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Wang Y, Geng L, Xu J, Jiang P, An Q, Pu Y, Jiang Y, He S, Tao X, Luo J, Pan G. Expression and Identification of a Novel Spore Wall Protein in Microsporidian Nosema bombycis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:671-677. [PMID: 32702183 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasites causing significant disease in human beings and economically important animals. Though a few spore wall proteins (SWPs) have now been identified in these intriguing species, the information on SWPs remains too little to elucidate the spore wall formation mechanisms of microsporidia. It has been well described that numerous proteins with tandem repeats tend to be localized on the cell wall of fungi and parasites. Previously, by scanning the proteins with tandem repeats in microsporidian Nosema bombycis, we obtained 83 candidate SWPs based on whether those proteins possess a signal peptide and/or transmembrane domain. Here, we further characterized a candidate protein (EOB13250) with three tandem repeats in the N-terminal region and a transmembrane domain in C-terminus of N. bombycis. Sequence analysis showed that the tandem repeat domain of EOB13250 was species-specific for this parasite. RT-PCR indicated that the expression of the gene encoding this protein started on the fourth day postinfection. After cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, a polyclone antibody against the recombinant EOB13250 protein was prepared. Western blotting demonstrated this protein exist in N. bombycis. Immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) and immunoelectron microscopy analysis (IEM) further provided evidence that EOB13250 was an endospore wall protein. These results together suggested that EOB13250 was a novel spore wall protein of N. bombycis. This study provides a further enrichment of the number of identified spore wall proteins in microsporidia and advances our understanding of the spore wall formation mechanism in these obligate unicellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lixia Geng
- Department of Childcare, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Jinzhi Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qin An
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yaojia Pu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Siyi He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xuemei Tao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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Ptaszyńska AA, Gancarz M, Hurd PJ, Borsuk G, Wiącek D, Nawrocka A, Strachecka A, Załuski D, Paleolog J. Changes in the bioelement content of summer and winter western honeybees (Apis mellifera) induced by Nosema ceranae infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200410. [PMID: 30044811 PMCID: PMC6060561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper bioelement content is crucial for the health and wellness of all
organisms, including honeybees. However, the situation is more complicated in
these important pollinators due to the fact that they change their physiology
during winter in order to survive the relatively harsh climatic conditions.
Additionally, honeybees are susceptible to many diseases such as
nosemosis, which during winter can depopulate an entire
colony. Here we show that summer bees have a markedly higher content of
important bioelements such as: Al, Cu, P, V, (physiologically essential); Ca, K,
Mg, (electrolytic); Cr, Se, Zn, (enzymatic); As, Hg, (toxic). In contrast, a
markedly higher content of: Fe (physiologically essential); Mn, Ni, (enzymatic);
Cd (exclusively toxic) were present in winter bees. Importantly,
N. ceranae infection resulted in an
increased honeybee bioelement content of: S, Sr (physiologically essential) and
Pb (exclusively toxic), whereas the Nosema-free worker-bees had
higher amounts of B and Si (physiologically essential). We propose that the
shortages of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Na observed in Nosema-infected
bees, could be the reason for the higher mortality of
Nosema-infected bees throughout overwintering. In addition, a
shortage of bioelements such as B and Si may be a reason for accelerated aging
in foragers that is observed following N.
ceranae infection. Therefore, in winter, bioelement content
was more strongly affected by N. ceranae
infection than during summer. We found a strong correlation between the
bioelement content of bees and seasons (summer or winter) and also with
Nosema infection. We conclude that the balance of
bioelements in the honeybee is altered by both seasonal affects and by
Nosema infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta A. Ptaszyńska
- Department of Botany and Mycology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin,
Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marek Gancarz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin,
Poland
| | - Paul J. Hurd
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of
London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Borsuk
- Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Apidologie, Institute of
Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and
Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin,
Poland
| | - Dariusz Wiącek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin,
Poland
| | | | - Aneta Strachecka
- Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Apidologie, Institute of
Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and
Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin,
Poland
| | - Daniel Załuski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus
Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Paleolog
- Department of Zoology, Ecology and Wildlife Management, Life Science
University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Wang Y, Geng H, Dang X, Xiang H, Li T, Pan G, Zhou Z. Comparative Analysis of the Proteins with Tandem Repeats from 8 Microsporidia and Characterization of a Novel Endospore Wall Protein Colocalizing with Polar Tube from Nosema bombycis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:707-715. [PMID: 28321967 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a common feature of eukaryotic proteins, tandem amino acid repeat has been studied extensively in both animal and plant proteins. Here, a comparative analysis focusing on the proteins having tandem repeats was conducted in eight microsporidia, including four mammal-infecting microsporidia (Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon bieneusi) and four insect-infecting microsporidia (Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae, Vavraia culicis and Nosema bombycis). We found that the proteins with tandem repeats were abundant in these species. The quantity of these proteins in insect-infecting microsporidia was larger than that of mammal-infecting microsporidia. Additionally, the hydrophilic residues were overrepresented in the tandem repeats of these eight microsporidian proteins and the amino acids residues in these tandem repeat sequences tend to be encoded by GC-rich codons. The tandem repeat position within proteins of insect-infecting microsporidia was randomly distributed, whereas the tandem repeats within proteins of mammal-infecting microsporidia rarely tend to be present in the N terminal regions, when compared with those present in the C terminal and middle regions. Finally, a hypothetical protein EOB14572 possessing four tandem repeats was successfully characterized as a novel endospore wall protein, which colocalized with polar tube of N. bombycis. Our study provided useful insight for the study of the proteins with tandem repeats in N. bombycis, but also further enriched the spore wall components of this obligate unicellular eukaryotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Huixia Geng
- School of Mathematics and Finance, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Xiaoqun Dang
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
| | - Heng Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
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Interaction between SWP9 and Polar Tube Proteins of the Microsporidian Nosema bombycis and Function of SWP9 as a Scaffolding Protein Contribute to Polar Tube Tethering to the Spore Wall. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00872-16. [PMID: 28031263 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00872-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
All microsporidia possess a unique, highly specialized invasion mechanism that involves the polar tube and spore wall. The interaction between spore wall proteins (SWPs) and polar tube proteins (PTPs) in the formation, arrangement, orderly orientation, and function of the polar tube and spore wall remains to be determined. This study was undertaken to examine the protein interactions of Nosema bombycis SWP7 (NbSWP7), NbSWP9, and PTPs. Coimmunoprecipitation, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and yeast two-hybrid data demonstrated that NbSWP9, but not NbSWP7, interacts with NbPTP1 and NbPTP2. Furthermore, immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) showed that NbSWP9 was localized mainly in the developing polar tube of sporoblasts, while NbSWP7 was found randomly in the cytoplasm. However, both NbSWP9 and NbSWP7 were located in the polar tube and spore wall of N. bombycis mature spores. The reason why NbSWP7 was localized to the polar tube may be due to the interaction between NbSWP9 and NbSWP7. Interestingly, the majority of NbSWP9, but not NbSWP7, accumulated in the beginning part of the extruded polar tube and the ruptured spore wall called the anchoring disk (AD) when the mature spores germinated under weak-alkaline environmental stimulation. Additionally, anti-NbSWP9 antibody reduced spore germination in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our study further confirmed that NbSWP9 is a scaffolding protein that not only anchors and holds the polar tube but also tethers the polar tube to the spore wall.
