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Świątek AH, Szcześniak M, Borkowska H, Stempień M, Wojtkowiak K, Diessner R. The unexplored territory of aesthetic needs and the development of the Aesthetic Needs Scale. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299326. [PMID: 38498465 PMCID: PMC10947697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human needs, and their fulfillment, are the building blocks of human development, personality, and well-being. However, no published paper in the field of psychology has focused on exploring aesthetic needs. Maslow (1986) gave the topic little more than a paragraph; and Dweck [1], in her elegant Unified Theory of Motivation, Personality, and Development, never mentions aesthetic needs. The aim of this article is to describe developing a scale for measuring the intensity of aesthetic needs. The structure, psychometric properties, and criterion-related validity of the scale were verified with three independent samples (total N = 592). The results of an EFA and two CFAs indicated a three-factor structure: 1) the need to aestheticize everyday life (aesthetic experiences of everyday objects and events unrelated to art, such as the presentation of food or the appearance of a workspace, etc.); 2) the need for contact with aesthetic creations (the arts); 3) the need to aestheticize the built and natural environments (urban spaces, architecture, parks, wild nature, etc.). In addition, our criterion-related convergent validity studies have shown that people with high aesthetic needs are characterized by experiencing more intense experiences in contact with works of art, have higher aesthetic competence in art, are more intensely involved in four forms of beauty, have a higher ability to integrate beauty, a stronger trait gratitude, curiosity about nature, greater sensitivity to disgust, and the need for internal and external stimulation. This scale may prove useful in research on individual differences and the psychology of aesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Borkowska
- Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michał Stempień
- Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Rhett Diessner
- Psychology Department, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, Maine, United States of America
- Bahá’í Institute of Higher Education, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Hollinshead MG, Botchway A, Schmidt KE, Weybright GL, Zec RF, Ala TA, Kohlrus SR, Hoffman MR, Fifer AS, Hascup ER, Trivedi MA. Cognitive Component Structure of a Neuropsychological Battery Administered to Cognitively-Normal Adults in the SIU Longitudinal Cognitive Aging Study. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2022; 8:23337214221130157. [PMID: 36275411 PMCID: PMC9580077 DOI: 10.1177/23337214221130157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We used principal component analysis (PCA) to examine the component structure of a neuropsychological test battery administered to 943 cognitively-normal adults enrolled in the Southern Illinois University (SIU) Longitudinal Cognitive Aging Study (LCAS). Four components explaining the most variance (63.9%) in the dataset were identified: speed/cognitive flexibility, visuospatial skills, word-list learning/memory, and story memory. Regression analyses confirmed that increased age was associated with decreased component scores after controlling for gender and education. Our identified components differ slightly from previous studies using PCA on similar test batteries. Factors such as the demographic characteristics of the study sample, the inclusion of mixed patient and control samples, the inclusion of different test measures in previous studies, and the fact that many neuropsychological test measures assess multiple cognitive processes simultaneously, may help to explain these inconsistencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Botchway
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald F. Zec
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA
| | - Thomas A. Ala
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA
| | | | | | - Amber S. Fifer
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA
| | - Erin R. Hascup
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA
| | - Mehul A. Trivedi
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA,Mehul A. Trivedi, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 319 East Madison Street, Springfield, IL 62702, USA.
