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Rivera-Lopez EO, Tirko NN, Dudley EG. Regulatory Landscape and the Potential of Bacteriophage Applications in the United States' Food Industry. J Food Prot 2025; 88:100510. [PMID: 40268121 PMCID: PMC12146206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2025] [Accepted: 04/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are promising tools for mitigating bacterial contamination because of their specificity for bacterial cells. The food industry can enhance food safety and quality by applying bacteriophages in various settings, from farms to ready-to-eat (RTE) products. Renewed interest has been driven by recent advancements in research and the increasing need for sustainable alternatives in food safety. However, understanding the regulatory requirements for using bacteriophages in food and agriculture in the United States is essential. These complex and varied regulations impact the approval and implementation of bacteriophage-based solutions. Addressing these regulatory requirements is crucial to ensure that bacteriophage applications comply with safety and legal standards. This review synthesizes the evolving regulatory framework governing bacteriophage use in the United States food industry, providing a clear understanding of the evaluation and approval processes, while highlighting recent changes and addressing challenges and opportunities for effective integration into food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Omar Rivera-Lopez
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; One Health Microbiome Center, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natasha N Tirko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward G Dudley
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; E. coli Reference Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Deepa G, Daniel I, Sugumar S. An insight into the applications of bacteriophages against food-borne pathogens. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2025; 62:1-10. [PMID: 39867606 PMCID: PMC11754761 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-024-06070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
Novel and emerging pathogens, enduring contamination, antibiotic resistance, an environment that is always changing, and the complexity of food production systems all contribute to the worsening of foodborne illness. It has been proposed that bacteriophages can serve as both fast food-borne pathogen detection tools and natural food preservatives in a variety of foods. Phages, like many other antimicrobial interventions used in food production systems, are not a cure-all for issues related to food safety, though. Consequently, phage-based biocontrol has a generally narrower antibacterial spectrum than most antibiotics, even though it can be promising in the fight against foodborne infections. Among the difficulties phage-based biocontrol techniques encounter are forming phage-insensitive single-cell variations and creating potent cocktails. To better understand when and where phage-based applications can be successfully implemented at the production and processing levels, this review focuses on phage-based applications at crucial control points in food production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gutti Deepa
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Irene Daniel
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Shobana Sugumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
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3
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Zampara A, Gencay YE, Brøndsted L, Sørensen MCH. Campycins are novel broad-spectrum antibacterials killing Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:484. [PMID: 39382702 PMCID: PMC11464564 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Pyocins are high molecular weight bacteriocins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can be retargeted to new bacterial species by exchanging the pyocin tail fibers with bacteriophage receptor binding proteins (RBPs). Here, we develop retargeted pyocins called campycins as new antibacterials to precisely and effectively kill the major foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. We used two diverse RBPs (H-fibers) encoded by CJIE1 prophages found in the genomes of C. jejuni strains CAMSA2147 and RM1221 to construct campycin 1 and campycin 2, respectively. Campycins 1 and 2 could target all C. jejuni strains tested due to complementary antibacterial spectra. In addition, both campycins led to more than 3 log reductions in C. jejuni counts under microaerobic conditions at 42 °C, whereas the killing efficiency was less efficient under anaerobic conditions at 5 °C. Furthermore, we discovered that both H-fibers used to construct the campycins bind to the essential major outer membrane protein (MOMP) present in all C. jejuni in a strain-specific manner. Protein sequence alignment and structural modeling suggest that the highly variable extracellular loops of MOMP form the binding sites of the diverse H-fibers. Further in silico analyses of 5000 MOMP sequences indicated that the protein falls into three major clades predicted to be targeted by either campycin 1 or campycin 2. Thus, campycins are promising antibacterials against C. jejuni and are expected to broadly target numerous strains of this human pathogen in nature and agriculture. KEY POINTS: • Campycins are engineered R-type pyocins containing H-fibers from C. jejuni prophages • Campycins reduce C. jejuni counts by >3 logs at conditions promoting growth • Campycins bind to the essential outer membrane protein MOMP in a strain-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Zampara
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yilmaz Emre Gencay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Present Address: SNIPR Biome, Lersø Parkallé 44, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Bogun K, Peh E, Meyer-Kühling B, Hartmann J, Hirnet J, Plötz M, Kittler S. Investigating bacteriophages as a novel multiple-hurdle measure against Campylobacter: field trials in commercial broiler plants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3182. [PMID: 38326411 PMCID: PMC10850366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter mitigation along the food production chain is considered effective for minimizing the public health burden of human campylobacteriosis. This study is the first combining different measures in a multiple-hurdle approach, using drinking water additives and feed additives in single and combined application schemes in commercial broiler plants. Broiler chickens in the study groups were naturally contaminated with Campylobacter. Application of an organic acid blend via drinking water, consisting of sodium propionate, potassium sorbate, and sodium diacetate, resulted in significant reductions of up to 4.9 log10 CFU/mL in fecal samples and in cecal samples at slaughter. The application of a phage mixture, consisting of Fletchervirus phage NCTC 12673 and Firehammervirus phage vB_CcM-LmqsCPL1/1, resulted in reductions of up to 1.1 log10 CFU/mL in fecal samples 1 day after dosing. The sole administration of curcumin via feed resulted in small and inconsistent reductions. In the group receiving a combination of all tested measures, reductions of up to 1.1 log10 CFU/mL were observed. Based on the results of our field trials, it was shown that both the sole application and the combined application of mitigation measures in primary production can reduce the Campylobacter load in broiler chickens, while no synergism could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bogun
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Juliane Hirnet
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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Ostenfeld LJ, Sørensen AN, Neve H, Vitt A, Klumpp J, Sørensen MCH. A hybrid receptor binding protein enables phage F341 infection of Campylobacter by binding to flagella and lipooligosaccharides. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1358909. [PMID: 38380094 PMCID: PMC10877375 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1358909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Flagellotropic bacteriophages are interesting candidates as therapeutics against pathogenic bacteria dependent on flagellar motility for colonization and causing disease. Yet, phage resistance other than loss of motility has been scarcely studied. Here we developed a soft agar assay to study flagellotropic phage F341 resistance in motile Campylobacter jejuni. We found that phage adsorption was prevented by diverse genetic mutations in the lipooligosaccharides forming the secondary receptor of phage F341. Genome sequencing showed phage F341 belongs to the Fletchervirus genus otherwise comprising capsular-dependent C. jejuni phages. Interestingly, phage F341 encodes a hybrid receptor binding protein (RBP) predicted as a short tail fiber showing partial similarity to RBP1 encoded by capsular-dependent Fletchervirus, but with a receptor binding domain similar to tail fiber protein H of C. jejuni CJIE1 prophages. Thus, C. jejuni prophages may represent a genetic pool from where lytic Fletchervirus phages can acquire new traits like recognition of new receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Jensen Ostenfeld
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max-Rubner Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Amira Vitt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fanelli F, Montemurro M, Chieffi D, Cho GS, Low HZ, Hille F, Franz CMAP, Fusco V. Motility in Periweissella Species: Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization and Update on Motility in Lactobacillaceae. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2923. [PMID: 38138067 PMCID: PMC10745875 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Weissella and the recently described genus Periweissella, to which some previously named Weissella species have been reclassified as a result of a taxogenomic assessment, includes lactic acid bacteria species with high biotechnological and probiotic potential. Only one species, namely, Periweissella (P.) beninensis, whose type strain has been shown to possess probiotic features, has so far been described to be motile. However, the availability of numerous genome sequences of Weissella and Periweissella species prompted the possibility to screen for the presence of the genetic determinants encoding motility in Weissella and Periweissellas spp. other than P. beninensis. Herein, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis to identify motility-related proteins in all Weissella and Periweissella species described so far, and extended the analysis to the recently sequenced Lactobacillaceae spp. Furthermore, we performed motility assays and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on Periweissella type strains to confirm the genomic prediction. The homology-based analysis revealed genes coding for motility proteins only in the type strains of P. beninensis, P. fabalis, P. fabaria and P. ghanensis genomes. However, only the P. beninensis type strain was positive in the motility assay and displayed run-and-tumble behavior. Many peritrichous and long flagella on bacterial cells were visualized via TEM, as well. As for the Lactobacillaceae, in addition to the species previously described to harbor motility proteins, the genetic determinants of motility were also found in the genomes of the type strains of Lactobacillus rogosae and Ligilactobacillus salitolerans. This study, which is one of the first to analyze the genomes of Weissella, Periweissella and the recently sequenced Lactobacillaceae spp. for the presence of genes coding for motility proteins and which assesses the associated motility phenotypes, provides novel results that expand knowledge on these genera and are useful in the further characterization of lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco Montemurro
