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Bando H, Fukuda Y, Watanabe N, Olawale JT, Kato K. Depletion of Intracellular Glutamine Pools Triggers Toxoplasma gondii Stage Conversion in Human Glutamatergic Neurons. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:788303. [PMID: 35096641 PMCID: PMC8793678 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.788303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii chronically infects the brain as latent cysts containing bradyzoites and causes various effects in the host. Recently, the molecular mechanisms of cyst formation in the mouse brain have been elucidated, but those in the human brain remain largely unknown. Here, we show that abnormal glutamine metabolism caused by both interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation and T. gondii infection induce cyst formation in human neuroblastoma cells regardless of the anti-T. gondii host factor nitric oxide (NO) level or Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) expression. IFN-γ stimulation promoted intracellular glutamine degradation in human neuronal cells. Additionally, T. gondii infection inhibited the mRNA expression of the host glutamine transporters SLC38A1 and SLC38A2. These dual effects led to glutamine starvation and triggered T. gondii stage conversion in human neuronal cells. Furthermore, these mechanisms are conserved in human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons. Taken together, our data suggest that glutamine starvation in host cells is an important trigger of T. gondii stage conversion in human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Bando
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - Nina Watanabe
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - Jeje Temitope Olawale
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kentaro Kato,
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2
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Kumar V, Ghosh S, Roy K, Pal C, Singh S. Deletion of Glutamine Synthetase Gene Disrupts the Survivability and Infectivity of Leishmania donovani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:622266. [PMID: 33732662 PMCID: PMC7959746 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.622266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is one of the most important metabolic enzymes which catalyzes ligation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine. Previous studies from our lab had revealed significant differences in parasite and host GS enzyme which warranted us to further work on its relevance in parasite. To analyze glutamine synthetase function in Leishmania, we generated GS overexpressors and knockout mutants and evaluated their ability to grow in vitro in monocyte differentiated macrophage and in vivo by infections in BALB/c mice. GS knocked out strain showed significant growth retardation with delayed cell cycle progression and morphological alteration. Null mutants exhibited attenuated infectivity both in in vitro and in vivo experiments and the effect was reverted back when infected with GS complemented parasites. This indicated that the alterations in phenotype observed were indeed due to GS knockout. GS knockout also made the parasite increasingly sensitive to Miltefosine. Detailed investigation of mode of parasite death upon Miltefosine treatment by dual staining with Annexin-V conjugated FITC and propidium iodide, pointed towards apoptotic or necrotic mode of cell death. This is the first report to confirm that GS is essential for the survivability and infectivity of Leishmania donovani, and can be exploited as a potential drug-target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Sanhita Ghosh
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Kamalika Roy
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
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Ren W, Rajendran R, Zhao Y, Tan B, Wu G, Bazer FW, Zhu G, Peng Y, Huang X, Deng J, Yin Y. Amino Acids As Mediators of Metabolic Cross Talk between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535717 PMCID: PMC5835074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host and pathogen decidedly shapes the outcome of an infection, thus understanding this interaction is critical to the treatment of a pathogen-induced infection. Although research in this area of cell biology has yielded surprising findings regarding interactions between host and pathogen, understanding of the metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen is limited. At the site of infection, host and pathogen share similar or identical nutritional substrates and generate common metabolic products, thus metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen could profoundly affect the pathogenesis of an infection. In this review, we present results of a recent discovery of a metabolic interaction between host and pathogen from an amino acid (AA) metabolism-centric point of view. The host depends on AA metabolism to support defensive responses against pathogens, while the pathogens modulate AA metabolism for its own advantage. Some AA, such as arginine, asparagine, and tryptophan, are central points of competition between the host and pathogen. Thus, a better understanding of AA-mediated metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen will provide insight into fruitful therapeutic approaches to manipulate and prevent progression of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivorce, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ren W, Wang K, Yin J, Chen S, Liu G, Tan B, Wu G, Bazer FW, Peng Y, Yin Y. Glutamine-Induced Secretion of Intestinal Secretory