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Nano-engineered immune cells as "guided missiles" for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021; 341:60-79. [PMID: 34785315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells can actively regulate tumors or inflammatory sites and have good biocompatibility and safety. Currently, they are one of the most promising candidates for drug delivery systems. Moreover, immune cells can significantly extend the circulation time of nanoparticles and have broad-spectrum tumor-targeting properties. This article first introduces the immune cell types most commonly used in recent years, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages, and elucidates their application in anti-tumor therapy. Next, the various ways of loading nanoparticles on immune cells that have been used in recent years are summarized and simply divided into two categories: backpacks and Trojan horses. Finally, the two "mountains" that stand in front of us when using immune cells as cell carriers, off-target problems and effective release strategies, are discussed.
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Jahromi LP, Shahbazi M, Maleki A, Azadi A, Santos HA. Chemically Engineered Immune Cell-Derived Microrobots and Biomimetic Nanoparticles: Emerging Biodiagnostic and Therapeutic Tools. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002499. [PMID: 33898169 PMCID: PMC8061401 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, considerable attention has been dedicated to the exploitation of diverse immune cells as therapeutic and/or diagnostic cell-based microrobots for hard-to-treat disorders. To date, a plethora of therapeutics based on alive immune cells, surface-engineered immune cells, immunocytes' cell membranes, leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles or exosomes, and artificial immune cells have been investigated and a few have been introduced into the market. These systems take advantage of the unique characteristics and functions of immune cells, including their presence in circulating blood and various tissues, complex crosstalk properties, high affinity to different self and foreign markers, unique potential of their on-demand navigation and activity, production of a variety of chemokines/cytokines, as well as being cytotoxic in particular conditions. Here, the latest progress in the development of engineered therapeutics and diagnostics inspired by immune cells to ameliorate cancer, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular complications, and infectious diseases is reviewed, and finally, the perspective for their clinical application is delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pourtalebi Jahromi
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
- Present address:
Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research SaarlandHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBiogenic Nanotherapeutics GroupCampus E8.1Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Mohammad‐Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC)Zanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjan45139‐56184Iran
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC)Zanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjan45139‐56184Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
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Combes F, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Immune cells as tumor drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release 2020; 327:70-87. [PMID: 32735878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the use of immune cells as potential candidates to deliver anti-cancer drugs deep within the tumor microenvironment. First, the rationale of using drug carriers to target tumors and potentially decrease drug-related side effects is discussed. We further explain some of the current limitations when using nanoparticles for this purpose. Next, a comprehensive step-by-step description of the migration cascade of immune cells is provided as well as arguments on why immune cells can be used to address some of the limitations associated with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. We then describe the benefits and drawbacks of using red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T cells and NK cells for tumor-targeted drug delivery. An additional section discusses the versatility of nanoparticles to load anti-cancer drugs into immune cells. Lastly, we propose increasing the circulatory half-life and development of conditional release strategies as the two main future pillars to improve the efficacy of immune cell-mediated drug delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Forster JC, Marcu LG, Bezak E. Approaches to combat hypoxia in cancer therapy and the potential for in silico models in their evaluation. Phys Med 2019; 64:145-156. [PMID: 31515013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The negative impact of tumour hypoxia on cancer treatment outcome has been long-known, yet there has been little success combating it. This paper investigates the potential role of in silico modelling to help test emerging hypoxia-targeting treatments in cancer therapy. METHODS A Medline search was undertaken on the current landscape of in silico models that simulate cancer therapy and evaluate their ability to test hypoxia-targeting treatments. Techniques and treatments to combat tumour hypoxia and their current challenges are also presented. RESULTS Hypoxia-targeting treatments include tumour reoxygenation, hypoxic cell radiosensitization with nitroimidazoles, hypoxia-activated prodrugs and molecular targeting. Their main challenges are toxicity and not achieving adequate delivery to hypoxic regions of the tumour. There is promising research toward combining two or more of these techniques. Different types of in silico therapy models have been developed ranging from temporal to spatial and from stochastic to deterministic models. Numerous models have compared the effectiveness of different radiotherapy fractionation schedules for controlling hypoxic tumours. Similarly, models could help identify and optimize new treatments for overcoming hypoxia that utilize novel hypoxia-targeting technology. CONCLUSION Current therapy models should attempt to incorporate more sophisticated modelling of tumour angiogenesis/vasculature and vessel perfusion in order to become more useful for testing hypoxia-targeting treatments, which typically rely upon the tumour vasculature for delivery of additional oxygen, (pro)drugs and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Forster
- SA Medical Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia; Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Loredana G Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania; Cancer Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Eva Bezak
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia; Cancer Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
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Evans MA, Huang PJ, Iwamoto Y, Ibsen KN, Chan EM, Hitomi Y, Ford PC, Mitragotri S. Macrophage-mediated delivery of light activated nitric oxide prodrugs with spatial, temporal and concentration control. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3729-3741. [PMID: 29780505 PMCID: PMC5939611 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) holds great promise as a treatment for cancer hypoxia, if its concentration and localization can be precisely controlled. Here, we report a "Trojan Horse" strategy to provide the necessary spatial, temporal, and dosage control of such drug-delivery therapies at targeted tissues. Described is a unique package consisting of (1) a manganese-nitrosyl complex, which is a photoactivated NO-releasing moiety (photoNORM), plus Nd3+-doped upconverting nanoparticles (Nd-UCNPs) incorporated into (2) biodegradable polymer microparticles that are taken up by (3) bone-marrow derived murine macrophages. Both the photoNORM [Mn(NO)dpaqNO2 ]BPh4(dpaqNO2 = 2-[N,N-bis(pyridin-2-yl-methyl)]-amino-N'-5-nitro-quinolin-8-yl-acetamido) and the Nd-UCNPs are activated by tissue-penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light at ∼800 nm. Thus, simultaneous therapeutic NO delivery and photoluminescence (PL) imaging can be achieved with a NIR diode laser source. The loaded microparticles are non-toxic to their macrophage hosts in the absence of light. The microparticle-carrying macrophages deeply penetrate into NIH-3T3/4T1 tumor spheroid models, and when the infiltrated spheroids are irradiated with NIR light, NO is released in quantifiable amounts while emission from the Nd-UCNPs provides images of microparticle location. Furthermore, varying the intensity of the NIR excitation allows photochemical control over NO release. Low doses reduce levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in the tumor cells, while high doses are cytotoxic. The use of macrophages to carry microparticles with a NIR photo-activated theranostic payload into a tumor overcomes challenges often faced with therapeutic administration of NO and offers the potential of multiple treatment strategies with a single system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 USA .
