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Paulino S, Petek S, Le Strat Y, Bourgougnon N, Le Blay G. Cultivable epiphytic bacteria of the Chlorophyta Ulva sp.: diversity, antibacterial, and biofilm-modulating activities. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae099. [PMID: 38702839 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Macroalgae harbor a rich epiphytic microbiota that plays a crucial role in algal morphogenesis and defense mechanisms. This study aims to isolate epiphytic cultivable microbiota from Ulva sp. surfaces. Various culture media were employed to evaluate a wide range of cultivable microbiota. Our objective was to assess the antibacterial and biofilm-modulating activities of supernatants from isolated bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-nine bacterial isolates from Ulva sp. were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Their antibacterial activity and biofilm modulation potential were screened against three target marine bacteria: 45%, mostly affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria and mainly grown on diluted R2A medium (R2Ad), showed strong antibacterial activity, while 18% had a significant impact on biofilm modulation. Molecular network analysis was carried out on four bioactive bacterial supernatants, revealing new molecules potentially responsible for their activities. CONCLUSION R2Ad offered the greatest diversity and proportion of active isolates. The molecular network approach holds promise for both identifying bacterial isolates based on their molecular production and characterizing antibacterial and biofilm-modulating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauvann Paulino
- Université Bretagne Sud, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EMR CNRS 6076, Vannes, France
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sylvain Petek
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Yoran Le Strat
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nathalie Bourgougnon
- Université Bretagne Sud, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EMR CNRS 6076, Vannes, France
| | - Gwenaelle Le Blay
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
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2
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Zhao R, Chen Z, Liang J, Dou J, Guo F, Xu Z, Wang T. Advances in Genetic Tools and Their Application in Streptococcus thermophilus. Foods 2023; 12:3119. [PMID: 37628118 PMCID: PMC10453384 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is a traditional starter. Nowadays, key aspects of S. thermophilus physiology have been revealed concerning the phenotypic traits relevant for industrial applications, including sugar metabolism, protein hydrolysis, and the production of important metabolites that affect the sensory properties of fermented foods as well as the original cooperation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Moreover, significant advances have been made in the synthetic biology toolbox of S. thermophilus based on technological advances in the genome and its sequencing and synthesis. In this review, we discuss the recently developed toolbox for S. thermophilus, including gene expression toolsets (promoters, terminators, plasmids, etc.) and genome editing tools. It can be used for both functionalized foods and therapeutic molecules for consumers. The availability of new molecular tools, including the genome editing toolbox, has facilitated the engineering of physiological studies of S. thermophilus and the generation of strains with improved technical and functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (R.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.G.); (T.W.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zouquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (R.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.G.); (T.W.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (R.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.G.); (T.W.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jiaxin Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (R.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.G.); (T.W.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Fangyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (R.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.G.); (T.W.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhenshang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (R.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.G.); (T.W.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (R.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.G.); (T.W.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
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3
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Ibarlucea-Jerez M, Canivenc-Lavier M, Beuvier E, Barbet P, Menetrier F, Neyraud E, Licandro H. Persistence of fermented food bacteria in the oral cavity of rats after one week of consumption. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Yao S, Hao L, Zhou R, Jin Y, Huang J, Wu C. Multispecies biofilms in fermentation: Biofilm formation, microbial interactions, and communication. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3346-3375. [PMID: 35762651 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Food fermentation is driven by microorganisms, which usually coexist as multispecies biofilms. The activities and interactions of functional microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria in biofilms have important implications for the quality and safety of fermented foods. It was verified that the biofilm lifestyle benefited the fitness of microorganisms in harsh environments and intensified the cooperation and competition between biofilm members. This review focuses on multispecies biofilm formation, microbial interactions and communication in biofilms, and the application of multispecies biofilms in food fermentation. Microbial aggregation and adhesion are important steps in the early stage of multispecies biofilm formation. Different biofilm-forming abilities and strategies among microorganisms lead to several types of multispecies biofilm formation. The spatial distribution of multispecies biofilms reflects microbial interactions and biofilm function. Then, we discuss the intrinsic factors and external manifestations of multispecies biofilm system succession. Several typical