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da Silva EM, Yariwake VY, Alves RW, de Araujo DR, Andrade-Oliveira V. Crosstalk between incretin hormones, Th17 and Treg cells in inflammatory diseases. Peptides 2022; 155:170834. [PMID: 35753504 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells constantly crosstalk with the gut microbiota and immune cells of the gut lamina propria. Enteroendocrine cells, secrete hormones, such as incretin hormones, which participate in host physiological events, such as stimulating insulin secretion, satiety, and glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, evidence suggests that the incretin pathway may influence immune cell activation. Consequently, drugs targeting the incretin hormone signaling pathway may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss how these hormones may modulate two subsets of CD4 + T cells, the regulatory T cells (Treg)/Th17 axis important for gut homeostasis: thus, preventing the development and progression of inflammatory diseases. We also summarize the main experimental and clinical findings using drugs targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) signaling pathways and their great impact on conditions in which the Treg/Th17 axis is disturbed such as inflammatory diseases and cancer. Understanding the role of incretin stimulation in immune cell activation and function, might contribute to new therapeutic designs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity, and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Yuji Yariwake
- Department of Immunology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Renan Willian Alves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; Department of Immunology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Brazil.
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2
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Pinheiro MM, Pinheiro FMM, Diniz SN, Fabbri A, Infante M. Combination of vitamin D and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (VIDPP-4i) as an immunomodulation therapy for autoimmune diabetes. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107518. [PMID: 33756226 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) represent the most common types of autoimmune diabetes and are characterized by different age of onset, degrees of immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells and rates of disease progression towards insulin dependence. Several immunotherapies aimed to counteract autoimmune responses against beta cells and preserve beta-cell function are currently being investigated, particularly in T1D. Preliminary findings suggest a potential role of combination therapy with vitamin D and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (VIDPP-4i) in preserving beta-cell function in autoimmune diabetes. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D and DPP-4 inhibitors, as well as the rationale for investigation of their combined use as an immunomodulation therapy for autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Maia Pinheiro
- UNIVAG, University Center, Dom Orlando Chaves Ave, 2655 - Cristo Rei, Várzea Grande, 78118-000 Mato Grosso, Brazil; Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo - SP, 3305, Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães Ave., Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Moura Maia Pinheiro
- Hospital de Base, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto FAMERP - SP, 5546, Brigadeiro Faria Lima Ave, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, 15015-500 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susana Nogueira Diniz
- Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo - SP, 3305, Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães Ave., Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via San Nemesio 21, 00145 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Infante
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via San Nemesio 21, 00145 Rome, Italy; UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro, 8, 00131 Rome, Italy; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Via San Nemesio 21, 00145 Rome, Italy.
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3
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Davanso MR, Caliari-Oliveira C, Couri CEB, Covas DT, de Oliveira Leal AM, Voltarelli JC, Malmegrim KCR, Yaochite JNU. DPP-4 Inhibition Leads to Decreased Pancreatic Inflammatory Profile and Increased Frequency of Regulatory T Cells in Experimental Type 1 Diabetes. Inflammation 2019; 42:449-462. [PMID: 30707388 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-00954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (iDPP-4), which has been used for type 2 diabetes treatment. Recently, iDPP-4 has been described as a promising treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) but is still necessary to evaluate immune effects of sitagliptin. C57BL/6 mice were induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Diabetes incidence, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) serum levels, and inflammatory cytokine levels were quantified in pancreas homogenate after 30 and 90 days of treatment. In addition, frequencies of inflammatory and regulatory T cell subsets were determined in the spleen and in the pancreatic lymph nodes. iDPP-4 decreased blood glucose level while increased GLP-1 and insulin levels. After long-term treatment, treated diabetic mice presented decreased frequency of CD4+CD26+ T cells and increased percentage of CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ T cells in the spleen. Besides, pancreatic lymph nodes from diabetic mice treated with iDPP-4 presented lower percentage of CD11b+ cells and decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the pancreas. Treatment of type 1 diabetic mice with iDPP-4 improved metabolic control, decreased inflammatory profile in the pancreatic microenvironment, and increased systemic regulatory T cell frequency. Therefore, we suggest the long-term use of sitagliptin as a feasible and effective therapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rodrigues Davanso
- Centro de Terapia Celular, Centro Regional de Hemoterapia do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo 2501, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Caliari-Oliveira
- In Situ Cell Therapy, Supera Innovation Technology Park, Av. Dra. Nadir Aguiar, 1805, prédio 2, sala 313, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14056-680, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Barra Couri
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Centro de Terapia Celular, Centro Regional de Hemoterapia do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo 2501, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.,Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Angela Merice de Oliveira Leal
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Voltarelli
- Centro de Terapia Celular, Centro Regional de Hemoterapia do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo 2501, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.,Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Kelen Cristina Ribeiro Malmegrim
- Centro de Terapia Celular, Centro Regional de Hemoterapia do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo 2501, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana Navarro Ueda Yaochite
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Alexandre Baraúna, 949, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-160, Brazil
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4