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (G.-S.C.); (H.-Z.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Hui-Zhi Low
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (G.-S.C.); (H.-Z.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Frank Hille
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (G.-S.C.); (H.-Z.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Charles M. A. P. Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (G.-S.C.); (H.-Z.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
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Peh E, Szott V, Reichelt B, Friese A, Rösler U, Plötz M, Kittler S. Bacteriophage cocktail application for Campylobacter mitigation - from in vitro to in vivo. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:209. [PMID: 37543585 PMCID: PMC10403930 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective strategies are urgently needed to control Campylobacteriosis, one of the most important foodborne gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. Administering bacteriophages (phages) is under evaluation as a possible intervention strategy in primary poultry production to reduce the public health risk of human infection. A major challenge is the translation of results from small-scale animal studies to large broiler flocks. In this study, the in vitro lytic activity of 18 Campylobacter-specific group II phages and 19 group III phages were examined singly, and in different combinations from the same group and from both groups using a planktonic killing assay. Based on these results, a combination of phage NCTC 12,673 (group III) and vB_CcM-LmqsCPL1/1 (group II) was selected for in vivo application in a seeder bird model to study its effectiveness under conditions as close as possible to field conditions. One hundred eighty Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into a control and a treatment group. Ten days post hatch, seeder birds were orally inoculated with the C. jejuni target strain. Phages were administered via drinking water at a total concentration of 107 PFU/mL four, three, and two days before necropsy. RESULTS Combining group II and group III phages resulted in significantly higher in vitro growth inhibition against the C. jejuni target strain BfR-CA-14,430 than single application or combinations of phages from the same group. The results of the animal trial showed that the application of the two phages significantly reduced Campylobacter counts in cloacal swabs. At necropsy, Campylobacter counts in colonic content of the treatment group were significantly reduced by 2 log10 units compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that combining phages of groups II and III results in significantly increased lytic activities. The in vitro results were successfully translated into practical application in a study design close to field conditions, providing new data to apply phages in conventional broiler flocks in the future. Phage application reduced the fecal Campylobacter excretion and Campylobacter concentrations in the colon of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Szott
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Reichelt
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Rösler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Imran A, Shehzadi U, Islam F, Afzaal M, Ali R, Ali YA, Chauhan A, Biswas S, Khurshid S, Usman I, Hussain G, Zahra SM, Shah MA, Rasool A. Bacteriophages and food safety: An updated overview. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:3621-3630. [PMID: 37457180 PMCID: PMC10345663 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in pathogen survival and food cleaning measures, foodborne diseases continue to be the main reason for hospitalization or other fatality globally. Conventional antibacterial techniques including pasteurization, pressurized preparation, radioactivity, as well as synthetic antiseptics could indeed decrease bacterial activity in nutrition to variable levels, despite their serious downsides like an elevated upfront outlay, the possibility of accessing malfunctions due to one corrosiveness, as well as an adverse effect upon those the foodstuffs' organoleptic properties and maybe their nutritional significance. Greatest significantly, these cleansing methods eliminate all contaminants, including numerous (often beneficial) bacteria found naturally in food. A huge amount of scientific publication that discussed the application of virus bioremediation to treat a multitude of pathogenic bacteria in meals spanning between prepared raw food to fresh fruit and vegetables although since initial idea through using retroviruses on meals. Furthermore, the quantity of widely viable bacteriophage-containing medicines licensed for use in health and safety purposes has continuously expanded. Bacteriophage bio-control, a leafy and ordinary technique that employs lytic bacteriophages extracted from the atmosphere to selectively target pathogenic bacteria and remove meaningfully decrease their stages meals, is one potential remedy that solves some of these difficulties. It has been suggested that applying bacteriophages to food is a unique method for avoiding bacterial development in vegetables. Because of their selectivity, security, stability, and use, bacteriophages are desirable. Phages have been utilized in post-harvest activities, either alone or in combination with antimicrobial drugs, since they are effective, strain-specific, informal to split and manipulate. In this review to ensure food safety, it may be viable to use retroviruses as a spontaneous treatment in the thread pollution of fresh picked fruits and vegetables, dairy, and convenience foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Imran
- Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Umber Shehzadi
- Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Islam
- Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition NUR International University Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Rehman Ali
- Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Yuosra Amer Ali
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Forestry University of Mosul Mosul Iraq
| | - Anamika Chauhan
- Department of Home Science Chaman Lal Mahavidyalaya Landhora Haridwar India
- Sri Dev Suman University Tehri India
| | - Sunanda Biswas
- Department of Food & Nutrition Acharya Prafulla Chandra College Kolkata India
| | - Sadaf Khurshid
- Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ifrah Usman
- Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Syeda Mahvish Zahra
- Department of Environmental Design, Health and Nutritional Sciences Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Pakistan
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- Adjunct Faculty University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University Mohali India
| | - Adil Rasool
- Department of Management Bakhtar University Kabul Afghanistan
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Joseph LA, Griswold T, Vidyaprakash E, Im SB, Williams GM, Pouseele HA, Hise KB, Carleton HA. Evaluation of core genome and whole genome multilocus sequence typing schemes for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli outbreak detection in the USA. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37133905 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading causing of bacterial foodborne and zoonotic illnesses in the USA. Pulsed-field gene electrophoresis (PFGE) and 7-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) have been historically used to differentiate sporadic from outbreak Campylobacter isolates. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been shown to provide superior resolution and concordance with epidemiological data when compared with PFGE and 7-gene MLST during outbreak investigations. In this study, we evaluated epidemiological concordance for high-quality SNP (hqSNP), core genome (cg)MLST and whole genome (wg)MLST to cluster or differentiate outbreak-associated and sporadic Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates. Phylogenetic hqSNP, cgMLST and wgMLST analyses were also compared using Baker's gamma index (BGI) and cophenetic correlation coefficients. Pairwise distances comparing all three analysis methods were compared using linear regression models. Our results showed that 68/73 sporadic C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were differentiated from outbreak-associated isolates using all three methods. There was a high correlation between cgMLST and wgMLST analyses of the isolates; the BGI, cophenetic correlation coefficient, linear regression model R 2 and Pearson correlation coefficients were >0.90. The correlation was sometimes lower comparing hqSNP analysis to the MLST-based methods; the linear regression model R 2 and Pearson correlation coefficients were between 0.60 and 0.86, and the BGI and cophenetic correlation coefficient were between 0.63 and 0.86 for some outbreak isolates. We demonstrated that C. jejuni and C. coli isolates clustered in concordance with epidemiological data using WGS-based analysis methods. Discrepancies between allele and SNP-based approaches may reflect the differences between how genomic variation (SNPs and indels) are captured between the two methods. Since cgMLST examines allele differences in genes that are common in most isolates being compared, it is well suited to surveillance: searching large genomic databases for similar isolates is easily and efficiently done using allelic profiles. On the other hand, use of an hqSNP approach is much more computer intensive and not scalable to large sets of genomes. If further resolution between potential outbreak isolates is needed, wgMLST or hqSNP analysis can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavin A Joseph
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taylor Griswold
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eshaw Vidyaprakash
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sung B Im
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grant M Williams
