCs was also assessed by flow cytometry utilizing cellular labeling dilutions for detection. The mRNA levels of PD-L1 (p<0.01), PD-L2 (p<0.05), and PTEN (p<0.01) were remarkably increased in the PBMCs of diseased pigs compared to healthy pigs, whereas no change was observed for PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3 expression. Cytokine IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly elevated (p<0.01), while IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA levels tended to be only slightly increased in the PBMCs of affected pigs compared to healthy controls. The proliferation of PBMCs was also decreased in diseased pigs. These data suggest that overexpression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA is one mechanism by which immunosupression of PMWS pigs occurs, supporting a new therapeutic strategy focused on PD-Ls for pigs suffering from PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Wenjiang, Chengdu City, China
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