Immunoglobulin A: A Mechanistic Perspective. Front Immunol 2016; 7:503. [PMID: 27933057 PMCID: PMC5121228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is one important line of defense in the intestinal mucosal surface to protect the intestinal epithelium from enteric toxins and pathogenic microorganisms. Multiple factors, such as intestinal microbiota, intestinal cytokines, and nutrients are highly involved in production of SIgA in the intestine. Recently, glutamine has been shown to affect intestinal SIgA production; however, the underlying mechanism by which glutamine stimulates secretion of intestinal SIgA is unknown. Here, we review current knowledge regarding glutamine in intestinal immunity and show that glutamine-enhanced secretion of SIgA in the intestine may involve intestinal microbiota, intestinal antigen sampling and presentation, induction pathways for SIgA production by plasma cells (both T-dependent and T-independent pathway), and even transport of SIgA. Altogether, the glutamine-intestinal SIgA axis has broad therapeutic implications for intestinal SIgA-associated diseases, such as celiac disease, allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research (IAR), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing , China
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen C, Wang J, Cai R, Yuan Y, Guo Z, Grewer C, Zhang Z. Identification of a Disulfide Bridge in Sodium-Coupled Neutral Amino Acid Transporter 2(SNAT2) by Chemical Modification. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158319. [PMID: 27355203 PMCID: PMC4927162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) belongs to solute carrier 38 (SLC38) family of transporters, which is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and mediates transport of small, neutral amino acids, exemplified by alanine(Ala, A). Yet structural data on SNAT2, including the relevance of intrinsic cysteine residues on structure and function, is scarce, in spite of its essential roles in many tissues. To better define the potential of intrinsic cysteines to form disulfide bonds in SNAT2, mutagenesis experiments and thiol-specific chemical modifications by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and methoxy-polyethylene glycol maleimide (mPEG-Mal, MW 5000) were performed, with or without the reducing regent dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment. Seven single mutant transporters with various cysteine (Cys, C) to alanine (Ala, A) substitutions, and a C245,279A double mutant were introduced to SNAT2 with a hemagglutinin (HA) tag at the C-terminus. The results showed that the cells expressing C245A or C279A were labeled by one equivalent of mPEG-Mal in the presence of DTT, while wild-type or all the other single Cys to Ala mutants were modified by two equivalents of mPEG-Mal. Furthermore, the molecular weight of C245,279A was not changed in the presence or absence of DTT treatment. The results suggest a disulfide bond between Cys245 and Cys279 in SNAT2 which has no effect on cell surface trafficking, as well as transporter function. The proposed disulfide bond may be important to delineate proximity in the extracellular domain of SNAT2 and related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- College of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiping Cai
- College of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanmeng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanyun Guo
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Christof Grewer
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhang
- College of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110015, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Tymoshenko S, Oppenheim RD, Agren R, Nielsen J, Soldati-Favre D, Hatzimanikatis V. Metabolic Needs and Capabilities of Toxoplasma gondii through Combined Computational and Experimental Analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004261. [PMID: 26001086 PMCID: PMC4441489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a human pathogen prevalent worldwide that poses a challenging and unmet need for novel treatment of toxoplasmosis. Using a semi-automated reconstruction algorithm, we reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic model, ToxoNet1. The reconstruction process and flux-balance analysis of the model offer a systematic overview of the metabolic capabilities of this parasite. Using ToxoNet1 we have identified significant gaps in the current knowledge of Toxoplasma metabolic pathways and have clarified its minimal nutritional requirements for replication. By probing the model via metabolic tasks, we have further defined sets of alternative precursors necessary for parasite growth. Within a human host cell environment, ToxoNet1 predicts a minimal set of 53 enzyme-coding genes and 76 reactions to be essential for parasite replication. Double-gene-essentiality analysis identified 20 pairs of genes for which simultaneous deletion is deleterious. To validate several predictions of ToxoNet1 we have performed experimental analyses of cytosolic acetyl-CoA biosynthesis. ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA synthase were localised and their corresponding genes disrupted, establishing that each of these enzymes is dispensable for the growth of T. gondii, however together they make a synthetic lethal pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Tymoshenko
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca D. Oppenheim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rasmus Agren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
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