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kelley B Hise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather A Carleton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Meinersmann RJ, Berrang ME, Shariat NW, Richards A, Miller WG. Despite Shared Geography, Campylobacter Isolated from Surface Water Are Genetically Distinct from Campylobacter Isolated from Chickens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0414722. [PMID: 36861983 PMCID: PMC10100874 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04147-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that Campylobacter isolated from chicken ceca and river water in an overlapping geographic area would share genetic information. Isolates of C. jejuni from chicken ceca were collected from a commercial slaughter plant and isolates of C. jejuni were also collected from rivers and creeks in the same watershed. Isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and the data were used for core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Cluster analysis showed that there were four distinct subpopulations, two from chickens and two from water. Calculation of fixation statistic (Fst) showed that all four subpopulations were significantly distinct. Greater than 90% of the loci were differentiated by subpopulation. Only two genes showed clear differentiation of both chicken subpopulations from both water subpopulations. Sequence fragments of the CJIE4 bacteriophage family were found frequently in the main chicken subpopulation and the water outgroup subpopulation but were sparsely found in the main water population and not at all in the chicken outgroup. CRISPR spacers that targeted the phage sequences were common in the main water subpopulation, only once in the main chicken subpopulation, and not at all in the chicken or water outgroups. Restriction enzyme genes also showed a biased distribution. These data suggest that there is little transfer of C. jejuni genetic material between chickens and nearby river water. Campylobacter differentiation according to these two sources does not show clear evidence of evolutionary selection; the differentiation is probably due to geospatial isolation, genetic drift, and the action of CRISPRs and restriction enzymes. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans, and chickens and environmental water are leading sources of infection. We tested the hypothesis that Campylobacter isolated from chicken ceca and river water in an overlapping geographic area would share genetic information. Isolates of Campylobacter were collected from water and chicken sources in the same watershed and their genomes were sequenced and analyzed. Four distinct subpopulations were found. There was no evidence of sharing genetic material between the subpopulations. Phage profiles, CRISPR profiles and restriction systems differed by subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikki W. Shariat
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber Richards
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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11
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Tang-Siegel GG, Chen C, Mintz KP. Increased sensitivity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to human serum is mediated by induction of a bacteriophage. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:58-70. [PMID: 35833243 PMCID: PMC10087258 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a Gram-negative oral pathobiont causing aggressive periodontitis and systemic infections, demonstrates serum resistance. We have identified a dsDNA-tailed bacteriophage, S1249, which was found to convert from this microorganism inducible by human serum into a lytic state to kill the bacterium. This phage demonstrated active transcripts when exposed to human serum: 20% of genes were upregulated more than 10-fold, and 45% of them were upregulated 5-10-fold when the bacterium was grown in the presence of human serum compared to without the presence of human serum. Transcriptional activation when grown in equine serum was less pronounced. This phage demonstrated a tail with inner rigid tubes and an outer contractile sheath, features of Myoviridae spp. Further characterization revealed that the lysogenized integration of the phage in the chromosome of A. actinomycetemcomitans occurred between the genes encoding cold-shock DNA-binding domain-containing protein (csp) and glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (gltX). Both phage DNA integrated lysogeny and nonintegrated pseudolysogeny were identified in the infected bacterium. A newly generated, lysogenized strain using this phage displayed similar attributes, including 63% growth inhibition compared to its isogenic phage-free strain when in the presence of human serum. Our data suggest that bacteriophage S1249 can be induced in the presence of human serum and enters the lytic cycle, which reduces the viability of infected bacteria in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan G Tang-Siegel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Casey Chen
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keith P Mintz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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12
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Al-Mohammadi AR, El-Didamony G, Abd El Moneem MS, Elshorbagy IM, Askora A, Enan G. Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages Specific for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. ZOONOTIC DISEASES 2022; 2:59-72. [DOI: 10.3390/zoonoticdis2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two lytic bacteriophages designated as vB_CjP and vB_CcM were isolated and evaluated for their ability to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, respectively. A morphological analysis of these phages by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the vB-CjP bacteriophage had a mean head dimension of 66.6 ± 2.1 nm and a short non-contractile tail and belongs to the Podoviridae family, whereas vB_CcM had a mean head dimension of 80 ± 3.2 nm, a contractile tail, and a length calculated to be 60 ± 2.5 nm and belongs to the Myoviridae family. The results of the host range assay showed that vB_CjP could infect 5 of 10 C. jejuni isolates, whereas vB_CcM could infect 4 of 10 C. coli isolates. Both phages were thermostable and did not lose their infectivity and ability to lyse their host following exposure to 60 °C for 10 min; furthermore, phage particles were relatively stable within a pH range of 6–8. A one-step growth curve indicated that the phages produced estimated burst sizes of 110 and 120 PFU per infected cell with latent periods of 10 and 15 min, for vB-CjP and vB-CcM, respectively. The lytic activity of these phages against planktonic Campylobacter showed that these phages were able to control the growth of Campylobacter in vitro. These results suggest that these phages have a high potential for phage applications and can reduce significantly the counts of Campylobacter spp. The lytic activity of vB-CjP and vB-CcM phages at different (MOIs) against multidrug resistance Campylobacter strains was evaluated. The bacterial growth was slightly delayed by both phages, and the highest efficiency of both phages was observed when MOI = 1 was applied.
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13
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Fiedler G, Gieschler S, Kabisch J, Grimmler C, Brinks E, Wagner N, Hetzer B, Franz CMAP, Böhnlein C. Pseudomonas rustica sp. nov., isolated from bulk tank raw milk at a German dairy farm. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present the description of a novel
Pseudomonas
species, designated Pseudomonas rustica sp. nov., which was isolated from raw milk samples obtained from Germany. Results of initial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis assigned the strain into the genus
Pseudomonas
and showed
Pseudomonas helmanticensis
,
Pseudomonas neuropathica
and
Pseudomonas atagonensis
to be its closest relatives. Further studies including sequence analysis of the rpoB gene, multi-gene phylogenetic tree reconstruction, whole-genome sequence comparisons, cellular fatty acid analysis and chemotaxonomic characterization showed a clear separation from the known
Pseudomonas
species. Isolate MBT-4T was closely related to
Pseudomonas helmanticensis
, 'Pseudomonas crudilactis' and
Pseudomonas neuropathica
with average nucleotide identities based on blast values of 88.8, 88.8 and 88.6%, respectively. Therefore, the strain can be classified into the
Pseudomonas koreensis
subgroup of the
Pseudomonas fluorescens
group. The G+C content of strain MBT-4T was 58.9 mol%. The strain was catalase- and oxidase-positive, while the β-galactosidase reaction was negative. Growth occurred between 4 and 30 °C and at pH values from pH 6.0 to 8.0. In conclusion, strain MBT-4T belongs to a novel species, for which the name Pseudomonas rustica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MBT-4T (=DSM 112348T=LMG 32241T) and strain MBT-17 is also a representative of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Fiedler
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gieschler
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Grimmler
- Department of Safety and Quality of Meat, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, E.-C.-Baumann-Straße 20, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Erik Brinks
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Natalia Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Birgit Hetzer
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Charles M. A. P. Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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14
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Campylobacter jejuni Developed the Resistance to Bacteriophage CP39 by Phase Variable Expression of 06875 Encoding the CGPTase. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030485. [PMID: 35336892 PMCID: PMC8949473 DOI: 10.3390/v14030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage) is regarded as an antimicrobial alternative for Campylobacter in food production. However, the development of phage resistance to the host is a main concern for the phage application. This study characterized the phage CP39 and investigated the phage resistance of CP39 in Campylobacter jejuni NCTC12662. We determined that phage CP39 belonged to the Myoviridae family by the WGS and phylogenetic analysis. Phage CP39 was confirmed as a capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-dependent phage by primary C. jejuni phage typing. It was further confirmed that the phage could not be adsorbed by the acapsular mutant ΔkpsM but showed the same lytic ability in both the wild-type strain NCTC 12662 and the ΔmotA mutant lacking motile flagella filaments. We further determined that the 06875 gene encoding CDP-glycerol:poly (glycerophosphate) glycerophosphotransferase (CGPTase) in the CPS loci was related to phage CP39 adsorption by SNP analysis and observed a rapid development of phage resistance in NCTC 12662 during the phage infection. Furthermore, we observed a high mutation frequency of 06875 (32%), which randomly occurred in nine different sites in the gene according to colony PCR sequencing. The mutation of the 06875 gene could cause the phase variable expression of non-functional protein and allow the bacteria against the phage infection by modifying the CPS. Our study confirmed the 06875 gene responsible for the CPS-phage adsorption for the first time and demonstrated the phase variable expression as a main mechanism for the bacteria to defend phage CP39. Our study provided knowledge for the evolutionary adaption of bacteria against the bacteriophage, which could add more information to understand the phage resistance mechanism before applying in the industry.