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3
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Schmidt CC, Achilles EIS, Fink GR, Weiss PH. Distinct cognitive components and their neural substrates underlying praxis and language deficits following left hemisphere stroke. Cortex 2021; 146:200-215. [PMID: 34896806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apraxia is characterised by multiple deficits of higher motor functions, primarily caused by left hemisphere (LH) lesions to parietal-frontal praxis networks. While previous neuropsychological and lesion studies tried to relate the various apraxic deficits to specific lesion sites, a comprehensive analysis of the different apraxia profiles and the related (impaired) motor-cognitive processes as well as their differential neural substrates in LH stroke is lacking. To reveal the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the different patterns of praxis and (related) language deficits, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to the scores of sub-acute LH stroke patients (n = 91) in several tests of apraxia and aphasia. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) analyses were then used to investigate the neural substrates of the identified components. The PCA yielded a first component related to language functions and three components related to praxis functions, with each component associated with specific lesion patterns. Regarding praxis functions, performance in imitating arm/hand gestures was accounted for by a second component related to the left precentral gyrus and the inferior parietal lobule. Imitating finger configurations, pantomiming the use of objects related to the face, and actually using objects loaded on component 3, related to the left anterior intraparietal sulcus and angular gyrus. The last component represented the imitation of bucco-facial gestures and was linked to the basal ganglia and LH white matter tracts. The results further revealed that pantomime of (limb-related) object use depended on both the component 2 and 3, which were shared with gesture imitation and actual object use. Data support and extend the notion that apraxia represents a multi-componential syndrome comprising different (impaired) motor-cognitive processes, which dissociate - at least partially - from language processes. The distinct components might be disturbed to a varying degree following LH stroke since they are associated with specific lesion patterns within the LH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Schmidt
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth I S Achilles
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Rivera-Fernández C, Custodio N, Soto-Añari M. Neuropsychological profile in the preclinical stages of dementia: principal component analysis approach. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:192-199. [PMID: 34345360 PMCID: PMC8283881 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The preclinical stages of dementia include subtle neurocognitive changes that are not easily detected in standard clinical evaluations. Neuropsychological evaluation is important for the classification and prediction of deterioration in all the phases of dementia.
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5
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Springer A, Monsch AU, Dutilh G, Coslovsky M, Kievit RA, Bonati LH, Conen D, Aeschbacher S, Beer JH, Schwenkglenks M, Fischer U, Meyer-Zuern CS, Conte G, Moutzouri E, Moschovitis G, Kühne M, Osswald S. A factor score reflecting cognitive functioning in patients from the Swiss Atrial Fibrillation Cohort Study (Swiss-AF). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240167. [PMID: 33035257 PMCID: PMC7546506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, is considered as risk factor for the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. However, dynamics of cognitive functions are subtle, and neurocognitive assessments largely differ in detecting these changes. We aimed to develop and evaluate a score which represents the common aspects of the cognitive functions measured by validated tests (i.e., “general cognitive construct”), while reducing overlap between tests and be more sensitive to identify changes in overall cognitive functioning. Methods We developed the CoCo (cognitive construct) score to reflect the cognitive performance obtained by all items of four neurocognitive assessments (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); Trail Making Test; Semantic Fluency, animals; Digital Symbol Substitution Test). The sample comprised 2,415 AF patients from the Swiss Atrial Fibrillation Cohort Study (Swiss-AF), 87% aged at least 65 years. Psychometric statistics were calculated for two cognitive measures based on (i) the full set of items from the neurocognitive test battery administered in the Swiss-AF study (i.e., CoCo item set) and (ii) the items from the widely used MoCA test. For the CoCo item set, a factor score was derived based on a principal component analysis, and its measurement properties were analyzed. Results Both the MoCA item set and the full neurocognitive test battery revealed good psychometric properties, especially the full battery. A one-factor model with good model fit and performance across time and groups was identified and used to generate the CoCo score, reflecting for each patient the common cognitive skill performance measured across the full neurocognitive test battery. The CoCo score showed larger effect sizes compared to the MoCA score in relation to relevant clinical variables. Conclusion The derived factor score allows summarizing AF patients’ cognitive performance as a single score. Using this score in the Swiss-AF project increases measurement sensitivity and decreases the number of statistical tests needed, which will be helpful in future studies addressing how AF affects the risk of developing cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Springer
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas U. Monsch
- Memory Clinic, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Dutilh
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Trial Unit, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Coslovsky
