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Ekhlak M, Kulkarni PP, Singh V, Chaurasia SN, Mohapatra SK, Chaurasia RN, Dash D. Necroptosis executioner MLKL plays pivotal roles in agonist-induced platelet prothrombotic responses and lytic cell death in a temporal order. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1886-1899. [PMID: 37301927 PMCID: PMC10406901 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death executed by receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). Platelets are circulating cells that play central roles in haemostasis and pathological thrombosis. In this study we demonstrate seminal contribution of MLKL in transformation of agonist-stimulated platelets to active haemostatic units progressing eventually to necrotic death on a temporal scale, thus attributing a yet unrecognized fundamental role to MLKL in platelet biology. Physiological agonists like thrombin instigated phosphorylation and subsequent oligomerization of MLKL in platelets in a RIPK3-independent but phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT-dependent manner. Inhibition of MLKL significantly curbed agonist-induced haemostatic responses in platelets that included platelet aggregation, integrin activation, granule secretion, procoagulant surface generation, rise in intracellular calcium, shedding of extracellular vesicles, platelet-leukocyte interactions and thrombus formation under arterial shear. MLKL inhibition, too, prompted impairment in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis in stimulated platelets, accompanied with disruption in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, augmented proton leak and drop in both mitochondrial calcium as well as ROS. These findings underscore the key role of MLKL in sustaining OXPHOS and aerobic glycolysis that underlie energy-intensive platelet activation responses. Prolonged exposure to thrombin provoked oligomerization and translocation of MLKL to plasma membranes forming focal clusters that led to progressive membrane permeabilization and decline in platelet viability, which was prevented by inhibitors of PI3K/MLKL. In summary, MLKL plays vital role in transitioning of stimulated platelets from relatively quiescent cells to functionally/metabolically active prothrombotic units and their ensuing progression to necroptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ekhlak
- Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Paresh P Kulkarni
- Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vipin Singh
- Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Susheel N Chaurasia
- Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Debabrata Dash
- Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Reversible Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3 Activation and Thrombus Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012512. [PMID: 36293367 PMCID: PMC9604507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin αIIbβ3 activation is essential for platelet aggregation and, accordingly, for hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. The αIIbβ3 integrin is highly expressed on platelets and requires an activation step for binding to fibrinogen, fibrin or von Willebrand factor (VWF). A current model assumes that the process of integrin activation relies on actomyosin force-dependent molecular changes from a bent-closed and extended-closed to an extended-open conformation. In this paper we review the pathways that point to a functional reversibility of platelet αIIbβ3 activation and transient aggregation. Furthermore, we refer to mouse models indicating that genetic defects that lead to reversible platelet aggregation can also cause instable thrombus formation. We discuss the platelet agonists and signaling pathways that lead to a transient binding of ligands to integrin αIIbβ3. Our analysis points to the (autocrine) ADP P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor signaling via phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Akt as principal pathways linked to reversible integrin activation. Downstream signaling events by protein kinase C, CalDAG-GEFI and Rap1b have not been linked to transient integrin activation. Insight into the functional reversibility of integrin activation pathways will help to better understand the effects of antiplatelet agents.
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PAR4-Mediated PI3K/Akt and RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathways Are Essential for Thrombin-Induced Morphological Changes in MEG-01 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020776. [PMID: 35054966 PMCID: PMC8775998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin stimulates platelets via a dual receptor system of protease-activated receptors (PARs): PAR1 and PAR4. PAR1 activation induces a rapid and transient signal associated with the initiation of platelet aggregation, whereas PAR4 activation results in a prolonged signal, required for later phases, that regulates the stable formation of thrombus. In this study, we observed differential signaling pathways for thrombin-induced PAR1 and PAR4 activation in a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, MEG-01. Interestingly, thrombin induced both calcium signaling and morphological changes in MEG-01 cells via the activation of PAR1 and PAR4, and these intracellular events were very similar to those observed in platelets shown in previous studies. We developed a novel image-based assay to quantitatively measure the morphological changes in living cells, and observed the underlying mechanism for PAR1- and PAR4-mediated morphological changes in MEG-01 cells. Selective inhibition of PAR1 and PAR4 by vorapaxar and BMS-986120, respectively, showed that thrombin-induced morphological changes were primarily mediated by PAR4 activation. Treatment of a set of kinase inhibitors and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) revealed that thrombin-mediated morphological changes were primarily regulated by calcium-independent pathways and PAR4 activation-induced PI3K/Akt and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways in MEG-01 cells. These results indicate the importance of PAR4-mediated signaling pathways in thrombin-induced morphological changes in MEG-01 cells and provide a useful in vitro cellular model for platelet research.