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15
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Steffan SM, Shakeri G, Kehrenberg C, Peh E, Rohde M, Plötz M, Kittler S. Campylobacter Bacteriophage Cocktail Design Based on an Advanced Selection Scheme. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:228. [PMID: 35203830 PMCID: PMC8868561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide-occurring disease and has been the most commonly reported zoonotic gastrointestinal infection in the European Union in recent years. The development of successful phage-based intervention strategies will require a better understanding of phage-bacteria interactions to facilitate advances in phage cocktail design. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of newly isolated group II and group III phages and their combinations on current Campylobacter field strains. A continuous workflow for host range and efficiency of plating (EOP) value determination was combined with a qPCR-based phage group identification and a liquid-based planktonic killing assay (PKA). An advanced analysis scheme allowed us to evaluate phage cocktails by their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial population growth and the resulting phage concentrations. The results of this study indicate that data obtained from PKAs are more accurate than host range data based on plaque formation (EOP). Planktonic killing assays with Campylobacter appear to be a useful tool for a straightforward cocktail design. Results show that a group II phage vB_CcM-LmqsCP218-2c2 and group III phage vB_CjM-LmqsCP1-1 mixture would be most promising for practical applications against Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Michael Steffan
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (S.M.S.); (E.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Golshan Shakeri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran;
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (S.M.S.); (E.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (S.M.S.); (E.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (S.M.S.); (E.P.); (M.P.)
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16
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Olson EG, Micciche AC, Rothrock MJ, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Application of Bacteriophages to Limit Campylobacter in Poultry Production. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:458721. [PMID: 35069459 PMCID: PMC8766974 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.458721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen with over a million United States cases a year and is typically acquired through the consumption of poultry products. The common occurrence of Campylobacter as a member of the poultry gastrointestinal tract microbial community remains a challenge for optimizing intervention strategies. Simultaneously, increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the development of several alternative control measures both at the farm and in processing operations. Bacteriophages administered to reduce foodborne pathogens are one of the alternatives that have received renewed interest. Campylobacter phages have been isolated from both conventionally and organically raised poultry. Isolated and cultivated Campylobacter bacteriophages have been used as an intervention in live birds to target colonized Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract. Application of Campylobacter phages to poultry carcasses has also been explored as a strategy to reduce Campylobacter levels during poultry processing. This review will focus on the biology and ecology of Campylobacter bacteriophages in poultry production followed by discussion on current and potential applications as an intervention strategy to reduce Campylobacter occurrence in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew C. Micciche
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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17
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Sørensen MCH, Gencay YE, Fanger F, Chichkova MAT, Mazúrová M, Klumpp J, Nielsen EM, Brøndsted L. Identification of Novel Phage Resistance Mechanisms in Campylobacter jejuni by Comparative Genomics. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:780559. [PMID: 34970240 PMCID: PMC8713573 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.780559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages infecting Campylobacter jejuni are considered a promising intervention strategy at broiler farms, yet phage sensitivity of naturally occurring poultry isolates is not well studied. Here, we investigated phage sensitivity and identified resistance mechanisms of C. jejuni strains originating from Danish broilers belonging to the most prevalent MLST (ST) types. Determining plaque formation of 51 phages belonging to Fletchervirus or Firehammervirus showed that 21 out of 31 C. jejuni strains were susceptible to at least one phage. While C. jejuni ST-21 strains encoded the common phase variable O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) receptor of the Fletchervirus and were only infected by these phages, ST-45 strains did not encode this receptor and were exclusively infected by Firehammervirus phages. To identify internal phage resistance mechanism in ST-21 strains, we performed comparative genomics of two strains, CAMSA2002 sensitive to almost all Fletchervirus phages and CAMSA2038, resistant to all 51 phages. The strains encoded diverse clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) spacers but none matched the tested phages. Sequence divergence was also observed in a predicted SspE homolog and putative restriction modification systems including a methyl-specific McrBC endonuclease. Furthermore, when mcrB was deleted, CAMSA2038 became sensitive to 17 out of 43 phages, three being Firehammervirus phages that otherwise did not infect any ST-21 strains. Yet, 16 phages demonstrated significantly lower efficiencies of plating on the mcrB mutant suggesting additional resistance mechanism still restricting phage propagation in CAMSA2038. Thus, our work demonstrates that C. jejuni isolates originating from broilers may have acquired several resistance mechanisms to successfully prevent phage infection in their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine C H Sørensen
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yilmaz Emre Gencay
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Florian Fanger
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mariana A T Chichkova
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mária Mazúrová
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva M Nielsen
- Foodborne Infections, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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18
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Steffan SM, Shakeri G, Hammerl JA, Kehrenberg C, Peh E, Rohde M, Jackel C, Plotz M, Kittler S. Isolation and Characterization of Group III Campylobacter jejuni-Specific Bacteriophages From Germany and Their Suitability for Use in Food Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:761223. [PMID: 34956123 PMCID: PMC8696038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.761223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of bacterial foodborne diarrhea worldwide. While thermophilic Campylobacter species asymptomatically colonize the intestines of chickens, most human infections in industrial countries have been attributed to consumption of chicken meat or cross-contaminated products. Bacteriophages (phages) are natural predators of bacteria and their use at different stages of the food production chain has been shown to reduce the public health burden of human campylobacteriosis. However, regarding regulatory issues, the use of lytic phages in food is still under discussion and evaluation. This study aims to identify lytic phages suitable for reducing Campylobacter bacteria along the food production chain. Therefore, four of 19 recently recovered phages were further characterized in detail for their lytic efficacy against different Campylobacter field strains and their suitability under food production settings at different temperatures and pH values. Based on the results of this study, the phages vB_CjM-LmqsCP1-4 and vB_CjM-LmqsCP1-5 appear to be promising candidates for the reduction of Campylobacter jejuni in food production settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Michael Steffan
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Foundation University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Golshan Shakeri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Foundation University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Jackel
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madeleine Plotz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Foundation University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Foundation University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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19
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Reduced Infection Efficiency of Phage NCTC 12673 on Non-Motile Campylobacter jejuni Strains Is Related to Oxidative Stress. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101955. [PMID: 34696385 PMCID: PMC8540345 DOI: 10.3390/v13101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative foodborne pathogen that causes diarrheal disease and is associated with severe post-infectious sequelae. Bacteriophages (phages) are a possible means of reducing Campylobacter colonization in poultry to prevent downstream human infections. However, the factors influencing phage-host interactions must be better understood before this strategy can be predictably employed. Most studies have focused on Campylobacter phage binding to the host surface, with all phages classified as either capsule- or flagella-specific. Here we describe the characterization of a C. jejuni phage that requires functional flagellar glycosylation and motor genes for infection, without needing the flagella for adsorption to the cell surface. Through phage infectivity studies of targeted C. jejuni mutants, transcriptomic analysis of phage-resistant mutants, and genotypic and phenotypic analysis of a spontaneous phage variant capable of simultaneously overcoming flagellar gene dependence and sensitivity to oxidative stress, we have uncovered a link between oxidative stress, flagellar motility, and phage infectivity. Taken together, our results underscore the importance of understanding phage-host interactions beyond the cell surface and point to host oxidative stress state as an important and underappreciated consideration for future phage-host interaction studies.
