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Ali V, Martinez E, Duran P, Villena E, Deplazes P, Alvarez Rojas CA. Past and present of cystic echinococcosis in Bolivia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009426. [PMID: 34138855 PMCID: PMC8211183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Viable eggs of the canine intestinal tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infect various intermediate hosts causing cystic echinococcosis (CE). Furthermore, CE represents a serious zoonosis causing a significant global burden of disease. CE is highly endemic in South America, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Peru. For Bolivia, no official data concerning the incidence in humans or the number of livestock and dogs infected are available. However, it is well known that CE occurs in Bolivia. We aim here to fill the gap in the current knowledge of the epidemiological situation of CE in Bolivia, providing a historical overview of documents published within the country, which have never been comprehensively reviewed. The very first documentation of E. granulosus infection in animals dates in 1910, while the first human case was reported in 1913. In total, 876 human CE cases have been reported in the scientific literature, with an apparent increase since the 1970s. In the absence of other epidemiological studies, the highest prevalence in human comes from Tupiza, Potosí Department, where 4.1% (51/1,268) of the population showed signs of CE at mass ultrasound screening in 2011. In the same report, 24% of dog faecal samples were positive for coproantigens of E. granulosus s.l. in ELISA. The highest prevalence in intermediate hosts reported at abattoir reached 37.5% in cattle from Potosí, followed by 26.9% in llamas from Oruro, 2.4% in pigs and 1.4% in sheep from La Paz. Finally, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5), and Echinococcus intermedius (G7) have been identified in Bolivia. Data reviewed here confirm that E. granulosus s.l. is circulating in Bolivia and that a proper prospective nationwide epidemiological study of CE is urgently needed to define transmission patterns as a basis for the planning and implementation of future control measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viterman Ali
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud y Desarrollo (IINSAD); Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Eddy Martinez
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud y Desarrollo (IINSAD); Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Pamela Duran
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud y Desarrollo (IINSAD); Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Erick Villena
- Programa Regional de Control de Hidatidosis, Red de Salud de Tupiza-Potosí, Bolivia
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Bartoloni A, Remoli ME, Farchi F, Zammarchi L, Fortuna C, Benedetti E, Ciufolini MG, Macchioni F, Rojas P, Lara Y, Padilla C, Roselli M, Mantengoli E, Mantella A, Tolari F, Paredes GA, Monasterio J, Valdarchi C, Venturi G, Rezza G. Seroprevalence of West Nile and dengue virus in the human population of the Bolivian Chaco. J Med Virol 2018; 91:146-150. [PMID: 30118540 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) in the human population of the Bolivian Chaco, we tested 256 inhabitants of two rural communities. The seroprevalence, confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test, was 7.8% and 2.7% for DENV and WNV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Remoli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Farchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fortuna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Benedetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Macchioni
- Department of Veterinarian Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patricia Rojas
- Cordillera Health District, Department of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Yunni Lara
- S. Antonio de Los Sauces Hospital, Department of Chuquisaca, Monteagudo, Bolivia
| | - Claudia Padilla
- S. Antonio de Los Sauces Hospital, Department of Chuquisaca, Monteagudo, Bolivia
| | - Mimmo Roselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mantengoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonia Mantella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Tolari
- Department of Veterinarian Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Joaquín Monasterio
- Department Health Service, Department of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Catia Valdarchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Saba Villarroel PM, Nurtop E, Pastorino B, Roca Y, Drexler JF, Gallian P, Jaenisch T, Leparc-Goffart I, Priet S, Ninove L, de Lamballerie X. Zika virus epidemiology in Bolivia: A seroprevalence study in volunteer blood donors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018. [PMID: 29513667 PMCID: PMC5858838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV), was widely reported in Latin America and has been associated with neuropathologies, as microcephaly, but only few seroprevalence studies have been published to date. Our objective was to determine the seroprevalence amongst Bolivian blood donors and estimate the future potential circulation of the virus. Methodology A ZIKV seroprevalence study was conducted between December 2016 and April 2017 in 814 asymptomatic Bolivian volunteer blood donors residing in various eco-environments corresponding to contrasting entomological activities. It was based on detection of IgG to ZIKV using NS1 ELISA screening, followed by a seroneutralisation test in case of positive or equivocal ELISA result. Conclusions/Significance Analysis revealed that ZIKV circulation occurred in tropical areas (Beni: 39%; Santa Cruz de la Sierra: 21.5%) but not in highlands (~0% in Cochabamba, La Paz, Tarija). It was modulated by Aedes aegypti activity and the virus spread was not limited by previous immunity to dengue. Cases were geo-localised in a wide range of urban areas in Santa Cruz and Trinidad. No differences in seroprevalence related to gender or age-groups could be identified. It is concluded that ZIKV has been intensely circulating in the Beni region and has still a significant potential for propagating in the area of Santa Cruz. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a virus of African origin, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, and related to dengue and yellow fever virus. It was originally believed to be responsible for a mild febrile illness in Africa and South-east Asia. However, in recent years, ZIKV has been responsible for outbreaks in the Pacific Islands before massively spreading in Latin America and the Caribbean. On this occasion, ZIKV has unexpectedly been associated with non-vector transmission (i.e., sexual and mother-to-foetus transmission) and with severe complications such as foetal abnormalities (e.g. microcephaly) and Guillain-Barré syndromes. Little is known about the actual proportion of the populations infected by ZIKV in Latin America. Here, we report a seroprevalence data in this region, after studying 814 asymptomatic Bolivian volunteer blood donors residing in various eco-environments corresponding to contrasting entomological activities. We conclude that ZIKV has been circulating in Bolivian tropical areas but not in highlands, and that the epidemic has not been limited by previous immunity against dengue. Specific attention should be paid to the region of Santa Cruz, where the seroprevalence is still limited, but the density of Aedes aegypti populations makes plausible further spreading of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel
- UMR EPV Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207 –EHESP–IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Virología II, Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales (CENETROP), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
- * E-mail:
| | - Elif Nurtop
- UMR EPV Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207 –EHESP–IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Boris Pastorino
- UMR EPV Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207 –EHESP–IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Yelin Roca
- Virología II, Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales (CENETROP), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Gallian
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Établissement Français du Sang Alpes Méditerranée (EFS), Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Department for Infectious Diseases (Section Clinical Tropical Medicine), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Leparc-Goffart
- National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Priet
- UMR EPV Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207 –EHESP–IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Ninove
- UMR EPV Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207 –EHESP–IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR EPV Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207 –EHESP–IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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