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Trial Unit, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rogier A. Kievit
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo H. Bonati
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Conen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Basel, Switzerland
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Stefanie Aeschbacher
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juerg H. Beer
- Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden and Molecular Cardiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schwenkglenks
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine S. Meyer-Zuern
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Elisavet Moutzouri
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Moschovitis
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kühne
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Osswald
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Basel, Switzerland
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Rodrigues B, Coelho A, Portugal-Nunes C, Magalhães R, Moreira PS, Castanho TC, Amorim L, Marques P, Soares JM, Sousa N, Santos NC. Higher Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated With Preserved White Matter Integrity and Altered Structural Connectivity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:786. [PMID: 32903442 PMCID: PMC7434945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been associated with cognitive performance. Yet, controlled trials have yielded contradictory results. To tackle this controversy, a comprehensive multimodal analysis of the association of the MedDiet with cognitive performance and brain structure in normative aging is still necessary. Here, community dwellers ≥50 years from a cohort study on normative aging (n = 76) underwent a (i) magnetic resonance imaging session with two acquisitions: structural and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI); (ii) neuropsychological battery of tests focusing on memory and executive functioning; and (iii) dietary assessment through the Mediterranean Diet Assessment Screener (MEDAS, score range: 0-14, scores ≥10 indicate high adherence to the Mediterranean diet) 18 months prior to the brain imaging and neuropsychological assessment. We found that high adherence to the MedDiet (MEDAS ≥10) was associated with higher values of fractional anisotropy and lower diffusivity values in the brain white matter. Similarly, high adherence to the MedDiet was associated with higher structural connectivity between left hemisphere brain regions. Specifically, the amygdala, lingual, olfactory, middle occipital gyrus, and calcarine areas. No association was found between high adherence to the MedDiet and total brain volumes or hypointensities. Higher adherence to the MedDiet was positively associated with executive functioning scores. These results suggest that high adherence to the MedDiet positively associates with brain health, specifically with executive function scores and white matter integrity of bundles related to the processing and integration of taste, reward, and decision making. These findings seem to support the view that the MedDiet should be part of recommendations to promote a healthy brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belina Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Coelho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos Portugal-Nunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Costa Castanho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Liliana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nadine Correia Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
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7
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Psycho-social factors related to obesity and their associations with socioeconomic characteristics: the RECORD study. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:533-543. [PMID: 30730040 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-00638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe the main psycho-social factors related to obesity in an adult population and to develop a unified construct (psycho-social profiles), to explore the associations between socioeconomic characteristics and these psycho-social profiles. METHODS In its second wave, the RECORD Study assessed 6460 participants aged 30-79 years living in the Paris region between 2011 and 2014. Factor analyses followed by cluster analysis were applied to identify psycho-social profiles related to obesity. The two psycho-social profiles were adverse profile-negative body image, underestimation of the impact of weight in quality of life, low weight-related self-efficacy, and weight-related external locus of control; and favorable profile-positive body image, high self-efficacy, and internal locus of control. The relationship between three socioeconomic dimensions-current socioeconomic status, childhood socioeconomic status, and neighborhood education status-and psycho-social profiles was assessed through binomial logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, depression, living alone, and weight status. RESULTS Contrary to hypotheses, there were no associations between socioeconomic characteristics and obesity-related psycho-social profiles after adjustment for body mass index. Depressive symptoms (OR 2.21, 95% CI 2.70, 4.04) and being female (3.31, 95% CI 2.70, 4.40) were associated with an adverse psycho-social profile. CONCLUSIONS Psycho-social profiles could help to understand the multifactorial nature of the determinants of obesity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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8
