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Deng P, Yin R, Wang H, Chen L, Cao X, Xu X. Comparative analyses of functional traits based on metabolome and economic traits variation of Bletilla striata: Contribution of intercropping. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1147076. [PMID: 37008465 PMCID: PMC10064063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1147076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The intercropping practice has been regarded as a practical land-use selection to improve the management benefits of Bletilla striata plantations. The reports about the variety of economic and functional traits of Bletilla pseudobulb under intercropping systems were limited. The present study investigated the variation of economic and functional traits of Bletilla pseudobulb under different intercropping systems (the deep-rooted intercropping system: B. striata - Cyclocarya paliurus, CB; and the shallow-rooted intercropping system: B. striata - Phyllostachys edulis, PB). The functional traits were analyzed through non-targeted metabolomics based on GC-MS. The results indicated that the PB intercropping system significantly decreased the yield of Bletilla pseudobulb while significantly increasing the total phenol and flavonoids compared with the control (CK). However, there were no significant differences in all economic traits between CB and CK. The functional traits among CB, PB, and CK were separated and exhibited significant differences. Under different intercropping systems, B. striata may adopt different functional strategies in response to interspecific competition. The functional node metabolites (D-galactose, cellobiose, raffinose, D-fructose, maltose, and D-ribose) were up-regulated in CB, while the functional node metabolites (L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, methionine, L-lysine, serine, D-glucose, cellobiose, trehalose, maltose, D-ribose, palatinose, raffinose, xylobiose, L-rhamnose, melezitose, and maltotriose) were up-regulated in PB. The correlation between economic and functional traits depends on the degree of environmental stress. Artificial neural network models (ANNs) accurately predicted the variation in economic traits via the combination of functional node metabolites in PB. The correlation analysis of environmental factors indicated that Ns (including TN, NH4 +-, and NO3 --), SRI (solar radiation intensity), and SOC were the main factors that affected the economic traits (yield, total phenol, and total flavonoids). TN, SRI, and SOC were the main factors affecting the functional traits of the Bletilla pseudobulb. These findings strengthen our understanding of the variation of economic and functional traits of Bletilla pseudobulb under intercropping and clarify the main limiting environmental factors under B. striata intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Deng
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruoyong Yin
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Architecture & Planning, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Leiru Chen
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoniu Xu
- School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Tessler M, Neumann JS, Kamm K, Osigus HJ, Eshel G, Narechania A, Burns JA, DeSalle R, Schierwater B. Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1016357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Placozoa is an ancient phylum of extraordinarily unusual animals: miniscule, ameboid creatures that lack most fundamental animal features. Despite high genetic diversity, only recently have the second and third species been named. While prior genomic studies suffer from incomplete placozoan taxon sampling, we more than double the count with protein sequences from seven key genomes and produce the first nuclear phylogenomic reconstruction of all major placozoan lineages. This leads us to the first complete Linnaean taxonomic classification of Placozoa, over a century after its discovery: This may be the only time in the 21st century when an entire higher taxonomy for a whole animal phylum is formalized. Our classification establishes 2 new classes, 4 new orders, 3 new families, 1 new genus, and 1 new species, namely classes Polyplacotomia and Uniplacotomia; orders Polyplacotomea, Trichoplacea, Cladhexea, and Hoilungea; families Polyplacotomidae, Cladtertiidae, and Hoilungidae; and genus Cladtertia with species Cladtertia collaboinventa, nov. Our likelihood and gene content tree topologies refine the relationships determined in previous studies. Adding morphological data into our phylogenomic matrices suggests sponges (Porifera) as the sister to other animals, indicating that modest data addition shifts this node away from comb jellies (Ctenophora). Furthermore, by adding the first genomic protein data of the exceptionally distinct and branching Polyplacotoma mediterranea, we solidify its position as sister to all other placozoans; a divergence we estimate to be over 400 million years old. Yet even this deep split sits on a long branch to other animals, suggesting a bottleneck event followed by diversification. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate large shifts in gene content within Placozoa, with Hoilungia hongkongensis and its closest relatives having the most unique genetics.