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Ren L, Li Q, You T, Zhao X, Xu X, Tang C, Zhu L. Humanin analogue, HNG, inhibits platelet activation and thrombus formation by stabilizing platelet microtubules. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4773-4783. [PMID: 32174022 PMCID: PMC7176859 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HNG, a highly potent mutant of the anti-Alzheimer peptide-humanin, has been shown to protect against ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanism related to platelet activation remains unknown. We proposed that HNG has an effect on platelet function and thrombus formation. In this study, platelet aggregation, granule secretion, clot retraction, integrin activation and adhesion under flow conditions were evaluated. In mice receiving HNG or saline, cremaster arterial thrombus formation induced by laser injury, tail bleeding time and blood loss were recorded. Platelet microtubule depolymerization was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. Results showed that HNG inhibited platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, ATP release, and αIIb β3 activation and adhesion under flow conditions. Mice receiving HNG had attenuated cremaster arterial thrombus formation, although the bleeding time was not prolonged. Moreover, HNG significantly inhibited microtubule depolymerization, enhanced tubulin acetylation in platelets stimulated by fibrinogen or microtubule depolymerization reagent, nocodazole, and inhibited AKT and ERK phosphorylation downstream of HDAC6 by collagen stimulation. Therefore, our results identified a novel role of HNG in platelet function and thrombus formation potentially through stabilizing platelet microtubules via tubulin acetylation. These findings suggest a potential benefit of HNG in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Ren
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao You
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingshun Xu
- The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Tang R, Zhang YQ, Hu DB, Yang XF, Yang J, San MM, Oo TN, Kong Y, Wang YH. New Amides and Phenylpropanoid Glucosides from the Fruits of Piper retrofractum. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:231-241. [PMID: 31073809 PMCID: PMC6538700 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two new amides (E)-N-cinnamoyl-2-methoxypiperidine (1) and (R)-1-(2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (2), four new amide glucosides, retrofractosides A-D (3-6), and two new phenylpropanoid glucosides, retrofractosides E (7) and F (8), together with 24 known compounds (9-32) were isolated from the fruits of Piper retrofractum. The chemical structures of these new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. All of these isolates (1-32) were evaluated for inhibitory activity against mouse platelet aggregation induced by the peptide AYPGKF-NH2. (E)-N-(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)cinnamamide (9) showed a weak inhibitory effect, with an inhibition ratio of 52.0% at a concentration of 150 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Bao Hu
- School of Chemical Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Myint Myint San
- Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Thaung Naing Oo
- Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue-Hu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar.
