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Jiang S, Chen M, Zhang J, Ba X, Zhang H, Hong Y, Sun L, Wang Z, Zhuang H, Zhu F, Chen Y, Wang H, Zhao F, Chen Y, Yu Y, Ji S. Profiling daptomycin resistance among diverse methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0056323. [PMID: 37902403 PMCID: PMC10649010 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00563-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin (DAP) is effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, reduced susceptibility to DAP in MRSA may lead to treatment failures. We aim to determine the distribution of DAP minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and DAP heteroresistance (hDAP) among MRSA lineages in China. A total of 472 clinical MRSA isolates collected from 2015 to 2017 in China were examined for DAP susceptibility. All isolates (n = 472) were found to be DAP susceptible, but 35.17% (166/472) of them exhibited a high DAP MIC (MIC >0.5 µg/mL). The high DAP MIC group contained a larger proportion of isolates with a higher vancomycin or teicoplanin MIC (>1.5 µg/mL) than the low DAP MIC group (19.3% vs 7.8%, P < 0.001; 22.3% vs 8.2%, P < 0.001). We compared the clonal complex (CC) distributions and clinical characteristics in MRSA isolates stratified by DAP MIC. CC5 isolates were less susceptible to DAP (MIC50 = 1 µg/mL) than CC59 isolates (MIC50 = 0.5 µg/mL, P < 0.001). Population analysis profiling revealed that 5 of 10 ST5 and ST59 DAP-susceptible MRSA isolates investigated exhibited hDAP. The results also showed that CC5 MRSA with an agrA mutation (I238K) had a higher DAP MIC than those with a wild-type agrA (P < 0.001). The agrA-I238K mutation was found to be associated with agr dysfunction as indicated by the loss of δ-hemolysin production. In addition, agr/psmα defectiveness was associated with hDAP in MRSA. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed mutations in mprF and walR/walK in DAP-resistant subpopulations, and most DAP-resistant subpopulations (6/8, 75%) were stable. Our study suggests that the increased DAP resistance and hDAP in MRSA may threaten the effectiveness against MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junxiong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hemu Zhuang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiteng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Boulouis C, Leeansyah E, Mairpady Shambat S, Norrby-Teglund A, Sandberg JK. Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cell Hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus Leukocidin ED and Its Modulation by Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1170-1179. [PMID: 35140134 PMCID: PMC9012079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize bacterial riboflavin metabolite Ags presented by MHC class Ib-related protein (MR1) and play important roles in immune control of microbes that synthesize riboflavin. This includes the pathobiont Staphylococcus aureus, which can also express a range of virulence factors, including the secreted toxin leukocidin ED (LukED). In this study, we found that human MAIT cells are hypersensitive to LukED-mediated lysis and lost on exposure to the toxin, leaving a T cell population devoid of MAIT cells. The cytolytic effect of LukED on MAIT cells was rapid and occurred at toxin concentrations lower than those required for toxicity against conventional T cells. Furthermore, this coincided with high MAIT cell expression of CCR5, and loss of these cells was efficiently inhibited by the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc. Interestingly, exposure and preactivation of MAIT cells with IL-12 and IL-18, or activation via TCR triggering, partially protected from LukED toxicity. Furthermore, analysis of NK cells indicated that LukED targeted the mature cytotoxic CD57+ NK cell subset in a CCR5-independent manner. Overall, these results indicate that LukED efficiently eliminates immune cells that can respond rapidly to S. aureus in an innate fashion without the need for clonal expansion, and that MAIT cells are exceptionally vulnerable to this toxin. Thus, the findings support a model where LukED secretion may allow S. aureus to avoid recognition by the rapid cell-mediated responses mediated by MAIT cells and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Boulouis
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China; and
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Prevalence and Characterization of PVL-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Cow’s Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020097. [PMID: 35202125 PMCID: PMC8876356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and some toxin genes of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in unpasteurized raw cow’s milk collected from retail outlets located at Mansoura, Dakahliya governorate, Egypt. In that context, a total of 700 raw cow’s milk samples were investigated for the presence of S. aureus, which was identified in 41.1% (288/700) of the samples. Among the S. aureus isolates, 113 PVL-positive S. aureus were identified and subjected for further analysis. The PVL-positive S. aureus were investigated for the existence of toxin-related genes, including hemolysin (hla), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst), and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, see, seg, sei, and selj). Genotypic resistance of PVL-positive strains was performed for the detection of blaZ and mecA genes. Among the PVL-positive S. aureus, sea, seb, and sec were detected in 44.2, 6.2%, and 0.9%, respectively, while the hla and tst genes were identified in 54.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The blaZ and mecA genes were successfully identified in 84.9 (96/113) and 32.7% (37/113) of the total evaluated S. aureus isolates, respectively. PVL-positive S. aureus displayed a high level of resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) was displayed by all methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 38.2% of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The obtained findings are raising the alarm of virulent PVL-positive MRSA clones in retail milk in Egypt, suggesting the requirement for limiting the use of β-lactam drugs in food-producing animals and the importance of implementing strong hygiene procedures in dairy farms and processing plants.