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Liu H, Chen B, Hu S, Liang X, Lu X, Shao Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Germination of Nosema bombycis Spores under Extremely Alkaline Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1459. [PMID: 27708628 PMCID: PMC5030232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian Nosema bombycis is an obligate intracellular pathogen of the silkworm Bombyx mori, causing the epidemic disease Pebrine and extensive economic losses in sericulture. Although N. bombycis forms spores with rigid spore walls that protect against various environmental pressures, ingested spores germinate immediately under the extremely alkaline host gut condition (Lepidoptera gut pH > 10.5), which is a key developmental turning point from dormant state to infected state. However, to date this process remains poorly understood due to the complexity of the animal digestive tract and the lack of genetic tools for microsporidia. Here we show, using an in vitro spore germination model, how the proteome of N. bombycis changes during germination, analyse specific metabolic pathways employed in detail, and validate key functional proteins in vivo in silkworms. By a label-free quantitative proteomics approach that is directly based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) data, a total of 1136 proteins were identified with high confidence, with 127 proteins being significantly changed in comparison to non-germinated spores. Among them, structural proteins including polar tube protein 1 and 3 and spore wall protein (SWP) 4 and 30 were found to be significantly down-regulated, but SWP9 significantly up-regulated. Some nucleases like polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase and flap endonucleases 1, together with a panel of hydrolases involved in protein degradation and RNA cleavage were overrepresented too upon germination, which implied that they might play important roles during spore germination. The differentially regulated trends of these genes were validated, respectively, by quantitative RT-PCR and 3 proteins of interest were confirmed by Western blotting analyses in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the pathway analysis showed that abundant up- and down-regulations appear involved in the glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism, suggesting preparations of energy generation and substance synthesis for the following invasion and proliferation inside the host. This report, to our knowledge, provides the first proteomic landscape of N. bombycis spores, and also a stepping stone on the way to further study of the unique infection mode of this economically important pathogen and other microsporidia in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Bosheng Chen
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Sirui Hu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Xili Liang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
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Lv M, Mohamed AA, Zhang L, Zhang P, Zhang L. A Family of CSαβ Defensins and Defensin-Like Peptides from the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria, and Their Expression Dynamics during Mycosis and Nosemosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161585. [PMID: 27556587 PMCID: PMC4996505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect defensins are effector components of the innate defense system. During infection, these peptides may play a role in the control of pathogens by providing protective antimicrobial barriers between epithelial cells and the hemocoel. The cDNAs encoding four defensins of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, designated LmDEF 1, 3–5, were identified for the first time by transcriptome-targeted analysis. Three of the members of this CSαβ defensin family, LmDEF 1, 3, and 5, were detected in locust tissues. The pro regions of their sequences have little-shared identities with other insect defensins, though the predicted mature peptides align well with other insect defensins. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a completely novel position of both LmDEF 1 and 3, compared to defensins from hymenopterans. The expression patterns of the genes encoding LmDEFs in the fat body and salivary glands were studied in response to immune-challenge by the microsporidian pathogen Nosema locustae and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae after feeding or topical application, respectively. Focusing on Nosema-induced immunity, qRT-PCR was employed to quantify the transcript levels of LmDEFs. A higher transcript abundance of LmDEF5 was distributed more or less uniformly throughout the fat body along time. A very low baseline transcription of both LmDEFs 1 and 3 in naïve insects was indicated, and that transcription increases with time or is latent in the fat body or salivary glands of infected nymphs. In the salivary glands, expression of LmDEF3 was 20-40-times higher than in the fat body post-microbial infection. A very low expression of LmDEF3 could be detected in the fat body, but eventually increased with time up to a maximum at day 15. Delayed induction of transcription of these peptides in the fat body and salivary glands 5–15 days post-activation and the differential expression patterns suggest that the fat body/salivary glands of this species are active in the immune response against pathogens. The ability of N. locustae to induce salivary glands as well as fat body expression of defensins raises the possibility that these AMPs might play a key role in the development and/or tolerance of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Lv
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Amr Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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