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6
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Chen Z, Li T, Kareem K, Tran D, Griffith BP, Wu ZJ. The role of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in non-physiological shear stress-induced platelet activation. Artif Organs 2019; 43:897-908. [PMID: 30972780 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway has been implicated in playing an important role in platelet activation during hemostasis and thrombosis involving platelet-matrix interaction and platelet aggregation. Its role in non-physiological shear stress (NPSS)-induced platelet activation relevant to high-shear blood contacting medical devices (BCMDs) is unclear. In the context of blood cells flowing in BCMDs, platelets are subjected to NPSS (>100 Pa) with very short exposure time (<1 s). In this study, we investigated whether NPSS with short exposure time induces platelet activation through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Healthy donor blood treated with or without PI3K inhibitor was subjected to NPSS (150 Pa) with short exposure time (0.5 s). Platelet activation indicated by the surface P-selectin expression and activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa was quantified using flow cytometry. The phosphorylation of Akt, activation of the PI3K signaling, was characterized by western blotting. Changes in adhesion behavior of NPSS-sheared platelets on fibrinogen, collagen, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were quantified with fluorescent microscopy by perfusing the NPSS-sheared and PI3K inhibitor-treated blood through fibrinogen, collagen, and vWF-coated microcapillary tubes. The results showed that the PI3K/Akt signaling was involved with both NPSS-induced platelet activation and platelet-matrix interaction. NPSS-sheared platelets exhibited exacerbated platelet adhesion on fibrinogen, but had diminished platelet adhesion on collagen and vWF. The inhibition of PI3K signaling reduced P-selectin expression and GPIIb/IIIa activation with suppressed Akt phosphorylation and abolished NPSS-enhanced platelet adhesion on fibrinogen in NPSS-sheared blood. The inhibition of PI3K signaling can attenuate the adhesion of unsheared platelets (baseline) on collagen and vWF, while had no impact on adhesion of NPSS-sheared platelets on collagen and vWF. This study confirmed the important role of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in NPSS-induced platelet activation. The finding of this study suggests that blocking PI3K/Akt signaling pathway could be a potential method to treat thrombosis in patients implanted with BCMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengsheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tieluo Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kafayat Kareem
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bartley P Griffith
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhongjun J Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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7
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Shan X, Liu Z, Wulasihan M, Ma S. Edoxaban improves atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism through regulation of the Wnt-β-induced PI3K/ATK-activated protein C system. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3509-3517. [PMID: 30988731 PMCID: PMC6447810 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolism is a commonly observed condition in geriatrics that is caused by vascular endothelial injury, platelet activation, physiological coagulation processes, reduction of anticoagulant activity, decreased fibrinolytic activity and abnormal flow in the heart chamber, artery or vein. The protein C anticoagulant system serves a crucial role in anticoagulant therapy for the treatment of thromboembolism. Previous findings have suggested that edoxaban is an efficient oral anticoagulant in the acute treatment of venous thromboembolism. In the present study, the efficacy of edoxaban on thromboembolism induced by atrial fibrillation was investigated in a mouse model. Inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1, −4, −8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were analyzed in the sera of mice with fibrillation induced by thromboembolism. Expression and activity of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and activated protein C resistance were investigated in platelets and vascular endothelial cells (VECs). TSLP-induced platelet viability, Wnt-β phosphorylation and integrin expression were analyzed in platelets. Furthermore, Wnt-β expression and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway in VECs were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the expression levels of IL-1, −4, −8 and TNF-α were significantly downregulated in the sera of mice with fibrillation and thromboembolism following treatment with edoxaban (P<0.01). Furthermore, the expression levels of prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin (PG)E2, PGD2 and PGF2α were significantly increased in the sera of experimental mice that received edoxaban therapy (P<0.01). Results also indicated that edoxaban significantly stimulated the protein expression of TSLP and activated Wnt-β phosphorylation and integrin expression in platelets (P<0.01). In addition, edoxaban therapy significantly upregulated the expression levels of PI3K and AKT, and subsequently increased the activity of protein C and S in VECs (P<0.01). Notably, edoxaban treatment improved atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism, as determined by pathological analysis. In conclusion, these results suggested that edoxaban elicited beneficial effects for mice with atrial fibrillation induced by thromboembolism through the regulation of the Wnt-β-induced PI3K/ATK-activated protein C system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Shan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Comprehensive Heart Internal Medicine, Heart Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Muhuyati Wulasihan