interspecies cooperation and competition modes and mechanisms of microbial communication were reviewed in this review. The main limitations of the studies included in this review are the relatively small number of studies of biofilms formed by functional microorganisms during fermentation and the lack of direct evidence for the formation process of multispecies biofilms and microbial interactions and communication within biofilms. This review aims to provide the food industry with a sufficient understanding of multispecies biofilms in food fermentation. Practical Application: Meanwhile, it offers a reference value for better controlling and utilizing biofilms during food fermentation process, and the improvement of the yield, quality, and safety of fermented products including Chinese Baijiu, cheeese,kefir, soy sauce, kombucha, and fermented olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Yao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Roux E, Nicolas A, Valence F, Siekaniec G, Chuat V, Nicolas J, Le Loir Y, Guédon E. The genomic basis of the Streptococcus thermophilus health-promoting properties. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:210. [PMID: 35291951 PMCID: PMC8925076 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positive bacterium widely used as starter in the dairy industry as well as in many traditional fermented products. In addition to its technological importance, it has also gained interest in recent years as beneficial bacterium due to human health-promoting functionalities. The objective of this study was to inventory the main health-promoting properties of S. thermophilus and to study their intra-species diversity at the genomic and genetic level within a collection of representative strains. Results In this study various health-related functions were analyzed at the genome level from 79 genome sequences of strains isolated over a long time period from diverse products and different geographic locations. While some functions are widely conserved among isolates (e.g., degradation of lactose, folate production) suggesting their central physiological and ecological role for the species, others including the tagatose-6-phosphate pathway involved in the catabolism of galactose, and the production of bioactive peptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid are strain-specific. Most of these strain-specific health-promoting properties seems to have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer events. The genetic basis for the phenotypic diversity between strains for some health related traits have also been investigated. For instance, substitutions in the galK promoter region correlate with the ability of some strains to catabolize galactose via the Leloir pathway. Finally, the low occurrence in S. thermophilus genomes of genes coding for biogenic amine production and antibiotic resistance is also a contributing factor to its safety status. Conclusions The natural intra-species diversity of S. thermophilus, therefore, represents an interesting source for innovation in the field of fermented products enriched for healthy components that can be exploited to improve human health. A better knowledge of the health-promoting properties and their genomic and genetic diversity within the species may facilitate the selection and application of strains for specific biotechnological and human health-promoting purpose. Moreover, by pointing out that a substantial part of its functional potential still defies us, our work opens the way to uncover additional health-related functions through the intra-species diversity exploration of S. thermophilus by comparative genomics approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08459-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Roux
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, France.,Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, Nancy, France.,Université de Rennes, INRIA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Grégoire Siekaniec
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes, INRIA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jacques Nicolas
- Université de Rennes, INRIA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
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6
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Molecular Characterization and Biofilm Formation Study of Contaminant Bacteria Isolated from Domiaty and Hungarian Cheeses in Jeddah City. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to study the microbiological quality of Domiaty and Hungarian cheeses, molecular identification and biofilm formation of some selected contaminant bacteria. Samples were collected from two M and P big markets in Jeddah City through the period from February to October 2018, nine visits for two types of natural cheese. Results showed that the total bacterial counts (CFU/ml) from Domiaty cheese from two markets (M and P) were 0.1 x 105, 8 x 105 and 1 x 10 5 CFU/ml respectively (3 visits of M market) and 4 x 106, 0.4 x 106, 6.5 x 103, 1 x 103, 0.1 x 103 and 0.1 x 103 CFU/ml respectively (six samples from 6 visits from P market). Results showed that the total bacterial counts (CFU/ml) from Hungarian cheese were 1.5 x 10 5, 1x 10 4, 11 x 10 4 and 4 x10 6 CFU/ml respectively from (4 visits of M market) and 0.18 x 104, 3 x 106, 22 x 106, 6 x 106 and 5 x 104 CFU/ml respectively (5 visits from P market).Different bacterial isolates from cheese were identified by morphology and biochemical test. Bacterial isolates from cheeses were identified by VITEK MS as follow: Serratia liquefaciens (D6-1, D6-2, D14-1, D13-1 and D13-2), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (D14-2) were isolated from Domiaty cheese while Enterococcus faecium (H11-2), Serratia liquefaciens (H15-1) and Streptococcus thermophilus (H14-1) were isolated from Hungarian cheese. Some selected bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA. Isolates were belong to MK757978 (Raoultilla terrigena (D15-1)), MK757979 (Bacillus cereus (D16-1)), MK757980 (Enterococcus faecalis (H10-2)), MK757982 (Enterococcus fiscalism (H11-1)), MK757981 (Serratia liquefactions (H13-1)), MK757984 (Anoxybacillus flavithermus (H17-1). All bacterial isolates have been tested for the formation of biofilm using a Tissue Culture Plate (TCP). Results revealed 12.5% and 46.15% of high biofilm formation respectively for bacterial isolates of Domiaty and Hungarian cheeses.