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Working memory and high-level cognition in children: An analysis of timing and accuracy in complex span tasks. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 191:104736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pires L, Moura O, Guerrini C, Buekenhout I, Simões MR, Leitão J. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Neurocognitive Measures in Healthy Young Adults: The Relation of Executive Functions with Other Neurocognitive Functions. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:350-365. [PMID: 29688248 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure of a set of neurocognitive tests theoretically assessing executive functions (EF), verbal abilities (VA), and processing speed (PS). This study extended previous research by analyzing if each test is better explained by the specific factor to which it theoretically belongs or by a more general neurocognitive factor; and also by analyzing the relations between the neurocognitive factors. METHODS Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) we examined the factor structure of nine neurocognitive tests (EF: Working Memory, Tower, Divided Attention, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency tests; VA: Word List and Confrontation Naming tests; PS: Coding and Telephone Search tests) in a nonclinical sample (N = 90; 18-33 years old, 76 women). We tested five factor models of neurocognitive functioning: a one-factor model; two models with two-correlated factors; and two models with three-correlated factors. RESULTS A three-correlated-factor model, with EF, VA, and PS factors, was the most suitable for our neuropsychological data. The Verbal Fluency test was better explained by the VA factor rather than by the EF factor. The EF factor was correlated with the PS factor, but not with the VA factor. CONCLUSIONS Most of the neurocognitive measures used in the present study loaded in the expected factors (with the exception of the Verbal Fluency that was apparently more related to VA). EF and PS represent related but separable functions. Our results highlight the need for a careful interpretation of test scores since performance on one test usually requires multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pires
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, UK
| | - Octávio Moura
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Psychological Assessment Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chiara Guerrini
- Centre for Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, UK
| | - Imke Buekenhout
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R Simões
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Psychological Assessment Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Leitão
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Lee YJ, Boot E, Butcher N, Palmer L, Chow EWC, Kahn RS, Vorstman JAS, Bassett AS. Neurocognition and adaptive functioning in a genetic high risk model of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1047-1054. [PMID: 30064532 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors that influence the functional outcome is an important goal in schizophrenia research. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a unique genetic model with high risk (20-25%) for schizophrenia. This study aimed to identify potentially targetable domains of neurocognitive functioning associated with functional outcome in adults with 22q11DS. METHODS We used comprehensive neurocognitive test data available for 99 adults with 22q11DS (n = 43 with schizophrenia) and principal component analysis to derive four domains of neurocognition (Verbal Memory, Visual and Logical Memory, Motor Performance, and Executive Performance). We then investigated the association of these neurocognitive domains with adaptive functioning using Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales data and a linear regression model that accounted for the effects of schizophrenia status and overall intellectual level. RESULTS The regression model explained 46.8% of the variance in functional outcome (p < 0.0001). Executive Performance was significantly associated with functional outcome (p = 0.048). Age and schizophrenia were also significant factors. The effects of Executive Performance on functioning did not significantly differ between those with and without psychotic illness. CONCLUSION The findings provide the impetus for further studies to examine the potential of directed (early) interventions targeting Executive Performance to improve long-term adaptive functional outcome in individuals with, or at high risk for, schizophrenia. Moreover, the neurocognitive test profiles may benefit caregivers and clinicians by providing insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of individuals with 22q11DS, with and without psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - E J Breetvelt
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - Y J Lee
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - E Boot
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - N Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - L Palmer
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome,Toronto General Hospital,University Health Network,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - E W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - J A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - A S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
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11
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Lima L, Santos C, Bastos C, Guerra M, Martins MM, Costa P. Adaptation and validation of the Instrumental Expressive Social Support Scale in Portuguese older individuals. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2018; 26:e3096. [PMID: 30517583 PMCID: PMC6280181 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.2647.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective to adapt and validate the Instrumental Expressive Social Support Scale (IESS) in a sample of older people. Method methodological study. The sample of 964 community-dwelling older people was randomly divided into two groups. The first group was used as a calibration sample to study the number of factors underlying social support through Principal Axis Factoring, and the second group as a validation sample to test the “best fit” model through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Results exploratory Factor Analysis suggested a three-factor solution, which was confirmed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The factors were similar to those in the pre-existing dimensions of the original instrument and were named as Sense of control (α = 0.900), Financial support (α = 0.802), Familiar and socio-affective support (α = 0.778). Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed acceptable fit. The model’s goodness-of-fit indexes were satisfactory (χ2/df = 5.418; CFI = 0.903; NFI = 0.884; RMSEA = 0.098). The convergent validity was supported by associations between social support and medication adherence and positive affect. The discriminant validity was evidenced by association with negative affect. The reliability analysis showed high values of internal consistency. Conclusion the instrument proved to be a valid measure for the assessment of social support in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Lima