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Treffon J, Fotiadis SA, van Alen S, Becker K, Kahl BC. The Virulence Potential of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from the Airways of Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E360. [PMID: 32486247 PMCID: PMC7354617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and contributes to respiratory failure. Recently, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA), usually cultured in farm animals, were detected in CF airways. Although some of these strains are able to establish severe infections in humans, there is limited knowledge about the role of LA-MRSA virulence in CF lung disease. To address this issue, we analyzed LA-MRSA, hospital-associated (HA-) MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S.aureus (MSSA) clinical isolates recovered early in the course of airway infection and several years after persistence in this hostile environment from pulmonary specimens of nine CF patients regarding important virulence traits such as their hemolytic activity, biofilm formation, invasion in airway epithelial cells, cytotoxicity, and antibiotic susceptibility. We detected that CF LA-MRSA isolates were resistant to tetracycline, more hemolytic and cytotoxic than HA-MRSA, and more invasive than MSSA. Despite the residence in the animal host, LA-MRSA still represent a serious threat to humans, as such clones possess a virulence potential similar or even higher than that of HA-MRSA. Furthermore, we confirmed that S. aureus individually adapts to the airways of CF patients, which eventually impedes the success of antistaphylococcal therapy of airway infections in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Treffon
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.T.); (S.A.F.); (S.v.A.); (K.B.)
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Ann Fotiadis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.T.); (S.A.F.); (S.v.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Sarah van Alen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.T.); (S.A.F.); (S.v.A.); (K.B.)
- Business Unit Pain, Grünenthal GmbH, 52222 Stolberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.T.); (S.A.F.); (S.v.A.); (K.B.)
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara C. Kahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.T.); (S.A.F.); (S.v.A.); (K.B.)
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Blümel E, Munir Ahmad S, Nastasi C, Willerslev-Olsen A, Gluud M, Fredholm S, Hu T, Surewaard BGJ, Lindahl LM, Fogh H, Koralov SB, Rahbek Gjerdrum LM, Clark RA, Iversen L, Krejsgaard T, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Becker JC, Woetmann A, Andersen MH, Buus TB, Ødum N. Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin inhibits CD8 + T cell-mediated killing of cancer cells in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1751561. [PMID: 32363124 PMCID: PMC7185203 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1751561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and its toxins have been linked to disease progression and mortality in advanced stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in anti-cancer responses and high CD8+ T cell numbers in tumor lesions are associated with a favorable prognosis in CTCL. Here, we show that CD8+ T cells from both healthy donors and Sézary syndrome patients are highly susceptible to cell death induced by Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, whereas malignant T cells are not. Importantly, alpha-toxin almost completely blocks cytotoxic killing of CTCL tumor cells by peptide-specific CD8+ T cells, leading to their escape from induced cell death and continued proliferation. These findings suggest that alpha-toxin may favor the persistence of malignant CTCL cells in vivo by inhibiting CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Thus, we propose a novel mechanism by which colonization with Staphylococcus aureus may contribute to cancer immune evasion and disease progression in CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Blümel
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology and Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Willerslev-Olsen
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Gluud
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Fredholm
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tengpeng Hu
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bas G. J. Surewaard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lise M. Lindahl
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Fogh
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen C. Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen and Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Essen, Germany
| | - Anders Woetmann
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology and Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Terkild Brink Buus
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16HBE Cell Lipid Mediator Responses to Mono and Co-Infections with Respiratory Pathogens. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030113. [PMID: 32197522 PMCID: PMC7142531 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a global health problem. The main causative agents of these infections are influenza A virus (IAV), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). Major research focuses on genetics and immune responses in these infections. Eicosanoids and other oxylipins are host-derived lipid mediators that play an important role in the activation and resolution of inflammation. In this study, we assess, for the first time, the different intracellular profiles of these bioactive lipid mediators during S. aureus LUG2012, S. pneumoniae TIGR4, IAV, and corresponding viral and bacterial co-infections of 16HBE cells. We observed a multitude of altered lipid mediators. Changes in the amount of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) were prominent for all bacterial infections. The infection with S. pneumoniae showed the strongest impact on bioactive lipid production and led to alterations in the amount of PPARγ ligands and precursors of pro-resolving lipid mediators.