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7
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Uriot O, Kebouchi M, Lorson E, Galia W, Denis S, Chalancon S, Hafeez Z, Roux E, Genay M, Blanquet-Diot S, Dary-Mourot A. Identification of Streptococcus thermophilus Genes Specifically Expressed under Simulated Human Digestive Conditions Using R-IVET Technology. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061113. [PMID: 34064045 PMCID: PMC8224003 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising health effects, the probiotic status of Streptococcus thermophilus, a lactic acid bacterium widely used in dairy industry, requires further documentation of its physiological status during human gastrointestinal passage. This study aimed to apply recombinant-based in vivo technology (R-IVET) to identify genes triggered in a S. thermophilus LMD-9 reference strain under simulated digestive conditions. First, the R-IVET chromosomal cassette and plasmid genomic library were designed to positively select activated genes. Second, recombinant clones were introduced into complementary models mimicking the human gut, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) gastrointestinal model imitating the human stomach and small intestine, the Caco-2 TC7 cell line as a model of intestinal epithelium, and anaerobic batch cultures of human feces as a colon model. All inserts of activated clones displayed a promoter activity that differed from one digestive condition to another. Our results also showed that S. thermophilus adapted its metabolism to stressful conditions found in the gastric and colonic competitive environment and modified its surface proteins during adhesion to Caco-2 TC7 cells. Activated genes were investigated in a collection of S. thermophilus strains showing various resistance levels to gastrointestinal stresses, a first stage in the identification of gut resistance markers and a key step in probiotic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Uriot
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
- UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.D.); (S.C.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Mounira Kebouchi
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Emilie Lorson
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Wessam Galia
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
- UMR 5557 Microbial Ecology, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Sylvain Denis
- UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.D.); (S.C.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Sandrine Chalancon
- UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.D.); (S.C.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Zeeshan Hafeez
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Emeline Roux
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
- INRIA/IRISA, GenScale Bioinformatics Team, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Magali Genay
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.D.); (S.C.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Annie Dary-Mourot
- EA 7488 Calbinotox Composés Alimentaires Biofonctionnalités & Risque Neurotoxique, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (O.U.); (M.K.); (E.L.); (W.G.); (Z.H.); (E.R.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Nachtigall C, Vogel C, Rohm H, Jaros D. How Capsular Exopolysaccharides Affect Cell Surface Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1904. [PMID: 33266168 PMCID: PMC7759885 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Some lactic acid bacteria are able to produce exopolysaccharides that, based on localization, can be distinguished in free and capsular or cell-bound exopolysaccharides (CPS). Up to now, the former were the focus of current research, mainly because of the technofunctional benefits they exhibit on fermented dairy products. On the other hand, CPS affect the surface properties of bacteria cells and thus also the textural properties of fermented foods, but data are very scarce. As the cell surface properties are strongly strain dependent, we present a new approach to investigate the impact of CPS on cell surface hydrophobicity and moisture load. CPS positive and negative Streptococcus thermophilus and Weissella cibaria were subjected to ultrasonication suitable to detach CPS without cell damage. The success of the method was verified by scanning electron and light microscopy as well as by cultivation experiments. Before applying ultrasonication cells with CPS exhibiting an increased hydrophilic character, enhanced moisture load, and faster water adsorption compared to the cells after CPS removal, emphasizing the importance of CPS on the textural properties of fermented products. The ultrasonic treatment did not alter the cell surface properties of the CPS negative strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Nachtigall
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (H.R.); (D.J.)
| | - Cordula Vogel
- Institute of Soil Science and Site Ecology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Harald Rohm
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (H.R.); (D.J.)
| | - Doris Jaros
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (H.R.); (D.J.)