- Comprehensive Heart Internal Medicine, Heart Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Songfeng Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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Gu Y, Sheng R, Wu J, Zhou Y, Qin ZH. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate inhibits rat platelet aggregation and p38 phosphorylation. Thromb Res 2018; 171:121-129. [PMID: 30292134 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies found that reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) protected neurons against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. In addition to ROS reduction and ATP increment, preliminary data suggested that NADPH inhibited ADP and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. As the effect of NADPH on platelet function was not reported by other investigators, the actions of NADPH on platelet function and mechanisms of actions were investigated in the present study. In vitro studies, the effects of different concentrations of NADPH on platelet aggregation induced by ADP (10 μM), thrombin (0.05 U/mL) or AA (50 μM) were determined. The results showed that NADPH could inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP, thrombin or AA in a concentration dependent manner. When the inhibitory effects of NAD+, NADH, NADP+ and NADPH on platelet aggregation were compared, NADPH demonstrated the relatively best effect on platelet aggregation. In vivo studies, the effects of NADPH on platelet aggregation, tail bleeding time, coagulation response and ferric chloride-induced thrombosis were determined in mice or rats. The maximum aggregation rate of platelets of rats injected with NADPH (5 mg/kg) was lower than platelets from control rats. NADPH transiently prolonged tail bleeding time in mice at 30 min after the injection of NADPH (7.5 mg/kg), while aspirin (15 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the tail bleeding time in mice at all time points examined. NADPH (5 mg/kg), as well as aspirin (10 mg/kg), had no effect on coagulation response in rats. Using a FeCl3-induced abdominal aorta injury thrombosis model, administration of NADPH (5 mg/kg) significantly delayed the onset of vessel occlusion, while aspirin (10 mg/kg) almost completely prevented the vessel occlusion. With microscopic examination the thrombi in injured vessel sections of rats received NADPH were much smaller and less dense than that of rats received vehicle treatment. ADP induced an increase in phosphorylation of p38 and the effect was markedly inhibited by the p38 inhibitor SB203580. Similarly, NADPH also inhibited ADP-induced phosphorylation of p38. Similar to NADPH, SB203580 robustly inhibited ADP- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. In addition, NADPH also reduced ADP-induced increases in ROS in platelets. The current results demonstrated that NADPH inhibited platelet aggregation, oxidative stress and p38 phosphorylation, suggesting that NADPH might be a novel compound for management of high risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junchao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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9
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Abstract
Thrombus formation is dependent on the interaction of platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells as well as proteins of the coagulation cascade. This interaction is tightly controlled by phospho-regulated pathways involving protein kinase CK2. A growing number of studies have demonstrated an important role of this kinase in the regulation of primary and secondary hemostasis. Inhibition of CK2 downregulates the expression of important adhesion molecules on platelets and endothelial cells, such as glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa, P-selectin, von Willebrand factor and vascular cell adhesion molecule. Moreover, the reduced CK2-dependent phosphorylation of different coagulation factors prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Targeting these mechanisms may open the door for the development of novel anti-thrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Beate M Schmitt
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
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10
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Purification and Characterization of a Novel Antiplatelet Peptide from Deinagkistrodon acutus Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080332. [PMID: 30115892 PMCID: PMC6115707 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms are considered as one of the most important sources for drug development. Deinagkistrodon acutus is famous for its toxicity to the human hematological system and envenomed patients develop a coagulation disorder with the symptoms of hemorrhage and microthrombi formation. The purpose of this study was to separate antiplatelet peptides from D. acutus venom using a combination of an ultrafiltration technique and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which was guided by monitoring antiplatelet aggregation bioactivity. A novel octa-peptide named DAA-8 was found. This peptide inhibited protease-activated receptor1 (PAR-1) agonist (SFLLRN-NH2) induced platelet aggregation and it also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, ADP, and collagen. Furthermore, DAA-8 showed significant antithrombotic activity and resulted in a slightly increased bleeding risk in vivo. This is the first report of a peptide derived from snake venom, which inhibited PAR-1 agonist-induced platelet aggregation. This peptide may provide a template to design a new PAR-1 inhibitor.