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A critique on the theory of homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Schierwater B, Osigus HJ, Bergmann T, Blackstone NW, Hadrys H, Hauslage J, Humbert PO, Kamm K, Kvansakul M, Wysocki K, DeSalle R. The enigmatic Placozoa part 1: Exploring evolutionary controversies and poor ecological knowledge. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100080. [PMID: 34472126 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens is a tiny hairy plate and more simply organized than any other living metazoan. After its original description by F.E. Schulze in 1883, it attracted attention as a potential model for the ancestral state of metazoan organization, the "Urmetazoon". Trichoplax lacks any kind of symmetry, organs, nerve cells, muscle cells, basal lamina, and extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the placozoan genome is the smallest (not secondarily reduced) genome of all metazoan genomes. It harbors a remarkably rich diversity of genes and has been considered the best living surrogate for a metazoan ancestor genome. The phylum Placozoa presently harbors three formally described species, while several dozen "cryptic" species are yet awaiting their description. The phylogenetic position of placozoans has recently become a contested arena for modern phylogenetic analyses and view-driven claims. Trichoplax offers unique prospects for understanding the minimal requirements of metazoan animal organization and their corresponding malfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Neil W Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Heike Hadrys
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kai Kamm
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kathrin Wysocki
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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Kamm K, Osigus HJ, Stadler PF, DeSalle R, Schierwater B. Genome analyses of a placozoan rickettsial endosymbiont show a combination of mutualistic and parasitic traits. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17561. [PMID: 31772223 PMCID: PMC6879607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54037-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships between eukaryotic hosts and bacteria range from parasitism to mutualism and may deeply influence both partners' fitness. The presence of intracellular bacteria in the metazoan phylum Placozoa has been reported several times, but without any knowledge about the nature of this relationship and possible implications for the placozoan holobiont. This information may be of crucial significance since little is known about placozoan ecology and how different species adapt to different environmental conditions, despite being almost invariable at the morphological level. We here report on the novel genome of the rickettsial endosymbiont of Trichoplax sp. H2 (strain "Panama"). The combination of eliminated and retained metabolic pathways of the bacterium indicates a potential for a mutualistic as well as for a parasitic relationship, whose outcome could depend on the environmental context. In particular we show that the endosymbiont is dependent on the host for growth and reproduction and that the latter could benefit from a supply with essential amino acids and important cofactors. These findings call for further studies to clarify the actual benefit for the placozoan host and to investigate a possible role of the endosymbiont for ecological separation between placozoan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kamm
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Animal Ecology, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Animal Ecology, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Animal Ecology, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.