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20
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Sørensen MCH, Vitt A, Neve H, Soverini M, Ahern SJ, Klumpp J, Brøndsted L. Campylobacter phages use hypermutable polyG tracts to create phenotypic diversity and evade bacterial resistance. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109214. [PMID: 34107245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase variation is a common mechanism for creating phenotypic heterogeneity of surface structures in bacteria important for niche adaptation. In Campylobacter, phase variation occurs by random variation in hypermutable homonucleotide 7-11 G (polyG) tracts. To elucidate how phages adapt to phase-variable hosts, we study Fletchervirus phages infecting Campylobacter dependent on a phase-variable receptor. Our data demonstrate that Fletcherviruses mimic their host and encode hypermutable polyG tracts, leading to phase-variable expression of two of four receptor-binding proteins. This creates phenotypically diverse phage populations, including a sub-population that infects the bacterial host when the phase-variable receptor is not expressed. Such population dynamics of both phage and host promote co-existence in a shared niche. Strikingly, we identify polyG tracts in more than 100 phage genera, infecting more than 70 bacterial species. Future experimental work may confirm phase variation as a widespread strategy for creating phenotypically diverse phage populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine C Holst Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Amira Vitt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max-Rubner Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matteo Soverini
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Stephen James Ahern
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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21
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Kittler S, Steffan S, Peh E, Plötz M. Phage Biocontrol of Campylobacter: A One Health Approach. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:127-168. [PMID: 33620651 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human infections by Campylobacter species are among the most reported bacterial gastrointestinal diseases in the European Union and worldwide with severe outcomes in rare cases. Considering the transmission routes and farm animal reservoirs of these zoonotic pathogens, a comprehensive One Health approach will be necessary to reduce human infection rates. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect certain bacterial genera, species, strains or isolates. Multiple studies have demonstrated the general capacity of phage treatments to reduce Campylobacter loads in the chicken intestine. However, phage treatments are not yet approved for extensive use in the agro-food industry in Europe. Technical inconvenience is mainly related to the efficacy of phages, depending on the optimal choice of phages and their combination, as well as application route, concentration and timing. Additionally, regulatory uncertainties have been a major concern for investment in commercial phage-based products. This review addresses the question as to how phages can be put into practice and can help to solve the issue of human campylobacteriosis in a sustainable One Health approach. By compiling the reported findings from the literature in a standardized manner, we enabled inter-experimental comparisons to increase our understanding of phage infection in Campylobacter spp. and practical on-farm studies. Further, we address some of the hurdles that still must be overcome before this new methodology can be adapted on an industrial scale. We envisage that phage treatment can become an integrated and standardized part of a multi-hurdle anti-bacterial strategy in food production. The last part of this chapter deals with some of the issues raised by legal authorities, bringing together current knowledge on Campylobacter-specific phages and the biosafety requirements for approval of phage treatment in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Severin Steffan
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Gieschler S, Fiedler G, Böhnlein C, Grimmler C, Franz CMAP, Kabisch J. Pseudomonas kielensis sp. nov. and Pseudomonas baltica sp. nov., isolated from raw milk in Germany. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33620302 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, nine Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped bacteria were isolated during a Germany-wide investigation of raw milk microbiota. The strains could be differentiated from their closest relatives by phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization and average nucleotide identity (ANIb) values calculated from draft genome assemblies. Strains MBT-1T, MBT-8, MBT-9, MBT-10, MBT-11 and MBT-12 were related to the Pseudomonas chlororaphis subgroup. Isolates MBT-2T, MBT-13 and MBT-14 were closely related to Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae DSM 16299T with an ANIb of 88.2 % and a genome-to-genome distance result of 36.0 %. The G+C content of the DNA of strains MBT-1T and MBT-2T was 60.84 and 62.48 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acids were C16 : 1 ω7c (summed feature 3), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω7c (summed feature 8). The strains were catalase-positive, while production of urease, β-galactosidase and indole were negative. Growth occurred at 4-30 °C and at pH values of pH 6.0-8.0. Based on these results, we conclude that the strains belong to two novel species, for which the names Pseudomonas kielensis sp. nov. and Pseudomonas baltica sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are MBT-1T (=DSM 111668 T= LMG 31954T) and MBT-2T (=DSM 111761 T=LMG 31955T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gieschler
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregor Fiedler
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Grimmler
- Department of Safety and Quality of Meat, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, E.-C.-Baumann-Straße 20, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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Zampara A, Sørensen MCH, Gencay YE, Grimon D, Kristiansen SH, Jørgensen LS, Kristensen JR, Briers Y, Elsser-Gravesen A, Brøndsted L. Developing Innolysins Against Campylobacter jejuni Using a Novel Prophage Receptor-Binding Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619028. [PMID: 33597938 PMCID: PMC7882524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter contaminated poultry remains the major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, calling for novel antibacterials. We previously developed the concept of Innolysin composed of an endolysin fused to a phage receptor binding protein (RBP) and provided the proof-of-concept that Innolysins exert bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli. Here, we have expanded the Innolysin concept to target Campylobacter jejuni. As no C. jejuni phage RBP had been identified so far, we first showed that the H-fiber originating from a CJIE1-like prophage of C. jejuni CAMSA2147 functions as a novel RBP. By fusing this H-fiber to phage T5 endolysin, we constructed Innolysins targeting C. jejuni (Innolysins Cj). Innolysin Cj1 exerts antibacterial activity against diverse C. jejuni strains after in vitro exposure for 45 min at 20°C, reaching up to 1.30 ± 0.21 log reduction in CAMSA2147 cell counts. Screening of a library of Innolysins Cj composed of distinct endolysins for growth inhibition, allowed us to select Innolysin Cj5 as an additional promising antibacterial candidate. Application of either Innolysin Cj1 or Innolysin Cj5 on chicken skin refrigerated to 5°C and contaminated with C. jejuni CAMSA2147 led to 1.63 ± 0.46 and 1.18 ± 0.10 log reduction of cells, respectively, confirming that Innolysins Cj can kill C. jejuni in situ. The receptor of Innolysins Cj remains to be identified, however, the RBP component (H-fiber) recognizes a novel receptor compared to lytic phages binding to capsular polysaccharide or flagella. Identification of other unexplored Campylobacter phage RBPs may further increase the repertoire of new Innolysins Cj targeting distinct receptors and working as antibacterials against Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Zampara
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yilmaz Emre Gencay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Grimon
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Isolation, host specificity and genetic characterization of Campylobacter specific bacteriophages from poultry and swine sources. Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103742. [PMID: 33653521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of 304 Campylobacter specific bacteriophage isolates from broiler and swine sources is reported in this study. Genome size characterization determined by PFGE classified these isolates,called CAM1-CAM304, within the campylophages group II (n = 18) and group III (n = 286). Host range analyses showed a high host specificity and similar lytic spectrum among isolates of the same group. Campylophages of group II infected C. jejuni, C. coli and even a C. fetus strain whereas those of group III only infected C. jejuni strains. The most promising 59 campylophage candidates were selected according to their lytic activity and their genetic diversity was analyzed by RFLP using SmiI and HhaI endonucleases for group II and III campylophages, respectively. Moreover, RAPD-PCR technique was for the first time assessed in the genetic characterization of campylophages and it was shown to be effective only for those of group II. Bacteriophage isolates grouped in a same genotype displayed different host ranges, therefore, 13 campylophages of group II and eight of group III were differentiated considering all the approaches assayed. An in-depth analysis of these bacteriophages will be performed to confirm their promising potential for the biocontrol of Campylobacter within the farm to fork process.