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11
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Später T, Müller I, Eichler H, Menger MD, Laschke MW, Ampofo E. Dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR by VS-5584 suppresses thrombus formation. Platelets 2017; 29:277-287. [PMID: 28503993 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1306040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
VS-5584 is a highly selective dual kinase inhibitor which suppresses phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Because these kinases are crucially involved in primary hemostasis, we herein investigated the effect of this compound on thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment of washed platelets (WP) or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with VS-5584 inhibited the agonist-induced activation of surface glycoprotein complex (GP)IIb/IIIa and the upregulation of P-selectin. This was associated with a significantly reduced formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLA). VS-5584 further attenuated platelet aggregation and adhesion after agonist stimulation. In contrast, endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and secretion of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) were not affected by the dual kinase inhibitor. In vivo, VS-5584 inhibited photochemically induced thrombus formation as shown by a significantly prolonged time to complete vessel occlusion when compared to vehicle-treated controls. This was associated with an elevated tail vein bleeding time, indicating a potential hemorrhagic risk in VS-5584-treated mice. Taken together, these novel findings demonstrate that VS-5584 is a potent inhibitor of primary hemostasis targeting multiple platelet functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Später
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Isabelle Müller
- b Institute for Hemostasiology & Transfusion Medicine , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Hermann Eichler
- b Institute for Hemostasiology & Transfusion Medicine , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- a Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
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12
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Xu Z, Xu YJ, Hao YN, Ren LJ, Zhang ZB, Xu X, Cao BY, Dai KS, Zhu L, Fang Q, Kong Y, Mao XL. A novel STAT3 inhibitor negatively modulates platelet activation and aggregation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:651-659. [PMID: 28260800 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a critical role in platelet functions. This study sought to understand the effects of the STAT3 inhibitor SC99 on platelet activation and aggregation. Immunoblotting assays were applied to measure the effects of SC99 on the STAT3 signaling pathway. A ChronoLog aggregometer was used to evaluate platelet aggregation. A flow cytometer was used to evaluate P-selectin expression in the presence of SC99. AlamarBlue and Annexin-V staining were used to evaluate platelet viability and apoptosis, respectively. A fluorescence microscope was applied to analyze platelet spreading. SC99 inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in human platelets but had no effects on the phosphorylation of AKT, p65 or Src, all of which are involved in platelet activation. Further studies revealed that SC99 inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by collagen and thrombin in a dose-dependent manner. SC99 inhibited thrombin-induced P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding to single platelets. Moreover, SC99 inhibited platelet spreading on fibrinogen and clot retraction mediated by outside-in signaling. SC99 inhibited platelet aggregation in mice but it did not significantly prolong the bleeding time. Taken together, the present study revealed that SC99 inhibited platelet activation and aggregation as a STAT3 inhibitor. This agent can be developed as a promising treatment for thrombotic disorders.
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Battram AM, Durrant TN, Agbani EO, Heesom KJ, Paul DS, Piatt R, Poole AW, Cullen PJ, Bergmeier W, Moore SF, Hers I. The Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) Binder Rasa3 Regulates Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Integrin αIIbβ3 Outside-in Signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:1691-1704. [PMID: 27903653 PMCID: PMC5290945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The class I PI3K family of lipid kinases plays an important role in integrin αIIbβ3 function, thereby supporting thrombus growth and consolidation. Here, we identify Ras/Rap1GAP Rasa3 (GAP1IP4BP) as a major phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-binding protein in human platelets and a key regulator of integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. We demonstrate that cytosolic Rasa3 translocates to the plasma membrane in a PI3K-dependent manner upon activation of human platelets. Expression of wild-type Rasa3 in integrin αIIbβ3-expressing CHO cells blocked Rap1 activity and integrin αIIbβ3-mediated spreading on fibrinogen. In contrast, Rap1GAP-deficient (P489V) and Ras/Rap1GAP-deficient (R371Q) Rasa3 had no effect. We furthermore show that two Rasa3 mutants (H794L and G125V), which are expressed in different mouse models of thrombocytopenia, lack both Ras and Rap1GAP activity and do not affect integrin αIIbβ3-mediated spreading of CHO cells on fibrinogen. Platelets from thrombocytopenic mice expressing GAP-deficient Rasa3 (H794L) show increased spreading on fibrinogen, which in contrast to wild-type platelets is insensitive to PI3K inhibitors. Together, these results support an important role for Rasa3 in PI3K-dependent integrin αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling and cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Battram