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Tsuiji M, Shiohara K, Takei Y, Shinohara Y, Nemoto S, Yamaguchi S, Kanto M, Itoh S, Oku T, Miyashita M, Seyama Y, Kurihara M, Tsuji T. Selective Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcal α-Hemolysin (α-Toxin) against Human Leukocyte Populations. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:982-988. [PMID: 31155595 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces a variety of exoproteins that interfere with host immune systems. We attempted to purify cytotoxins against human leukocytic cells from the culture supernatant of S. aureus by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on a CM-cellulose column and HPLC on a Mono S 5/50 column. A major protein possessing cytotoxicity to HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells was purified, and the protein was identified as α-hemolysin (Hla, α-toxin) based on its molecular weight (34 kDa) and N-terminal amino acid sequence. Flow cytometric analysis suggested differential cytotoxicity of Hla against different human peripheral blood leukocyte populations. After cell fractionation with density-gradient centrifugation, we found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were more susceptible to Hla than polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Moreover, cell surface marker analysis suggested that Hla exhibited slightly higher cytotoxicity against CD14-positive PBMCs (mainly monocytes) than CD3- or CD19-positive cells (T or B lymphocytes). From these results, we conclude that human leukocytes have different susceptibility to Hla depending on their cell lineages, and thereby the toxin may modulate the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsuiji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Kazuyuki Shiohara
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yoshinori Shinohara
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Shigeyoshi Nemoto
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masanori Kanto
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Saotomo Itoh
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Teruaki Oku
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masahiro Miyashita
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yoshiyuki Seyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | - Tsutomu Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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The Role of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Exotoxins and Proteases in Human Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060332. [PMID: 31212697 PMCID: PMC6628391 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are critical clinical conditions characterized by extensive necrosis of any layer of the soft tissue and systemic toxicity. Group A streptococci (GAS) and Staphylococcus aureus are two major pathogens associated with monomicrobial NSTIs. In the tissue environment, both Gram-positive bacteria secrete a variety of molecules, including pore-forming exotoxins, superantigens, and proteases with cytolytic and immunomodulatory functions. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about streptococcal and staphylococcal toxins in NSTIs with a special focus on their contribution to disease progression, tissue pathology, and immune evasion strategies.
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9
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Zhang L, Gao J, Barkema HW, Ali T, Liu G, Deng Y, Naushad S, Kastelic JP, Han B. Virulence gene profiles: alpha-hemolysin and clonal diversity in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine clinical mastitis in China. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:63. [PMID: 29499697 PMCID: PMC5834907 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of bovine mastitis, is known for its ability to acquire to antimicrobial resistance and to secrete numerous virulence factors that can exacerbate inflammation. In addition, alpha-hemolysin has an important role in S. aureus infections, diversity of the hla gene (that produces alpha-hmolysin) in S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis has not been well characterized. The objective was, therefore, to determine diversity of virulence genes, hla gene sequences, and clonal profiles of S. aureus from bovine mastitis in Chinese dairy herds, and to evaluate inter-relationships. Results The antimicrobials resistance varies from as low as 1.9% (2/103) for CTX to as high as 76.7% (79/103) for penicilin in the 103 isolates and 46 (44.7%) S. aureus were determined as multi-resistant isolates with diverse resistance patterns. Thirty-eight virulence gene patterns (with variable frequencies) were identified in the 103 isolates and correlated with MLST types, indicating a great diversity. Although the hla gene also had great diversity (14 genotypes), Hla peptides were relatively more conserved. With 7 clonal complexes identified from 24 spa types and 7 MLST types. Regarding the letter, ST 97 was the dominant type in S. aureus from bovine mastitis in China. Furthermore, based on phylogenetic analysis, there was a distinct evolutionary relationship between the hla gene and MLST. Conclusion Multi-resistant S. aureus occurred in bovine mastitis with diverse resistance patterns. The diversity of virulence gene profiles, especially the hla gene and, their relationship with molecular types were reported for the first time in S. aureus from bovine mastitis, which will be useful for future studies on immunogenicity and vaccine development. In addition, based on the distinct evolutionary relationship between the hla gene and MLST types, we inferred that the hla gene has potential role for molecular typing of S. aureus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1374-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Youtian Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sohail Naushad
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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10
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A point mutation in AgrC determines cytotoxic or colonizing properties associated with phenotypic variants of ST22 MRSA strains. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31360. [PMID: 27511873 PMCID: PMC4980769 DOI: 10.1038/srep31360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections. One of the highly successful and rapidly disseminating clones is MRSA ST22 commonly associated with skin tropism. Here we show that a naturally occurring single amino acid substitution (tyrosine to cysteine) at position 223 of AgrC determines starkly different ST22 S. aureus virulence phenotypes, e.g. cytotoxic or colonizing, as evident in both in vitro and in vivo skin infections. Y223C amino acid substitution destabilizes AgrC-AgrA interaction leading to a colonizing phenotype characterized by upregulation of bacterial surface proteins. The colonizing phenotype strains cause less severe skin tissue damage, show decreased susceptibility towards the antimicrobial LL-37 and induce autophagy. In contrast, cytotoxic strains with tyrosine at position 223 of AgrC cause infections characterized by inflammasome activation and severe skin tissue pathology. Taken together, the study demonstrates how a single amino acid substitution in the histidine kinase receptor AgrC of ST22 strains determines virulence properties and infection outcome.