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Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter, in particular Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and C. lari are the main relevant Campylobacter species for human infections. Due to their high capacity of genetic exchange by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), rapid adaptation to changing environmental and host conditions contribute to successful spreading and persistence of these foodborne pathogens. However, extensive HGT can exert dangerous side effects for the bacterium, such as the incorporation of gene fragments leading to disturbed gene functions. Here we discuss mechanisms of HGT, notably natural transformation, conjugation and bacteriophage transduction and limiting regulatory strategies of gene transfer. In particular, we summarize the current knowledge on how the DNA macromolecule is exchanged between single cells. Mechanisms to stimulate and to limit HGT obviously coevolved and maintained an optimal balance. Chromosomal rearrangements and incorporation of harmful mutations are risk factors for survival and can result in drastic loss of fitness. In Campylobacter, the restricted recognition and preferential uptake of free DNA from relatives are mediated by a short methylated DNA pattern and not by a classical DNA uptake sequence as found in other bacteria. A class two CRISPR-Cas system is present but also other DNases and restriction-modification systems appear to be important for Campylobacter genome integrity. Several lytic and integrated bacteriophages have been identified, which contribute to genome diversity. Furthermore, we focus on the impact of gene transfer on the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (resistome) and persistence factors. We discuss remaining open questions in the HGT field, supposed to be answered in the future by current technologies like whole-genome sequencing and single-cell approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carolin Golz
- Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Cho GS, Stein M, Fiedler G, Igbinosa EO, Koll LP, Brinks E, Rathje J, Neve H, Franz CMAP. Polyphasic study of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria isolated from fresh produce in Germany and description of Enterobacter vonholyi sp. nov. isolated from marjoram and Enterobacter dykesii sp. nov. isolated from mung bean sprout. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 44:126174. [PMID: 33370657 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forty-two antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria strains were isolated from fresh produce obtained from the northern German retail market. A polyphasic characterization based on both phenotypic and genotypic methods was used to identify predominant strains as Citrobacter (C.) gillenii, C. portucalensis, Enterobacter (En.) ludwigii, Escherichia (E.) coli and Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae. 38.1% of the enterobacteria strains were resistant to tetracycline, while 23.8% and 9.5% of strains were resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. A high percentage of Klebsiella (100%), Enterobacter (57.1%) and Citrobacter (42.9%) strains were also resistant to ampicillin, with some strains showing multiple resistances. For unequivocal species identification, the genomes of thirty strains were sequenced. Multilocus sequence analysis, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization showed that Enterobacter strains E1 and E13 were clearly clustered apart from Enterobacter species type strains below the species delineation cutoff values. Thus, strains E1T (=DSM 111347T, LMG 31875T) represents a novel species proposed as Enterobacter dykesii sp. nov., while strain E13T (=DSM 110788T, LMG 31764T) represent a novel species proposed as Enterobacter vonholyi sp. nov. Strains often possessed different serine β-lactamase genes, tet(A) and tet(D) tetracycline resistance genes and other acquired antibiotic resistance genes. Typical plasmid replicon types were determined. This study thus accurately identified the enterobacteria from fresh produce as species belonging to the genera Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia and Klebsiella, but also showed that these can carry potentially transferable antibiotic resistance genes and may thus contribute to the spread of these via the food route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Stein
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregor Fiedler
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Linnéa Philine Koll
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Erik Brinks
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Rathje
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
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Gambino M, Brøndsted L. Looking into the future of phage-based control of zoonotic pathogens in food and animal production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:96-103. [PMID: 33186799 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using bacteriophages (phages) to control zoonotic pathogens in food and animal production is a realistic and promising antimicrobial approach. Recent studies have demonstrated their efficacy and safety, yet bringing phage products on the market remains a challenge. Here we summarize the procedure for advancing phage applications from the laboratory to simplified model systems and testing in pilot scale, to farms and food industries. We highlight the most important contributions concerning phages in food matrices and animal guts, and propose directions for future research required to understand interactions in such complex systems. Finally, we propose a holistic approach combining a data repository with modelling, multi-omic techniques and data analysis to modernize phage-based control of zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Two Distinct Modes of Lysis Regulation in Campylobacter Fletchervirus and Firehammervirus Phages. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111247. [PMID: 33142851 PMCID: PMC7692668 DOI: 10.3390/v12111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter phages are divided into two genera; Fletchervirus and Firehammervirus, showing only limited intergenus homology. Here, we aim to identify the lytic genes of both genera using two representative phages (F352 and F379) from our collection. We performed a detailed in silico analysis searching for conserved protein domains and found that the predicted lytic genes are not organized into lysis cassettes but are conserved within each genus. To verify the function of selected lytic genes, the proteins were expressed in E. coli, followed by lytic assays. Our results show that Fletchervirus phages encode a typical signal peptide (SP) endolysin dependent on the Sec-pathway for translocation and a holin for activation. In contrast, Firehammervirus phages encode a novel endolysin that does not belong to currently described endolysin groups. This endolysin also uses the Sec-pathway for translocation but induces lysis of E. coli after overexpression. Interestingly, co-expression of this endolysin with an overlapping gene delayed and limited cell lysis, suggesting that this gene functions as a lysis inhibitor. These results indicate that Firehammervirus phages regulate lysis timing by a yet undescribed mechanism. In conclusion, we found that the two Campylobacter phage genera control lysis by two distinct mechanisms.
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Saucedo-Uriarte JA, Honorio-Javes CE, Vallenas-Sánchez YPA, Acuña-Leiva A. Bacteriófagos: aliados para combatir enfermedades bacterianas en acuicultura. Un primer punto de partida en la acuicultura ecológica. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2020.070200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Saucedo-Uriarte JA, Honorio-Javes CE, Vallenas-Sánchez YPA, Acuña-Leiva A. Bacteriophages: allies to combat bacterial diseases in aquaculture. A first starting point in organic aquaculture. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2020.070200107x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Alter T, Crotta M, Ellis‐Iversen J, Hempen M, Messens W, Chemaly M. Update and review of control options for Campylobacter in broilers at primary production. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06090. [PMID: 32874298 PMCID: PMC7448041 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2011 EFSA opinion on Campylobacter was updated using more recent scientific data. The relative risk reduction in EU human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat was estimated for on-farm control options using Population Attributable Fractions (PAF) for interventions that reduce Campylobacter flock prevalence, updating the modelling approach for interventions that reduce caecal concentrations and reviewing scientific literature. According to the PAF analyses calculated for six control options, the mean relative risk reductions that could be achieved by adoption of each of these six control options individually are estimated to be substantial but the width of the confidence intervals of all control options indicates a high degree of uncertainty in the specific risk reduction potentials. The updated model resulted in lower estimates of impact than the model used in the previous opinion. A 3-log10 reduction in broiler caecal concentrations was estimated to reduce the relative EU risk of human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat by 58% compared to an estimate larger than 90% in the previous opinion. Expert Knowledge Elicitation was used to rank control options, for weighting and integrating different evidence streams and assess uncertainties. Medians of the relative risk reductions of selected control options had largely overlapping probability intervals, so the rank order was uncertain: vaccination 27% (90% probability interval (PI) 4-74%); feed and water additives 24% (90% PI 4-60%); discontinued thinning 18% (90% PI 5-65%); employing few and well-trained staff 16% (90% PI 5-45%); avoiding drinkers that allow standing water 15% (90% PI 4-53%); addition of disinfectants to drinking water 14% (90% PI 3-36%); hygienic anterooms 12% (90% PI 3-50%); designated tools per broiler house 7% (90% PI 1-18%). It is not possible to quantify the effects of combined control activities because the evidence-derived estimates are inter-dependent and there is a high level of uncertainty associated with each.
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Cho GS, Stein M, Brinks E, Rathje J, Lee W, Suh SH, Franz CM. Serratia nevei sp. nov. and Serratia bockelmannii sp. nov., isolated from fresh produce in Germany and reclassification of Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis Ajithkumar et al. 2003 as a later heterotypic synonym of Serratia marcescens subsp. marcescens. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ushanov L, Lasareishvili B, Janashia I, Zautner AE. Application of Campylobacter jejuni Phages: Challenges and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E279. [PMID: 32054081 PMCID: PMC7070343 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant and diverse biological entities in the biosphere. Due to the rise of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains during the past decade, phages are currently experiencing a renewed interest. Bacteriophages and their derivatives are being actively researched for their potential in the medical and biotechnology fields. Phage applications targeting pathogenic food-borne bacteria are currently being utilized for decontamination and therapy of live farm animals and as a biocontrol measure at the post-harvest level. For this indication, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several phage products targeting Listeria sp., Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. Phage-based applications against Campylobacter jejuni could potentially be used in ways similar to those against Salmonella sp. and Listeria sp.; however, only very few Campylobacter phage products have been approved anywhere to date. The research on Campylobacter phages conducted thus far indicates that highly diverse subpopulations of C. jejuni as well as phage isolation and enrichment procedures influence the specificity and efficacy of Campylobacter phages. This review paper emphasizes conclusions from previous findings instrumental in facilitating isolation of Campylobacter phages and improving specificity and efficacy of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Ushanov
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia; (L.U.); (B.L.)
| | - Besarion Lasareishvili
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia; (L.U.); (B.L.)