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom N Durrant
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ejaife O Agbani
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Kate J Heesom
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - David S Paul
- the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Raymond Piatt
- the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Alastair W Poole
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Samantha F Moore
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg Hers
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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Bhunia SS, Misra A, Khan IA, Gaur S, Jain M, Singh S, Saxena A, Hohlfield T, Dikshit M, Saxena AK. Novel Glycoprotein VI Antagonists as Antithrombotics: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies on 2,3-Disubstituted Tetrahydropyrido(3,4-b)indoles. J Med Chem 2016; 60:322-337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shome S. Bhunia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110 025, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aaruni Saxena
- Institut
für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Hohlfield
- Institut
für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Anil K. Saxena
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110 025, India
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Su XL, Su W, Wang Y, Wang YH, Ming X, Kong Y. The pyrrolidinoindoline alkaloid Psm2 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation by affecting PI3K/Akt signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1208-17. [PMID: 27424653 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Psm2, one of the pyrrolidinoindoline alkaloids isolated from whole Selaginella moellendorffii plants, has shown a potent antiplatelet activity. In this study, we further evaluated the antiplatelet effects of Psm2, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Human platelet aggregation in vitro and rat platelet aggregation ex vivo were investigated. Agonist-induced platelet aggregation was measured using a light transmission aggregometer. The antithrombotic effects of Psm2 were evaluated in arteriovenous shunt thrombosis model in rats. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antiplatelet activity of Psm2, ELISAs, Western blotting and molecular docking were performed. The bleeding risk of Psm2 administration was assessed in a mouse tail cutting model, and the cytotoxicity of Psm2 was measured with MTT assay in EA.hy926 cells. RESULTS Psm2 dose-dependently inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by ADP, U4619, thrombin and collagen with IC50 values of 0.64, 0.37, 0.35 and 0.87 mg/mL, respectively. Psm2 (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) administered to rats significantly inhibited platelet aggregation ex vivo induced by ADP. Psm2 (1, 3, 10 mg/mL, iv) administered to rats with the A-V shunt dose-dependently decreased the thrombus formation. Psm2 inhibited platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and collagen with IC50 values of 84.5 and 96.5 mg/mL, respectively, but did not affect the binding of fibrinogen to GPIIb/IIIa. Furthermore, Psm2 inhibited AktSer473 phosphorylation, but did not affect MAPK signaling and Src kinase activation. Molecular docking showed that Psm2 bound to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase β (PI3Kβ) with a binding free energy of -13.265 kcal/mol. In addition, Psm2 did not cause toxicity in EA.hy926 cells and produced only slight bleeding in a mouse tail cutting model. CONCLUSION Psm2 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation by affecting PI3K/Akt signaling. Psm2 may be a lead compound or drug candidate that could be developed for the prevention or treatment of thrombotic diseases.
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Human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis via Src/PI3K/Akt signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:283-289. [PMID: 27012197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of human cathelicidin LL-37 have been widely reported, including antibacterial, immune and anti-tumor effects. However, the antiplatelet activity of LL-37 has not been addressed. The purpose of our study was to investigate the antiplatelet and antithrombotic actions of LL-37. We found that this peptide inhibited human platelet aggregation in vitro and attenuated thrombus formation in vivo. Furthermore, LL-37 reduced phosphorylation of Src kinase and Akt(Ser473), decreased platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen and inhibited P-selectin expression on platelets. These results demonstrate that LL-37 has antiplatelet and antithrombotic actions.