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Portugal
| | - Célia Santos
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Portugal
| | - Celeste Bastos
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Portugal
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12
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Moreira PS, Santos N, Castanho T, Amorim L, Portugal-Nunes C, Sousa N, Costa P. Longitudinal measurement invariance of memory performance and executive functioning in healthy aging. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204012. [PMID: 30265688 PMCID: PMC6161843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we examined the longitudinal measurement invariance of a battery composed of distinct cognitive parameters. A sample of 86 individuals (53.5% females; mean age = 65.73), representative of the Portuguese older population, with respect to sex, age and level of education was assessed twice over an average of two years. By means of a confirmatory factor analysis approach, we tested whether a two-factor solution [corresponding to measures of memory performance (MEM) and executive functioning (EXEC)] was reliable over time. Nested models of longitudinal invariance demonstrated the existence of partial strong invariance over time. In other words, this indicates that there is an equivalence of the factorial structure and factor loadings for all items; this was also observed for the item intercepts for all the items, except for one of the items from the EXEC dimension. Stability coefficients revealed high associations between the dimensions over time and that, whereas there was a significant decline of the MEM across time, this was not observed for the EXEC dimension. These findings reveal that changes in MEM and EXEC scores can be attributed to true changes on these constructs, enabling the use of this battery as a reliable method to study cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nadine Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Castanho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Liliana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos Portugal-Nunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
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13
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Chou CY, Huang CY, Huang YJ, Lin GH, Huang SL, Lee SC, Hsieh CL. Comparison of construct validity of two short forms of Stroke-Specific Quality of Life scale. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188478. [PMID: 29211759 PMCID: PMC5718408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No studies have compared the 2-factor structures of Wong’s and Post’s versions of the short-form Stroke-Specific Quality of Life (i.e., 12-item SSQOL) scale. This study compared the construct validity of 2 short-forms of the 12-item-SSQOL (not the 12-domain-SSQOL). Methods Data were obtained from a previous validation study of the original 49-item SSQOL in 263 patients. Construct validity was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine whether the two-factor structure, including psychosocial and physical domains, was supported in both versions. The CFA tested the data-model fit by indices: chi-square χ2/df ratio, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), nonnormative fit index (NNFI), standard root mean square residual (SRMR), and parsimony normed fit index (PNFI). Item factor loadings (cutoffs: .50) were examined. Model fit was compared using Akaike information criterion (AIC) and consistent AIC (i.e., CAIC) values. Results All model fit indices for Post’s version fell within expected ranges: χ2/df ratio = 2.02, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.97, NNFI = 0.97, SRMR = 0.06, and PNFI = 0.76. In the psychosocial domain, the item factor loadings ranged from 0.46 to 0.63. In the physical domain, all items (except the language and vision items) had acceptable factor loadings (0.68 to 0.88). However, in Wong’s version, none of the model indices met the criteria for good fit. In model fit comparisons, Post’s version had smaller AIC and CAIC values than did Wong’s version. Conclusions All fit indices supported Post’s version, but not Wong’s version. The construct validity of Post’s version with a 2-factor structure was confirmed, and this version of the 12-item SSQOL is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yeh Chou
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jing Huang
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Gong-Hong Lin
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Ling Huang
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Lee
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Nguyen-Louie TT, Matt GE, Jacobus J, Li I, Cota C, Castro N, Tapert SF. Earlier Alcohol Use Onset Predicts Poorer Neuropsychological Functioning in Young Adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:2082-2092. [PMID: 29083495 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopment may be shaped by environmental factors such as alcohol intake. Over 20% of U.S. high school students begin drinking before age 14, and those who initiated drinking before age 14 are 4 times more likely to develop psychosocial, psychiatric, and substance use difficulties than those who began drinking after turning 20. Little is known, however, about how the age of alcohol use onset influences brain development. METHODS This study prospectively examined the effects of alcohol use onset age on neurocognitive functioning in healthy adolescent drinkers (N = 215). Youth were administered a neuropsychological battery before substance use initiation (M = 13.6 years, SD = 0.8) and on average 6.8 years later (M = 20.2 years, SD = 1.5). Hierarchical linear regressions examined if earlier ages of onset for first and regular (i.e., weekly) alcohol use adversely influenced neurocognition, above and beyond baseline neurocognition, substance use severity, and familial and social environment factors. RESULTS As hypothesized, an earlier age of first drinking onset (AFDO) predicted poorer performance in the domains of psychomotor speed and visual attention (ps<0.05, N = 215) and an earlier age of weekly drinking onset (AWDO) predicted poorer performances on tests of cognitive inhibition and working memory, controlling for baseline neuropsychological performance, drinking duration, and past-year marijuana use (ps<0.05, N = 127). No relationship between AFDO and AWDO was found with verbal learning and memory and visuospatial ability. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to assess the association between age of adolescent drinking onset and neurocognitive performance using a comprehensive test battery. This study suggests that early onset of drinking increases risk for alcohol-related neurocognitive vulnerabilities and that initiation of any or weekly alcohol use at younger ages appears to be a risk factor for poorer subsequent neuropsychological functioning. Findings have important implications for public policies related to the legal drinking age and prevention programming. Further studies are needed to replicate these preliminary findings and better understand mediating processes and moderating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Nguyen-Louie
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Irene Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Claudia Cota
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Norma Castro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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15
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Identifying design feature factors critical to acceptance and usage behavior of smartphones. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Gignac GE, Kretzschmar A. Evaluating dimensional distinctness with correlated-factor models: Limitations and suggestions. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Lacey EH, Skipper-Kallal LM, Xing S, Fama ME, Turkeltaub PE. Mapping Common Aphasia Assessments to Underlying Cognitive Processes and Their Neural Substrates. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017; 31:442-450. [PMID: 28135902 DOI: 10.1177/1545968316688797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationships between clinical tests, the processes they measure, and the brain networks underlying them, is critical in order for clinicians to move beyond aphasia syndrome classification toward specification of individual language process impairments. OBJECTIVE To understand the cognitive, language, and neuroanatomical factors underlying scores of commonly used aphasia tests. METHODS Twenty-five behavioral tests were administered to a group of 38 chronic left hemisphere stroke survivors and a high-resolution magnetic resonance image was obtained. Test scores were entered into a principal components analysis to extract the latent variables (factors) measured by the tests. Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping was used to localize lesions associated with the factor scores. RESULTS The principal components analysis yielded 4 dissociable factors, which we labeled Word Finding/Fluency, Comprehension, Phonology/Working Memory Capacity, and Executive Function. While many tests loaded onto the factors in predictable ways, some relied heavily on factors not commonly associated with the tests. Lesion symptom mapping demonstrated discrete brain structures associated with each factor, including frontal, temporal, and parietal areas extending beyond the classical language network. Specific functions mapped onto brain anatomy largely in correspondence with modern neural models of language processing. CONCLUSIONS An extensive clinical aphasia assessment identifies 4 independent language functions, relying on discrete parts of the left middle cerebral artery territory. A better understanding of the processes underlying cognitive tests and the link between lesion and behavior may lead to improved aphasia diagnosis, and may yield treatments better targeted to an individual's specific pattern of deficits and preserved abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Lacey
- 1 Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,2 MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Shihui Xing
- 1 Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,3 First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Peter E Turkeltaub
- 1 Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,2 MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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18
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Pereira VH, Costa PS, Santos NC, Cunha PG, Correia-Neves M, Palha JA, Sousa N. Adult Body Height Is a Good Predictor of Different Dimensions of Cognitive Function in Aged Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:217. [PMID: 27695413 PMCID: PMC5025434 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adult height, weight, and adiposity measures have been suggested by some studies to be predictors of depression, cognitive impairment, and dementia. However, the presence of confounding factors and the lack of a thorough neuropsychological evaluation in many of these studies have precluded a definitive conclusion about the influence of anthropometric measures in cognition and depression. In this study we aimed to assess the value of height, weight, and abdominal perimeter to predict cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in aged individuals. Methods and Findings: Cross-sectional study performed between 2010 and 2012 in the Portuguese general community. A total of 1050 participants were included in the study and randomly selected from local area health authority registries. The cohort was representative of the general Portuguese population with respect to age (above 50 years of age) and gender. Cognitive