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11
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Mueller EA, Merriman JA, Schlievert PM. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, not α-toxin, mediated Bundaberg fatalities. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:2361-2368. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joseph A. Merriman
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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12
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Mairpady Shambat S, Chen P, Nguyen Hoang AT, Bergsten H, Vandenesch F, Siemens N, Lina G, Monk IR, Foster TJ, Arakere G, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A. Modelling staphylococcal pneumonia in a human 3D lung tissue model system delineates toxin-mediated pathology. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1413-25. [PMID: 26398950 PMCID: PMC4631791 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia is recognized as a toxin-mediated disease, yet the tissue-destructive events remain elusive, partly as a result of lack of mechanistic studies in human lung tissue. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) tissue model composed of human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts was used to delineate the role of specific staphylococcal exotoxins in tissue pathology associated with severe pneumonia. To this end, the models were exposed to the mixture of exotoxins produced by S. aureus strains isolated from patients with varying severity of lung infection, namely necrotizing pneumonia or lung empyema, or to purified toxins. The necrotizing pneumonia strains secreted high levels of α-toxin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and triggered high cytotoxicity, inflammation, necrosis and loss of E-cadherin from the lung epithelium. In contrast, the lung empyema strain produced moderate levels of PVL, but negligible amounts of α-toxin, and triggered limited tissue damage. α-toxin had a direct damaging effect on the epithelium, as verified using toxin-deficient mutants and pure α-toxin. Moreover, PVL contributed to pathology through the lysis of neutrophils. A combination of α-toxin and PVL resulted in the most severe epithelial injury. In addition, toxin-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators from lung tissue models resulted in enhanced neutrophil migration. Using a collection of 31 strains from patients with staphylococcal pneumonia revealed that strains producing high levels of α-toxin and PVL were cytotoxic and associated with fatal outcome. Also, the strains that produced the highest toxin levels induced significantly greater epithelial disruption. Of importance, toxin-mediated lung epithelium destruction could be inhibited by polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin containing antibodies against α-toxin and PVL. This study introduces a novel model system for study of staphylococcal pneumonia in a human setting. The results reveal that the combination and levels of α-toxin and PVL correlate with tissue pathology and clinical outcome associated with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Mairpady Shambat
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anh Thu Nguyen Hoang
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Bergsten
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francois Vandenesch
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France French National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard Lina
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France French National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Ian R Monk
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gayathri Arakere
- Society for Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Hong KL, Battistella L, Salva AD, Williams RM, Sooter LJ. In vitro selection of single-stranded DNA molecular recognition elements against S. aureus alpha toxin and sensitive detection in human serum. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2794-809. [PMID: 25633102 PMCID: PMC4346865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha toxin is one of the major virulence factors secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium that is responsible for a wide variety of infections in both community and hospital settings. Due to the prevalence of S. aureus related infections and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, rapid and accurate diagnosis of S. aureus infections is crucial in benefiting patient health outcomes. In this study, a rigorous Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) variant previously developed by our laboratory was utilized to select a single-stranded DNA molecular recognition element (MRE) targeting alpha toxin with high affinity and specificity. At the end of the 12-round selection, the selected MRE had an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 93.7 ± 7.0 nM. Additionally, a modified sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed by using the selected ssDNA MRE as the toxin-capturing element and a sensitive detection of 200 nM alpha toxin in undiluted human serum samples was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka L Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9530, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Luisa Battistella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9530, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Alysia D Salva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9530, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Ryan M Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9530, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Letha J Sooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9530, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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