| | - Irakli Janashia
- Institute of Entomology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia;
| | - Andreas E. Zautner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Nowaczek A, Urban‐Chmiel R, Dec M, Puchalski A, Stępień‐Pyśniak D, Marek A, Pyzik E. Campylobacter spp. and bacteriophages from broiler chickens: Characterization of antibiotic susceptibility profiles and lytic bacteriophages. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00784. [PMID: 30656847 PMCID: PMC6612548 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter are the most common pathogens causing zoonotic diseases in humans. Therefore, the aim of the study was to isolate Campylobacter bacteria from broiler chickens and evaluate their susceptibility to selected antibiotics by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), followed by isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific for Campylobacter spp. The material for the study consisted of field isolates of Campylobacter spp. obtained from the gut (cecum) of broiler chickens directly after slaughter in slaughterhouses, and bacteriophages specific for these strains. We isolated 48 strains from poultry (140 broiler chickens): 31 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and 17 of Campylobacter coli. Identification of the strains was confirmed by multiplex PCR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Over 83% of Campylobacter strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and over half the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 91.6% of all strains. Four bacteriophages were obtained, and on the basis of their morphological structure, they were assigned to two families of the order Caudovirales: Myoviridae and Siphoviridae. A high percentage of the Campylobacter strains were resistant to at least three of the antibiotic groups tested. All of the phages exhibited lytic activity against the Campylobacter spp. isolates, but the antibacterial effect of the phages was not observed for all strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowaczek
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Renata Urban‐Chmiel
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Marta Dec
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Andrzej Puchalski
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Dagmara Stępień‐Pyśniak
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Ewelina Pyzik
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
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Campylobacter Phage Isolation and Characterization: What We Have Learned So Far. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2010018. [PMID: 31164600 PMCID: PMC6481058 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic Campylobacter phages, which can be used to combat this pathogen in animals and on food products, have been studied for more than 30 years. Though, due to some peculiarities of the phages, which hampered their isolation and particularly their molecular analysis for a long time, progress in this research field was rather slow. Meanwhile, the situation has changed and much more is known about the biology and genetics of those phages. In this article, we address specific issues that should be considered when Campylobacter phages are studied, starting with the isolation and propagation of the phages and ending with a thorough characterization including whole-genome sequencing. The basis for advice and recommendations given here is a careful review of the scientific literature and experiences that we have had ourselves with Campylobacter phages.
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Liang L, Connerton IF. FlhF(T368A) modulates motility in the bacteriophage carrier state of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:616-633. [PMID: 30230632 PMCID: PMC6282759 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The carrier state is an alternative bacteriophage life cycle by which virulent bacteriophage can persist in association with host bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni carrier state strains exhibit growth phase dependent motility due to a truncated flagella phenotype. Genome sequencing identified a T368A substitution in the G3 domain of the SRP-like GTPase FlhF from C. jejuni PT14CP30A carrier state strains, which we hypothesized to be the cause of the complex motility phenotype. We have analyzed the role of this mutation in C. jejuni PT14 and demonstrated that flhF(T368A) leads to a large proportion of cells unable to synthesize flagella, while the remaining cells form a single flagellum at one pole leading to significantly reduced motility. The flhF(T368A) mutation causes a reduction in the phage adsorption constant, which leads to a decrease in infection efficiency. Down-regulation of σ28 and σ54 dependent flagellar genes were observed as responses to the flhF(T368A) mutation. FlhF(T368A) protein is impaired in GTPase activity and exhibits reduced stability. C. jejuni carrying flhF(T368A) are less sensitive to bacteriophage infection and formation of the carrier state. The acquisition of flhF(T368A) in carrier state strains acts to prevent super-infection and maintain association with the bacteriophage that provoked the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- Division of Food Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
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38
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Sacher JC, Flint A, Butcher J, Blasdel B, Reynolds HM, Lavigne R, Stintzi A, Szymanski CM. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Campylobacter jejuni Response to T4-Like Phage NCTC 12673 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E332. [PMID: 29914170 PMCID: PMC6024767 DOI: 10.3390/v10060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a frequent foodborne pathogen of humans. As C. jejuni infections commonly arise from contaminated poultry, phage treatments have been proposed to reduce the C. jejuni load on farms to prevent human infections. While a prior report documented the transcriptome of C. jejuni phages during the carrier state life cycle, transcriptomic analysis of a lytic C. jejuni phage infection has not been reported. We used RNA-sequencing to profile the infection of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 by the lytic T4-like myovirus NCTC 12673. Interestingly, we found that the most highly upregulated host genes upon infection make up an uncharacterized operon (cj0423⁻cj0425), which includes genes with similarity to T4 superinfection exclusion and antitoxin genes. Other significantly upregulated genes include those involved in oxidative stress defense and the Campylobactermultidrug efflux pump (CmeABC). We found that phage infectivity is altered by mutagenesis of the oxidative stress defense genes catalase (katA), alkyl-hydroxyperoxidase (ahpC), and superoxide dismutase (sodB), and by mutagenesis of the efflux pump genes cmeA and cmeB. This suggests a role for these gene products in phage infection. Together, our results shed light on the phage-host dynamics of an important foodborne pathogen during lytic infection by a T4-like phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Sacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Annika Flint
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - James Butcher
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Bob Blasdel
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Hayley M Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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39
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Complete Genome Sequences of Three Campylobacter jejuni Phage-Propagating Strains. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/24/e00514-18. [PMID: 29903820 PMCID: PMC6003733 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00514-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy can potentially reduce Campylobacter jejuni numbers in livestock, but it requires a detailed understanding of phage-host interactions. C. jejuni strains readily infected by certain phages are designated as phage-propagating strains. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of three such strains, NCTC 12660, NCTC 12661, and NCTC 12664.
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40
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O'Sullivan L, Lucid A, Neve H, Franz CMAP, Bolton D, McAuliffe O, Paul Ross R, Coffey A. Comparative genomics of Cp8viruses with special reference to Campylobacter phage vB_CjeM_los1, isolated from a slaughterhouse in Ireland. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2139-2154. [PMID: 29687158 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter phage vB_CjeM_Los1 was recently isolated from a slaughterhouse in the Republic of Ireland using the host Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni PT14, and full-genome sequencing and annotation were performed. The genome was found to be 134,073 bp in length and to contain 169 predicted open reading frames. Transmission electron microscopy images of vB_CjeM_Los1 revealed that it belongs to the family Myoviridae, with tail fibres observed in both extended and folded conformations, as seen in T4. The genome size and morphology of vB_CjeM_Los1 suggest that it belongs to the genus Cp8virus, and seven other Campylobacter phages with similar size characteristics have also been fully sequenced. In this work, comparative studies were performed in relation to genomic rearrangements and conservation within each of the eight genomes. None of the eight genomes were found to have undergone internal rearrangements, and their sequences retained more than 98% identity with one another despite the widespread geographical distribution of each phage. Whole-genome phylogenetics were also performed, and clades were shown to be representative of the differing number of tRNAs present in each phage. This may be an indication of lineages within the genus, despite their striking homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa O'Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Lucid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olivia McAuliffe
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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41
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Moye ZD, Woolston J, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophage Applications for Food Production and Processing. Viruses 2018; 10:E205. [PMID: 29671810 PMCID: PMC5923499 DOI: 10.3390/v10040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses remain a major cause of hospitalization and death worldwide despite many advances in food sanitation techniques and pathogen surveillance. Traditional antimicrobial methods, such as pasteurization, high pressure processing, irradiation, and chemical disinfectants are capable of reducing microbial populations in foods to varying degrees, but they also have considerable drawbacks, such as a large initial investment, potential damage to processing equipment due to their corrosive nature, and a deleterious impact on organoleptic qualities (and possibly the nutritional value) of foods. Perhaps most importantly, these decontamination strategies kill indiscriminately, including many—often beneficial—bacteria that are naturally present in foods. One promising technique that addresses several of these shortcomings is bacteriophage biocontrol, a green and natural method that uses lytic bacteriophages isolated from the environment to specifically target pathogenic bacteria and eliminate them from (or significantly reduce their levels in) foods. Since the initial conception of using bacteriophages on foods, a substantial number of research reports have described the use of bacteriophage biocontrol to target a variety of bacterial pathogens in various foods, ranging from ready-to-eat deli meats to fresh fruits and vegetables, and the number of commercially available products containing bacteriophages approved for use in food safety applications has also been steadily increasing. Though some challenges remain, bacteriophage biocontrol is increasingly recognized as an attractive modality in our arsenal of tools for safely and naturally eliminating pathogenic bacteria from foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Moye
- Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Joelle Woolston
- Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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42