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Miyazawa H, Nakano H. Multiple surveys employing a new sample-processing protocol reveal the genetic diversity of placozoans in Japan. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2407-2417. [PMID: 29531663 PMCID: PMC5838039 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Placozoans, flat free-living marine invertebrates, possess an extremely simple bauplan lacking neurons and muscle cells and represent one of the earliest-branching metazoan phyla. They are widely distributed from temperate to tropical oceans. Based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences, 19 haplotypes forming seven distinct clades have been reported in placozoans to date. In Japan, placozoans have been found at nine locations, but 16S genotyping has been performed at only two of these locations. Here, we propose a new processing protocol, "ethanol-treated substrate sampling," for collecting placozoans from natural environments. We also report the collection of placozoans from three new locations, the islands of Shikine-jima, Chichi-jima, and Haha-jima, and we present the distribution of the 16S haplotypes of placozoans in Japan. Multiple surveys conducted at multiple locations yielded five haplotypes that were not reported previously, revealing high genetic diversity in Japan, especially at Shimoda and Shikine-jima Island. The observed geographic distribution patterns were different among haplotypes; some were widely distributed, while others were sampled only from a single location. However, samplings conducted on different dates at the same sites yielded different haplotypes, suggesting that placozoans of a given haplotype do not inhabit the same site constantly throughout the year. Continued sampling efforts conducted during all seasons at multiple locations worldwide and the development of molecular markers within the haplotypes are needed to reveal the geographic distribution pattern and dispersal history of placozoans in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Miyazawa
- Shimoda Marine Research CenterUniversity of TsukubaShimodaShizuokaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Nakano
- Shimoda Marine Research CenterUniversity of TsukubaShimodaShizuokaJapan
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Novotný JP, Chughtai AA, Kostrouchová M, Kostrouchová V, Kostrouch D, Kaššák F, Kaňa R, Schierwater B, Kostrouchová M, Kostrouch Z. Trichoplax adhaerens reveals a network of nuclear receptors sensitive to 9- cis-retinoic acid at the base of metazoan evolution. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3789. [PMID: 28975052 PMCID: PMC5624297 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens, the only known species of Placozoa is likely to be closely related to an early metazoan that preceded branching of Cnidaria and Bilateria. This animal species is surprisingly well adapted to free life in the World Ocean inhabiting tidal costal zones of oceans and seas with warm to moderate temperatures and shallow waters. The genome of T. adhaerens (sp. Grell) includes four nuclear receptors, namely orthologue of RXR (NR2B), HNF4 (NR2A), COUP-TF (NR2F) and ERR (NR3B) that show a high degree of similarity with human orthologues. In the case of RXR, the sequence identity to human RXR alpha reaches 81% in the DNA binding domain and 70% in the ligand binding domain. We show that T. adhaerens RXR (TaRXR) binds 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) with high affinity, as well as high specificity and that exposure of T. adhaerens to 9-cis-RA regulates the expression of the putative T. adhaerens orthologue of vertebrate L-malate-NADP+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.40) which in vertebrates is regulated by a heterodimer of RXR and thyroid hormone receptor. Treatment by 9-cis-RA alters the relative expression profile of T. adhaerens nuclear receptors, suggesting the existence of natural ligands. Keeping with this, algal food composition has a profound effect on T. adhaerens growth and appearance. We show that nanomolar concentrations of 9-cis-RA interfere with T. adhaerens growth response to specific algal food and causes growth arrest. Our results uncover an endocrine-like network of nuclear receptors sensitive to 9-cis-RA in T. adhaerens and support the existence of a ligand-sensitive network of nuclear receptors at the base of metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Novotný
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Medicine V., University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ali Chughtai
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kostrouchová
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - David Kostrouch
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kaššák
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Kaňa
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- Institute for Animal Ecology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Marta Kostrouchová
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kostrouch
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
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Schleicherová D, Dulias K, Osigus HJ, Paknia O, Hadrys H, Schierwater B. The most primitive metazoan animals, the placozoans, show high sensitivity to increasing ocean temperatures and acidities. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:895-904. [PMID: 28168026 PMCID: PMC5288258 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) leads to rising temperatures and acidification in the oceans, which directly or indirectly affects all marine organisms, from bacteria to animals. We here ask whether the simplest-and possibly also the oldest-metazoan animals, the placozoans, are particularly sensitive to ocean warming and acidification. Placozoans are found in all warm and temperate oceans and are soft-bodied, microscopic invertebrates lacking any calcified structures, organs, or symmetry. We here show that placozoans respond highly sensitive to temperature and acidity stress. The data reveal differential responses in different placozoan lineages and encourage efforts to develop placozoans as a potential biomarker system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Dulias
- ITZ, Ecology and EvolutionTiHo Hannover Hannover Germany; Present address: Department of Biological Sciences School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield UK
| | | | - Omid Paknia
- ITZ, Ecology and Evolution TiHo Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Heike Hadrys
- ITZ, Ecology and Evolution TiHo Hannover Hannover Germany
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