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Zhao Y. CD26 in autoimmune diseases: The other side of "moonlight protein". Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105757. [PMID: 31357088 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease, which has enzymatic activity to selectively clean the N-terminal dipeptide of peptides and proteins with proline or alanine in the second position. DPP-4 inhibitor has been widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by increasing the level of the glucagon-like peptide-1 and decreasing the glucose level. DPP-4, also known as lymphocyte cell surface protein CD26, plays a core role of T cell immunity. Many roles of CD26 in other immune cells have been found. As a "moonlight protein", the effect of CD26 in autoimmune diseases has attracted more and more attention. The paper reviewed the function and potential effect of CD26 in autoimmune diseases, which shows CD26 may be a new target of autoimmune diseases deserved further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, The East Chang-Gang Road, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Wang X, Zheng P, Huang G, Yang L, Zhou Z. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) inhibitors: promising new agents for autoimmune diabetes. Clin Exp Med 2018; 18:473-480. [PMID: 30022375 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-0519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors constitute a novel class of anti-diabetic agents confirmed to improve glycemic control and preserve β-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Three major large-scale studies, EXAMINE, SAVOR-TIMI 53, and TECOS, have confirmed the cardiovascular safety profile of DPP-4 inhibitors. Based on these results, DPP-4 inhibitors have gained widespread use in type 2 diabetes treatment. It is currently unknown, however, whether DPP-4 inhibitors have similar therapeutic efficacy against autoimmune diabetes. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have addressed this issue, but the results remain controversial. In this review, we summarize experimental findings and preliminary clinical trial results, and identify potentially effective immune modulation targets of DPP-4 inhibitors for autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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6
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Pinheiro MM, Pinheiro FMM, Trabachin ML. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) combined with vitamin D3: An exploration to treat new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in the future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 57:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Awata T, Shimada A, Maruyama T, Oikawa Y, Yasukawa N, Kurihara S, Miyashita Y, Hatano M, Ikegami Y, Matsuda M, Niwa M, Kazama Y, Tanaka S, Kobayashi T. Possible Long-Term Efficacy of Sitagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, for Slowly Progressive Type 1 Diabetes (SPIDDM) in the Stage of Non-Insulin-Dependency: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial (SPAN-S). Diabetes Ther 2017; 8:1123-1134. [PMID: 28929327 PMCID: PMC5630555 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-017-0299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the hypothesis that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are effective in preserving the β-cell function for long-term periods in patients with slowly progressive type 1 diabetes (SPIDDM) or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). METHODS In the present open-label, randomized, controlled trial, 14 non-insulin-requiring diabetic patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADAb) were randomly assigned to receive either sitagliptin (S group) or pioglitazone (P group). As a historical control, the Tokyo Study, in which non-insulin-dependent patients with SPIDDM were assigned to receive treatment by either insulin or sulfonylurea (SU), was used. RESULTS On average, the ∑C-peptide values during the oral glucose tolerance test through the follow-up periods showed a nonsignificant increase in the S group (n = 6, n = 5 at 48 months) compared to the P group (n = 5, n = 2 at 48 months). In comparison to the data in the Tokyo Study, treatment by sitagliptin significantly influenced the longitudinal changes in the ∑C-peptide values with a more increased direction than insulin or SU, especially in patients with 48 months of follow-up (p = 0.014 and p = 0.007, respectively). Although the titers of GADAb were not significantly different between the S and P groups during the study, the change ratio of the GADAb titers from baseline was significantly inversely correlated with the change ratio of the ∑C-peptide values from baseline in the S group (p = 0.003); in particular, when the GADAb titers decreased from baseline, the ∑C-peptide values frequently increased. CONCLUSION The present pilot trial suggests that treatment of SPIDDM/LADA by sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, may be more effective in preserving the β-cell function than insulin treatment for at least 4 years, possibly through the immune modulatory effects of DPP-4 inhibitors. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Japanese Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000003693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Awata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Iguchi, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taro Maruyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Social Insurance Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yasukawa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Iguchi, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Susumu Kurihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyashita
- Division of RI Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masako Hatano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikegami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Julián MT, Alonso N, Colobran R, Sánchez A, Miñarro A, Pujol-Autonell I, Carrascal J, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Ampudia RM, Vives-Pi M, Puig-Domingo M. CD26/DPPIV inhibition alters the expression of immune response-related genes in the thymi of NOD mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:101-12. [PMID: 26911933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane glycoprotein CD26 or dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) is a multifunctional protein. In immune system, CD26 plays a role in T-cell function and is also involved in thymic maturation and emigration patterns. In preclinical studies, treatment with DPPIV inhibitors reduces insulitis and delays or even reverses the new -onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the specific mechanisms involved in these effects remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate how DPPIV inhibition modifies the expression of genes in the thymus of NOD mice by microarray analysis. Changes in the gene expression of β-cell autoantigens and Aire in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) were also evaluated by using qRT-PCR. A DPPIV inhibitor, MK626, was orally administered in the diet for 4 and 6 weeks starting at 6-8 weeks of age. Thymic glands from treated and control mice were obtained for each study checkpoint. Thymus transcriptome analysis revealed that 58 genes were significantly over-expressed in MK626-treated mice after 6 weeks of treatment. Changes in gene expression in the thymus were confined mainly to the immune system, including innate immunity, chemotaxis, antigen presentation and immunoregulation. Most of the genes are implicated in central tolerance mechanisms through several pathways. No differences were observed in the expression of Aire and β-cell autoantigens in TECs. In the current study, we demonstrate that treatment with the DPPIV inhibitor MK626 in NOD mice alters the expression of the immune response-related genes in the thymus, especially those related to immunological central tolerance, and may contribute to the prevention of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Julián
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute and Hospital, 08916, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute and Hospital, 08916, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Colobran
- Immunology Division, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sánchez
- Statistics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Miñarro
- Statistics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Ampudia
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute and Hospital, 08916, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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