function was assessed using a battery of tests grouped in two dimensions: general executive function and memory. Two-step hierarchical multiple linear regression models were conducted to determine the predictive value of anthropometric measures in cognitive performance and mood before and after correction for possible confounding factors (gender, age, school years, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits). We found single associations of weight, height, body mass index, abdominal perimeter, and age with executive function, memory and depressive symptoms. However, when included in a predictive model adjusted for gender, age, school years, and lifestyle factors only height prevailed as a significant predictor of general executive function (β = 0.139; p < 0.001) and memory (β = 0.099; p < 0.05). No relation was found between mood and any of the anthropometric measures studied. Conclusions and Relevance: Height is an independent predictor of cognitive function in late-life and its effects on the general and executive function and memory are independent of age, weight, education level, gender, and lifestyle factors. Altogether, our data suggests that modulators of adult height during childhood may irreversibly contribute to cognitive function in adult life and that height should be used in models to predict cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, (ICVS) School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrício S Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, (ICVS) School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nadine C Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, (ICVS) School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro G Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, (ICVS) School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/Guimarães, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave - EPEGuimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, (ICVS) School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, (ICVS) School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, (ICVS) School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/Guimarães, Portugal; Clinical Academic CenterBraga, Portugal
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19
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Marques P, Moreira P, Magalhães R, Costa P, Santos N, Zihl J, Soares J, Sousa N. The functional connectome of cognitive reserve. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3310-22. [PMID: 27144904 PMCID: PMC5084807 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive Reserve (CR) designates the brain's capacity to actively cope with insults through a more efficient use of its resources/networks. It was proposed in order to explain the discrepancies between the observed cognitive ability and the expected capacity for an individual. Typical proxies of CR include education and Intelligence Quotient but none totally account for the variability of CR and no study has shown if the brain's greater efficiency associated with CR can be measured. We used a validated model to estimate CR from the residual variance in memory and general executive functioning, accounting for both brain anatomical (i.e., gray matter and white matter signal abnormalities volume) and demographic variables (i.e., years of formal education and sex). Functional connectivity (FC) networks and topological properties were explored for associations with CR. Demographic characteristics, mainly accounted by years of formal education, were associated with higher FC, clustering, local efficiency and strength in parietal and occipital regions and greater network transitivity. Higher CR was associated with a greater FC, local efficiency and clustering of occipital regions, strength and centrality of the inferior temporal gyrus and higher global efficiency. Altogether, these findings suggest that education may facilitate the brain's ability to form segregated functional groups, reinforcing the view that higher education level triggers more specialized use of neural processing. Additionally, this study demonstrated for the first time that CR is associated with more efficient processing of information in the human brain and reinforces the existence of a fine balance between segregation and integration. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3310–3322, 2016.. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nadine Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Josef Zihl
- Department of Psychology, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - José Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Braga, Portugal
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20
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Moreira PS, Santos NC, Sousa N, Costa PS. The Use of Canonical Correlation Analysis to Assess the Relationship Between Executive Functioning and Verbal Memory in Older Adults. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2015; 1:2333721415602820. [PMID: 28138465 PMCID: PMC5119795 DOI: 10.1177/2333721415602820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functioning (EF), which is considered to govern complex cognition, and verbal memory (VM) are constructs assumed to be related. However, it is not known the magnitude of the association between EF and VM, and how sociodemographic and psychological factors may affect this relationship, including in normal aging. In this study, we assessed different EF and VM parameters, via a battery of neurocognitive/psychological tests, and performed a Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to explore the connection between these constructs, in a sample of middle-aged and older healthy individuals without cognitive impairment (N = 563, 50+ years of age). The analysis revealed a positive and moderate association between EF and VM independently of gender, age, education, global cognitive performance level, and mood. These results confirm that EF presents a significant association with VM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Moreira
- University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Sousa
- University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
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