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Gencay YE, Sørensen MCH, Wenzel CQ, Szymanski CM, Brøndsted L. Phase Variable Expression of a Single Phage Receptor in Campylobacter jejuni NCTC12662 Influences Sensitivity Toward Several Diverse CPS-Dependent Phages. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:82. [PMID: 29467727 PMCID: PMC5808241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni NCTC12662 is sensitive to infection by many Campylobacter bacteriophages. Here we used this strain to investigate the molecular mechanism behind phage resistance development when exposed to a single phage and demonstrate how phase variable expression of one surface component influences phage sensitivity against many diverse C. jejuni phages. When C. jejuni NCTC12662 was exposed to phage F207 overnight, 25% of the bacterial cells were able to grow on a lawn of phage F207, suggesting that resistance develops at a high frequency. One resistant variant, 12662R, was further characterized and shown to be an adsorption mutant. Plaque assays using our large phage collection showed that seven out of 36 diverse capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-dependent phages could not infect 12662R, whereas the remaining phages formed plaques on 12662R with reduced efficiencies. Analysis of the CPS composition of 12662R by high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) showed a diminished signal for O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN), a phase variable modification of the CPS. This suggested that the majority of the 12662R population did not express this phase variable modification in the CPS, indicating that MeOPN serves as a phage receptor in NCTC12662. Whole genome analysis of 12662R showed a switch in the length of the phase variable homopolymeric G tract of gene 06810, encoding a putative MeOPN-transferase located in the CPS locus, resulting in a non-functional protein. To confirm the role of 06810 in phage resistance development of NCTC12662, a 06810 knockout mutant in NCTC12662 was constructed and analyzed by HR-MAS NMR demonstrating the absence of MeOPN in the CPS of the mutant. Plaque assays using NCTC12662Δ06810 demonstrated that seven of our CPS-dependent Campylobacter phages are dependent on the presence of MeOPN for successful infection of C. jejuni, whereas the remaining 29 phages infect independently of MeOPN, although with reduced efficiencies. Our data indicate that CPS-dependent phages uses diverse mechanisms for their initial interaction with their C. jejuni host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilmaz Emre Gencay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Martine C H Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cory Q Wenzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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43
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Kauffman KM, Polz MF. Streamlining standard bacteriophage methods for higher throughput. MethodsX 2018; 5:159-172. [PMID: 30622914 PMCID: PMC6318102 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal tool in the culture-based study of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages, or phages) is the agar overlay, which is used in the isolation of new viruses, and in their quantification and purification. Here, simple optimizations that increase efficiency and throughput in agar overlay based isolation and cultivation of virus-host systems are presented. The agar overlay is streamlined to minimize steps and materials. Serial purification of viruses from viral colonies (plaques) is optimized to eliminate steps by combining purification by serial re-streaking with the optimized agar overlay approach. Finally, recommendations are made for efficient archival and storage of virus plaques. In sum, this work presents: •Tube-free Agar Overlays: rapid plaque assays with fewer steps and materials•Molten Streaking for Singles: rapid tube-free serial purification of viruses•Archiving Plaques: saving virus purification for later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Kauffman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Martin F. Polz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
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44
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Letarov AV, Kulikov EE. Adsorption of bacteriophages on bacterial cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Oguntoyinbo FA, Cnockaert M, Cho GS, Kabisch J, Neve H, Bockelmann W, Wenning M, Franz CMAP, Vandamme P. Halomonas nigrificans sp. nov., isolated from cheese. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 68:371-376. [PMID: 29231158 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped Proteobacteria isolate, MBT G8648T, was obtained from an acid curd cheese called Quargel. The isolate was moderately salt tolerant and motile, with numerous peritrichous flagella. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain belongs to the genus Halomonas, with 98.42 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Halomonas titanicae BH1T as nearest related neighbour. Further comparative sequence analysis of secA and gyrB genes, as well as physiological and biochemical tests, revealed that this bacterium formed a taxon well-separated from its nearest neighbours and other established Halomonas species. Thus, the strain represents a new species, for which the name Halomonas nigrificans sp. nov. is proposed, with strain MBT G8648T (=LMG 29097T =DSM 105749T) as type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folarin A Oguntoyinbo
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Margo Cnockaert
- Laboratory of Microbiology and BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bockelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mareike Wenning
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology and BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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46
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Holman D, Lungren MP, Hardy J, Contag C, Blankenberg F. Preparation of Tc99m-Labeled Pseudomonas Bacteriophage without Adversely Impacting Infectivity or Biodistribution. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2698-2706. [PMID: 29020448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous viruses which have adapted to infect and replicate within target bacteria, their only known hosts, in a strain specific fashion with minimal cross infectivity. The recent steep rise in antibiotic resistance throughout the world has renewed interest in adapting phages for the imaging and treatment of bacterial infection in humans. In this article, we describe the current limitations surrounding the radiolabeling of phage for the imaging and treatment of bacterial infection and methods to overcome these difficulties. Specifically, we examined the effects of hydrazinonicotinamide conjugation and removal of bacterial DNA on the infectivity, biodistribution, and radionuclide imaging of a phage lytic for a clinically relevant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common Gram-negative bacterial pathogen often resistant to multiple antibiotics. We found that all but the briefest reaction of concentrated phage with hydrazinonicotinamide (≤3 min) resulted in nearly complete loss of infectivity. Furthermore, we determined that digestion and removal of bacterial DNA was needed to avoid high nonspecific uptake of hydrazinonicotinamide-labeled phage within the liver and spleen as well as prolonged circulation in the blood. We also demonstrate the surprisingly wide soft tissue and organ biodistribution and rapid pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-hydrazinonicotinamide-labeled phage in normal mice as well as its imaging characteristics and efficacy in wounded mice infected with bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, the preservation of phage infectivity and removal of all bacterial containments including DNA are critical methodologic considerations in the labeling of phages for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Holman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew P Lungren
- Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan Hardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , E150 Clark Center MC 5427, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chris Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital , Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , E150 Clark Center MC 5427, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Francis Blankenberg
- Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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47
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Aidley J, Sørensen MCH, Bayliss CD, Brøndsted L. Phage exposure causes dynamic shifts in the expression states of specific phase-variable genes of Campylobacter jejuni. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:911-919. [PMID: 28597819 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phase variation (PV) creates phenotypic heterogeneity at high frequencies and in a reversible manner. This phenomenon allows bacteria to adapt to a variety of different environments and selective pressures. In Campylobacterjejuni this reversible adaptive process is mediated by mutations in homopolymeric G/C tracts. Many C. jejuni-specific phages are dependent on phase-variable surface structures for successful infection. We previously identified the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) moiety, MeOPN-GalfNAc, as a receptor for phage F336 and showed that phase-variable expression of the transferase for this CPS modification, cj1421, and two other phase-variable CPS genes generated phage resistance in C. jejuni. Here we investigate the population dynamics of C. jejuni NCTC11168 when exposed to phage F336 in vitro using a newly described method - the 28-locus-CJ11168 PV analysis. Dynamic switching was observed in the ON/OFF states of three phase-variable CPS genes, cj1421, cj1422 and cj1426, during phage F336 exposure, with the dominant phage-resistant phasotype differing between cultures. Although loss of the phage receptor was predominately observed, several other PV events also led to phage resistance, a phenomenon that increases the chance of phage-resistant subpopulations being present in any growing culture. No other PV genes were affected and exposure to phage F336 resulted in a highly specific response, only selecting for phase variants of cj1421, cj1422 and cj1426. In summary, C. jejuni may benefit from modification of the surface in multiple ways to inhibit or reduce phage binding, thereby ensuring the survival of the population when exposed to phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Aidley
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.,Present address: Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martine C Holst Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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48
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Whole-Genome Sequence of the Bacteriophage-Sensitive Strain Campylobacter jejuni NCTC12662. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/21/e00409-17. [PMID: 28546493 PMCID: PMC5477406 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00409-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni NCTC12662 has been the choice bacteriophage isolation strain due to its susceptibility to C. jejuni bacteriophages. This trait makes it a good candidate for studying bacteriophage–host interactions. We report here the whole-genome sequence of NCTC12662, allowing future elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of phage–host interactions in C. jejuni.
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49
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Zampara A, Sørensen MCH, Elsser-Gravesen A, Brøndsted L. Significance of phage-host interactions for biocontrol of Campylobacter jejuni in food. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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FURUTA MUNENORI, NASU TAKAYUKI, UMEKI KOUICHI, HOANG MINH DUC, HONJOH KENICHI, MIYAMOTO TAKAHISA. Characterization and Application of Lytic Bacteriophages against Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Poultry in Japan. Biocontrol Sci 2017; 22:213-221. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.22.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MUNENORI FURUTA
- Department of Food Management, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - TAKAYUKI NASU
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - KOUICHI UMEKI
- Department of Bioresource and Bioenvironment, School of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - DUC HOANG MINH
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - KEN-ICHI HONJOH
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - TAKAHISA MIYAMOTO
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
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