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17
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Ampofo E, Später T, Müller I, Eichler H, Menger MD, Laschke MW. The Marine-Derived Kinase Inhibitor Fascaplysin Exerts Anti-Thrombotic Activity. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6774-91. [PMID: 26569265 PMCID: PMC4663553 DOI: 10.3390/md13116774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The marine-derived kinase inhibitor fascaplysin down-regulates the PI3K pathway in cancer cells. Since this pathway also plays an essential role in platelet signaling, we herein investigated the effect of fascaplysin on thrombosis. Methods: Fascaplysin effects on platelet activation, platelet aggregation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLA) formation were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mouse dorsal skinfold chambers were used to determine in vivo the effect of fascaplysin on photochemically induced thrombus formation and tail-vein bleeding time. Results: Pre-treatment of platelets with fascaplysin reduced the activation of glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa after protease-activated receptor-1-activating peptide (PAR-1-AP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, but did not markedly affect the expression of P-selectin. This was associated with a decreased platelet aggregation. Fascaplysin also decreased PLA formation after PMA but not PAR-1-AP and ADP stimulation. This may be explained by an increased expression of CD11b on leukocytes in PAR-1-AP- and ADP-treated whole blood. In the dorsal skinfold chamber model of photochemically induced thrombus formation, fascaplysin-treated mice revealed a significantly extended complete vessel occlusion time when compared to controls. Furthermore, fascaplysin increased the tail-vein bleeding time. Conclusion: Fascaplysin exerts anti-thrombotic activity, which represents a novel mode of action in the pleiotropic activity spectrum of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Thomas Später
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Müller
- Institute for Hemostasiology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Hermann Eichler
- Institute for Hemostasiology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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18
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Tripeptide SQL Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation by Affecting PI3K/Akt Signaling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:254-60. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Guidetti GF, Canobbio I, Torti M. PI3K/Akt in platelet integrin signaling and implications in thrombosis. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 59:36-52. [PMID: 26159296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood platelets are anucleated circulating cells that play a critical role in hemostasis and are also implicated in arterial thrombosis, a major cause of death worldwide. The biological function of platelets strongly relies in their reactiveness to a variety of extracellular agonists that regulate their adhesion to extracellular matrix at the site of vascular injury and their ability to form rapidly growing cell aggregates. Among the membrane receptors expressed on the cell surface, integrins are crucial for both platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation. Integrin affinity for specific ligands is regulated by intracellular signaling pathways activated in stimulated platelets, and, once engaged, integrins themselves generate and propagate signals inside the cells to reinforce and consolidate platelet response and thrombus formation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (PI3Ks) have emerged as crucial players in platelet activation, and they are directly implicated in the regulation of integrin function. This review will discuss the contribution of PI3Ks in platelet integrin signaling, focusing on the role of specific members of class I PI3Ks and their downstream effector Akt on both integrin inside-out and outside-in signaling. The contribution of the PI3K/Akt pathways stimulated by integrin engagement and platelet activation in thrombus formation and stabilization will also be discussed in order to highlight the possibility to target these enzymes in effective anti-thrombotic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni F Guidetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Canobbio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Torti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Skommer J, Wlodkowic D. Successes and future outlook for microfluidics-based cardiovascular drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:231-44. [PMID: 25672221 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The greatest advantage of using microfluidics as a platform for the assessment of cardiovascular drug action is its ability to finely regulate fluid flow conditions, including flow rate, shear stress and pulsatile flow. At the same time, microfluidics provide means for modifying the vessel geometry (bifurcations, stenoses, complex networks), the type of surface of the vessel walls, and for patterning cells in 3D tissue-like architecture, including generation of lumen walls lined with cells and heart-on-a-chip structures for mimicking ventricular cardiomyocyte physiology. In addition, owing to the small volume of required specimens, microfluidics is ideally suited to clinical situations whereby monitoring of drug dosing or efficacy needs to be coupled with minimal phlebotomy-related drug loss. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight potential applications for the currently existing and emerging technologies and offer several suggestions on how to close the development cycle of microfluidic devices for cardiovascular drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION The ultimate goal in microfluidics research for drug discovery is to develop 'human-on-a-chip' systems, whereby several organ cultures, including the vasculature and the heart, can mimic complex interactions between the organs and body systems. This would provide in vivo-like pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for drug ADMET assessment. At present, however, the great variety of available designs does not go hand in hand with their use by the pharmaceutical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skommer
- RMIT University, School of Applied Sciences , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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