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9
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Novel Genus of Phages Infecting Streptococcus thermophilus: Genomic and Morphological Characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00227-20. [PMID: 32303549 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00227-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is a lactic acid bacterium commonly used for the manufacture of yogurt and specialty cheeses. Virulent phages represent a major risk for milk fermentation processes worldwide, as they can inactivate the added starter bacterial cells, leading to low-quality fermented dairy products. To date, four genetically distinct groups of phages infecting S. thermophilus have been described. Here, we describe a fifth group. Phages P738 and D4446 are virulent siphophages that infect a few industrial strains of S. thermophilus The genomes of phages P738 and D4446 were sequenced and found to contain 34,037 and 33,656 bp as well as 48 and 46 open reading frames, respectively. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that the two phages are closely related to each other but display very limited similarities to other S. thermophilus phages. In fact, these two novel S. thermophilus phages share similarities with streptococcal phages of nondairy origin, suggesting that they emerged recently in the dairy environment.IMPORTANCE Despite decades of research and adapted antiphage strategies such as CRISPR-Cas systems, virulent phages are still a persistent risk for the milk fermentation industry worldwide, as they can cause manufacturing failures and alter product quality. Phages P738 and D4446 are novel virulent phages that infect the food-grade Gram-positive bacterial species Streptococcus thermophilus These two related viruses represent a fifth group of S. thermophilus phages, as they are significantly distinct from other known S. thermophilus phages. Both phages share similarities with phages infecting nondairy streptococci, suggesting their recent emergence and probable coexistence in dairy environments. These findings highlight the necessity of phage surveillance programs as the phage population evolves in response to the application of antiphage strategies.
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10
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Whitfield GB, Marmont LS, Bundalovic-Torma C, Razvi E, Roach EJ, Khursigara CM, Parkinson J, Howell PL. Discovery and characterization of a Gram-positive Pel polysaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008281. [PMID: 32236137 PMCID: PMC7112168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the biofilm matrix components utilized by Gram-positive bacteria, and the signalling pathways that regulate their production are largely unknown. In a companion study, we developed a computational pipeline for the unbiased identification of homologous bacterial operons and applied this algorithm to the analysis of synthase-dependent exopolysaccharide biosynthetic systems. Here, we explore the finding that many species of Gram-positive bacteria have operons with similarity to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pel locus. Our characterization of the pelDEADAFG operon from Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, presented herein, demonstrates that this locus is required for biofilm formation and produces a polysaccharide structurally similar to Pel. We show that the degenerate GGDEF domain of the B. cereus PelD ortholog binds cyclic-3',5'-dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), and that this binding is required for biofilm formation. Finally, we identify a diguanylate cyclase, CdgF, and a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, CdgE, that reciprocally regulate the production of Pel. The discovery of this novel c-di-GMP regulatory circuit significantly contributes to our limited understanding of c-di-GMP signalling in Gram-positive organisms. Furthermore, conservation of the core pelDEADAFG locus amongst many species of bacilli, clostridia, streptococci, and actinobacteria suggests that Pel may be a common biofilm matrix component in many Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsey S Marmont
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cedoljub Bundalovic-Torma
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erum Razvi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elyse J Roach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang YH, Song XN, Lin Y, Xiao Q, Du XP, Chen YH, Xiao AF. Antioxidant capacity and prebiotic effects of Gracilaria neoagaro oligosaccharides prepared by agarase hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:177-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Nachtigall C, Weber C, Rothenburger S, Jaros D, Rohm H. Test parameters and cell chain length of Streptococcus thermophilus affect the microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons assay: a methodical approach. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5528314. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH) test is one of the most common method to determine the hydrophobicity of cell surfaces. Despite its prevalence, no standard test parameters are used in literature, making a direct comparison of data almost impossible. Criticism also focuses on test parameters that may mask hydrophobic interactions and hence lead to erroneous test results. We methodically investigated the impact of different MATH test parameters on the calculation of the cell surface hydrophobicity of Streptococcus thermophilus, a widespread exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacterium used in the production of fermented milk products. Besides composition and ionic strength of the buffer used for cell re-suspension, we observed a pronounced time dependency of the turbidity of the cell suspension during phase separation due to sedimentation and/or cell lysis. A new modification of the MATH assay was applied to enable the determination of cell surface hydrophobicity of long chain-forming bacteria. As the cell surface hydrophobicity was not altered during exponential growth phase, we assume that the cell surface and its capsular exopolysaccharide layer are not changed during cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Nachtigall
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carmen Weber
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Rothenburger
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Doris Jaros
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Rohm
- Chair of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Arioli S, Eraclio G, Della Scala G, Neri E, Colombo S, Scaloni A, Fortina MG, Mora D. Role of Temperate Bacteriophage ϕ20617 on Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 20617 T Autolysis and Biology. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2719. [PMID: 30473689 PMCID: PMC6237837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 20167T showed autolytic behavior when cultured in lactose- and sucrose-limited conditions. The amount of cell lysis induced was inversely related to the energetic status of the cells, as demonstrated by exposing cells to membrane-uncoupling and glycolysis inhibitors. Genome sequence analysis of strain DSM 20617T revealed the presence of a pac-type temperate bacteriophage, designated Φ20617, whose genomic organization and structure resemble those of temperate streptococcal bacteriophages. The prophage integrated at the 3'-end of the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme enolase (eno), between eno and the lipoteichoic acid synthase-encoding gene ltaS, affecting their transcription. Comparative experiments conducted on the wild-type strain and a phage-cured derivative strain revealed that the cell-wall integrity of the lysogenic strain was compromised even in the absence of detectable cell lysis. More importantly, adhesion to solid surfaces and heat resistance were significantly higher in the lysogenic strain than in the phage-cured derivative. The characterization of the phenotype of a lysogenic S. thermophilus and its phage-cured derivative is relevant to understanding the ecological constraints that drive the stable association between a temperate phage and its bacterial host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Arioli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Eraclio
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Sacco Srl, Cadorago, Italy
| | - Giulia Della Scala
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Sacco Srl, Cadorago, Italy
| | - Eros Neri
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Sacco Srl, Cadorago, Italy
| | - Stefano Colombo
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Fortina
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Mora
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Couvigny B, Kulakauskas S, Pons N, Quinquis B, Abraham AL, Meylheuc T, Delorme C, Renault P, Briandet R, Lapaque N, Guédon E. Identification of New Factors Modulating Adhesion Abilities of the Pioneer Commensal Bacterium Streptococcus salivarius. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515553 PMCID: PMC5826255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is crucial for bacterial community development and host colonization by Streptococcus salivarius, a pioneer colonizer and commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal tract. This ability to form biofilms depends on bacterial adhesion to host surfaces, and on the intercellular aggregation contributing to biofilm cohesiveness. Many S. salivarius isolates auto-aggregate, an adhesion process mediated by cell surface proteins. To gain an insight into the genetic factors of S. salivarius that dictate host adhesion and biofilm formation, we developed a screening method, based on the differential sedimentation of bacteria in semi-liquid conditions according to their auto-aggregation capacity, which allowed us to identify twelve mutations affecting this auto-aggregation phenotype. Mutations targeted genes encoding (i) extracellular components, including the CshA surface-exposed protein, the extracellular BglB glucan-binding protein, the GtfE, GtfG and GtfH glycosyltransferases and enzymes responsible for synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides (CwpB, CwpK), (ii) proteins responsible for the extracellular localization of proteins, such as structural components of the accessory SecA2Y2 system (Asp1, Asp2, SecA2) and the SrtA sortase, and (iii) the LiaR transcriptional response regulator. These mutations also influenced biofilm architecture, revealing that similar cell-to-cell interactions govern assembly of auto-aggregates and biofilm formation. We found that BglB, CshA, GtfH and LiaR were specifically associated with bacterial auto-aggregation, whereas Asp1, Asp2, CwpB, CwpK, GtfE, GtfG, SecA2 and SrtA also contributed to adhesion to host cells and host-derived components, or to interactions with the human pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum. Our study demonstrates that our screening method could also be used to identify genes implicated in the bacterial interactions of pathogens or probiotics, for which aggregation is either a virulence trait or an advantageous feature, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Couvigny