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Center for Bioengineering , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 29 Oxford St. , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA .
| | - Po-Ju Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 USA .
| | - Yuji Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Doshisha University , 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe , Kyoto 610-0394 , Japan
| | - Kelly N Ibsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Center for Bioengineering , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 USA
| | - Emory M Chan
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Yutaka Hitomi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Doshisha University , 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe , Kyoto 610-0394 , Japan
| | - Peter C Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 USA .
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Center for Bioengineering , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 29 Oxford St. , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA .
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Xie YQ, Wei L, Tang L. Immunoengineering with biomaterials for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1506. [PMID: 29333729 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently shown dramatic clinical success inducing durable response in patients of a wide variety of malignancies. Further improvement of the clinical outcome with immune related cancer treatment requests more exquisite manipulation of a patient's immune system with increased immunity against diseases while mitigating the toxicities. To meet this challenge, biomaterials applied to immunoengineering are being developed to achieve tissue- and/or cell-specific immunomodulation and thus could potentially enhance both the efficacy and safety of current cancer immunotherapies. Here, we review the recent advancement in the field of immunoengineering using biomaterials and their applications in promoting different modalities of cancer immunotherapies, with focus on cell-, antibody-, immunomodulator-, and gene-based immune related treatments and their combinations with conventional therapies. Challenges and opportunities are discussed in applying biomaterials engineering strategies in the development of future cancer immunotherapies. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Xie
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lixia Wei
- Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Li Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Intratumoral injection of thermogelling and sustained-release carboplatin-loaded hydrogel simplifies the administration and remains the synergistic effect with radiotherapy for mice gliomas. Biomaterials 2018; 151:38-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Exploiting the cancer niche: Tumor-associated macrophages and hypoxia as promising synergistic targets for nano-based therapy. J Control Release 2017; 253:82-96. [PMID: 28285930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has been widely exploited as an active participant in tumor progression. Extensive reports have defined the dual role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor development. The protumoral effect exerted by the M2 phenotype has been correlated with a negative outcome in most solid tumors. The high infiltration of immune cells in the hypoxic cores of advanced solid tumors leads to a chain reaction of stimuli that enhances the expression of protumoral genes, thrives tumor malignancy, and leads to the emergence of drug resistance. Many studies have shown therapeutic targeting systems, solely to TAMs or tumor hypoxia, however, novel therapeutics that target both features are still warranted. In the present review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in tumor development and the clinical outcome of hypoxia-targeted therapeutics, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) inhibitors and hypoxia-activated prodrugs. Furthermore, we review the state-of-the-art of macrophage-based cancer therapy. We thoroughly discuss the development of novel therapeutics that simultaneously target TAMs and tumor hypoxia. Nano-based systems have been highlighted as interesting strategies for dual modality treatments, with somewhat improved tissue extravasation. Such approach could be seen as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced solid and metastatic tumors, especially when exploiting cell-based nanotherapies. Finally, we provide an in-depth opinion on the importance of exploiting the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy, and how this could be translated to clinical practice.
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Dong X, Chu D, Wang Z. Leukocyte-mediated Delivery of Nanotherapeutics in Inflammatory and Tumor Sites. Theranostics 2017; 7:751-763. [PMID: 28255364 PMCID: PMC5327647 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become a powerful tool to potentially translate nanomedicine from bench to bedside. Nanotherapeutics are nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with drugs and possess the property of tissue targeting after surfaces of NPs are bio-functionalized. Designing smaller size of nanotherapeutics is presumed to increase tumor targeting based on the EPR (enhanced permeability and retention) effect. Since the immune systems possess a defence mechanism to fight diseases, there is an emerging concept that NPs selectively target immune cells to mediate the active delivery of drugs into sites of disease. In this review, we will focus on a key question of how nanotherapeutics specifically target immune cells and hijack them as a delivery vehicle to transport nanotherapeutics into disease tissues, thus possibly improving current therapies in inflammation, immune disorders and cancers. We will also discuss the challenges and opportunities for this new strategy of leukocyte-mediated delivery of nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA 99202
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