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Saulius Kulakauskas
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Pons
- MetaGenoPoliS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benoit Quinquis
- MetaGenoPoliS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Thierry Meylheuc
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRA, Plateforme MIMA2, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christine Delorme
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Renault
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Guédon
- STLO, UMR 1253, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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Impact of Cell Surface Molecules on Conjugative Transfer of the Integrative and Conjugative Element ICE St3 of Streptococcus thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02109-17. [PMID: 29247061 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02109-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are chromosomal elements that are widely distributed in bacterial genomes, hence contributing to genome plasticity, adaptation, and evolution of bacteria. Conjugation requires a contact between both the donor and the recipient cells and thus likely depends on the composition of the cell surface envelope. In this work, we investigated the impact of different cell surface molecules, including cell surface proteins, wall teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, and exopolysaccharides, on the transfer and acquisition of ICESt3 from Streptococcus thermophilus The transfer of ICESt3 from wild-type (WT) donor cells to mutated recipient cells increased 5- to 400-fold when recipient cells were affected in lipoproteins, teichoic acids, or exopolysaccharides compared to when the recipient cells were WT. These mutants displayed an increased biofilm-forming ability compared to the WT, suggesting better cell interactions that could contribute to the increase of ICESt3 acquisition. Microscopic observations of S. thermophilus cell surface mutants showed different phenotypes (aggregation in particular) that can also have an impact on conjugation. In contrast, the same mutations did not have the same impact when the donor cells, instead of recipient cells, were mutated. In that case, the transfer frequency of ICESt3 decreased compared to that with the WT. The same observation was made when both donor and recipient cells were mutated. The dominant effect of mutations in donor cells suggests that modifications of the cell envelope could impair the establishment or activity of the conjugation machinery required for DNA transport.IMPORTANCE ICEs contribute to horizontal gene transfer of adaptive traits (for example, virulence, antibiotic resistance, or biofilm formation) and play a considerable role in bacterial genome evolution, thus underlining the need of a better understanding of their conjugative mechanism of transfer. While most studies focus on the different functions encoded by ICEs, little is known about the effect of host factors on their conjugative transfer. Using ICESt3 of S. thermophilus as a model, we demonstrated the impact of lipoproteins, teichoic acids, and exopolysaccharides on ICE transfer and acquisition. This opens up new avenues to control gene transfer mediated by ICEs.
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Surface proteins involved in the adhesion of Streptococcus salivarius to human intestinal epithelial cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2851-2865. [PMID: 29442170 PMCID: PMC5847202 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion properties of 14 Streptococcus salivarius strains to mucus (HT29-MTX) and non-mucus secreting (Caco-2/TC7) human intestinal epithelial cells were investigated. Ability to adhere to these two eukaryotic cell lines greatly differs between strains. The presence of mucus played a major factor in adhesion, likely due to high adhesiveness to mucins present in the native human mucus layer covering the whole cell surface. Only one S. salivarius strain (F6-1), isolated from the feces of a healthy baby, was found to strongly adhere to HT-29 MTX cells at a level comparable to that of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a probiotic strain considered to be highly adherent. By sequencing the genome of F6-1, we were able to identify 36 genes encoding putative surface proteins. Deletion mutants were constructed for six of them and their adhesion abilities on HT-29 MTX cells were checked. Our study confirmed that four of these genes encode adhesins involved in the adhesion of S. salivarius to host cells. Such adhesins were also identified in other S. salivarius strains.
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17
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Couvigny B, Lapaque N, Rigottier-Gois L, Guillot A, Chat S, Meylheuc T, Kulakauskas S, Rohde M, Mistou MY, Renault P, Doré J, Briandet R, Serror P, Guédon E. Three glycosylated serine-rich repeat proteins play a pivotal role in adhesion and colonization of the pioneer commensal bacterium,Streptococcus salivarius. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3579-3594. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Couvigny
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Lionel Rigottier-Gois
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Alain Guillot
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Sophie Chat
- INRA, Plateforme MIMA2; Jouy-en-josas France
| | - Thierry Meylheuc
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
- INRA, Plateforme MIMA2; Jouy-en-josas France
| | - Saulius Kulakauskas
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Manfred Rohde
- HZI, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Michel-Yves Mistou
- Laboratory for Food Safety; Université Paris-Est, ANSES; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Pierre Renault
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Joel Doré
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Romain Briandet
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Pascale Serror
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Eric Guédon
- STLO, UMR1253, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest; Rennes France
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18
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Genome comparison and physiological characterization of eight Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from Italian dairy products. Food Microbiol 2017; 63:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Biofilm Formation on Stainless Steel by Streptococcus thermophilus UC8547 in Milk Environments Is Mediated by the Proteinase PrtS. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02840-16. [PMID: 28159787 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02840-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Streptococcus thermophilus, gene transfer events and loss of ancestral traits over the years contribute to its high level of adaptation to milk environments. Biofilm formation capacity, a phenotype that is lost in the majority of strains, plays a role in persistence in dairy environments, such as milk pasteurization and cheese manufacturing plants. To investigate this property, we have studied S. thermophilus UC8547, a fast-acidifying dairy starter culture selected for its high capacity to form biofilm on stainless steel under environmental conditions resembling the dairy environment. Using a dynamic flow cell apparatus, it was shown that S. thermophilus UC8547 biofilm formation on stainless steel depends on the presence of milk proteins. From this strain, which harbors the prtS gene for the cell wall protease and shows an aggregative phenotype, spontaneous mutants with impaired biofilm capacity can be isolated at high frequency. These mutants lack the PrtS expendable island, as confirmed by comparison of the genome sequence of UC8547Δ3 with that of the parent strain. The prtS island excision occurs between two 26-bp direct repeats located in the two copies of the ISSth1 flanking this genomic island. The central role of PrtS was confirmed by analyzing the derivative strain UC8547Δ16, whose prtS gene was interrupted by an insertional mutation, thereby making it incapable of biofilm formation. PrtS, acting as a binding substance between the milk proteins adhered to stainless steel and S. thermophilus cell envelopes, mediates biofilm formation in dairy environments. This feature provides S. thermophilus with an ecological benefit for its survival and persistence in this environment.IMPORTANCE The increased persistence of S. thermophilus biofilm has consequences in the dairy environment: if, on the one hand, the release of this microorganism from biofilm can promote the fermentation of artisanal cheeses, under industrial conditions it may lead to undesirable contamination of dairy products. The study of the molecular mechanism driving S. thermophilus biofilm formation provides increased knowledge on how an ancestral trait affects relevant phenotypes, such as persistence in the environment and efficiency of growth in milk. This study provides insight into the genetic factors affecting biofilm formation at dairy plants.
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20
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Fagerlund A, Langsrud S, Heir E, Mikkelsen MI, Møretrø T. Biofilm Matrix Composition Affects the Susceptibility of Food Associated Staphylococci to Cleaning and Disinfection Agents. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:856. [PMID: 27375578 PMCID: PMC4893552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are frequently isolated from food processing environments, and it has been speculated whether survival after cleaning and disinfection with benzalkonium chloride (BC)-containing disinfectants is due to biofilm formation, matrix composition, or BC efflux mechanisms. Out of 35 food associated staphylococci, eight produced biofilm in a microtiter plate assay and were identified as Staphylococcus capitis (2), S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. lentus (2), and S. saprophyticus (2). The eight biofilm producing strains were characterized using whole genome sequencing. Three of these strains contained the ica operon responsible for production of a polysaccharide matrix, and formed a biofilm which was detached upon exposure to the polysaccharide degrading enzyme Dispersin B, but not Proteinase K or trypsin. These strains were more tolerant to the lethal effect of BC both in suspension and biofilm than the remaining five biofilm producing strains. The five BC susceptible strains were characterized by lack of the ica operon, and their biofilms were detached by Proteinase K or trypsin, but not Dispersin B, indicating that proteins were major structural components of their biofilm matrix. Several novel cell wall anchored repeat domain proteins with domain structures similar to that of MSCRAMM adhesins were identified in the genomes of these strains, potentially representing novel mechanisms of ica-independent biofilm accumulation. Biofilms from all strains showed similar levels of detachment after exposure to alkaline chlorine, which is used for cleaning in the food industry. Strains with qac genes encoding BC efflux pumps could grow at higher concentrations of BC than strains without these genes, but no differences were observed at biocidal concentrations. In conclusion, the biofilm matrix of food associated staphylococci varies with respect to protein or polysaccharide nature, and this may affect the sensitivity toward a commonly used disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fagerlund
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
| | - Maria I Mikkelsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅs, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
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Kebouchi M, Galia W, Genay M, Soligot C, Lecomte X, Awussi AA, Perrin C, Roux E, Dary-Mourot A, Le Roux Y. Implication of sortase-dependent proteins of Streptococcus thermophilus in adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell lines and bile salt tolerance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3667-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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