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Somsuan K, Aluksanasuwan S. Bioinformatic analyses reveal the prognostic significance and potential role of ankyrin 3 (ANK3) in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e22. [PMID: 37423640 PMCID: PMC10326534 DOI: 10.5808/gi.23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is one of the most aggressive cancer type of the urinary system. Metastatic KIRC patients have poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Ankyrin 3 (ANK3) is a scaffold protein that plays important roles in maintaining physiological function of the kidney and its alteration is implicated in many cancers. In this study, we investigated differential expression of ANK3 in KIRC using GEPIA2, UALCAN, and HPA databases. Survival analysis was performed by GEPIA2, Kaplan-Meier plotter, and OSkirc databases. Genetic alterations of ANK3 in KIRC were assessed using cBioPortal database. Interaction network and functional enrichment analyses of ANK3-correlated genes in KIRC were performed using GeneMANIA and Shiny GO, respectively. Finally, the TIMER2.0 database was used to assess correlation between ANK3 expression and immune infiltration in KIRC. We found that ANK3 expression was significantly decreased in KIRC compared to normal tissues. The KIRC patients with low ANK3 expression had poorer survival outcomes than those with high ANK3 expression. ANK3 mutations were found in 2.4% of KIRC patients and were frequently co-mutated with several genes with a prognostic significance. ANK3-correlated genes were significantly enriched in various biological processes, mainly involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, in which positive correlations of ANK3 with PPARA and PPARG expressions were confirmed. Expression of ANK3 in KIRC was significantly correlated with infiltration level of B cell, CD8+ T cell, macrophage, and neutrophil. These findings suggested that ANK3 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and promising therapeutic target for KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerakarn Somsuan
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Siripat Aluksanasuwan
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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2
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Stevens SR, Rasband MN. Pleiotropic Ankyrins: Scaffolds for Ion Channels and Transporters. Channels (Austin) 2022; 16:216-229. [PMID: 36082411 PMCID: PMC9467607 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2022.2120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ankyrin proteins (Ankyrin-R, Ankyrin-B, and Ankyrin-G) are a family of scaffolding, or membrane adaptor proteins necessary for the regulation and targeting of several types of ion channels and membrane transporters throughout the body. These include voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels in the nervous system, heart, lungs, and muscle. At these sites, ankyrins recruit ion channels, and other membrane proteins, to specific subcellular domains, which are then stabilized through ankyrin's interaction with the submembranous spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Several recent studies have expanded our understanding of both ankyrin expression and their ion channel binding partners. This review provides an updated overview of ankyrin proteins and their known channel and transporter interactions. We further discuss several potential avenues of future research that would expand our understanding of these important organizational proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Stevens
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew N. Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT Matthew N. Rasband Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX77030, USA
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Erichsen L, Thimm C, Bohndorf M, Rahman MS, Wruck W, Adjaye J. Activation of the Renin–Angiotensin System Disrupts the Cytoskeletal Architecture of Human Urine-Derived Podocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071095. [PMID: 35406662 PMCID: PMC8997628 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is one of the major public health problems that causes severe disorders in several tissues including the human kidney. One of the most important signaling pathways associated with the regulation of blood pressure is the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), with its main mediator angiotensin II (ANGII). Elevated levels of circulating and intracellular ANGII and aldosterone lead to pro-fibrotic, -inflammatory, and -hypertrophic milieu that causes remodeling and dysfunction in cardiovascular and renal tissues. Furthermore, ANGII has been recognized as a major risk factor for the induction of apoptosis in podocytes, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the past, disease modeling of kidney-associated diseases was extremely difficult, as the derivation of kidney originated cells is very challenging. Here we describe a differentiation protocol for reproducible differentiation of sine oculis homeobox homolog 2 (SIX2)-positive urine-derived renal progenitor cells (UdRPCs) into podocytes bearing typical cellular processes. The UdRPCs-derived podocytes show the activation of the renin–angiotensin system by being responsive to ANGII stimulation. Our data reveal the ANGII-dependent downregulation of nephrin (NPHS1) and synaptopodin (SYNPO), resulting in the disruption of the podocyte cytoskeletal architecture, as shown by immunofluorescence-based detection of α-Actinin. Furthermore, we show that the cytoskeletal disruption is mainly mediated through angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) signaling and can be rescued by AGTR1 inhibition with the selective, competitive angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist, losartan. In the present manuscript we confirm and propose UdRPCs differentiated to podocytes as a unique cell type useful for studying nephrogenesis and associated diseases. Furthermore, the responsiveness of UdRPCs-derived podocytes to ANGII implies potential applications in nephrotoxicity studies and drug screening.
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Mylvaganam S, Riedl M, Vega A, Collins RF, Jaqaman K, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. Stabilization of Endothelial Receptor Arrays by a Polarized Spectrin Cytoskeleton Facilitates Rolling and Adhesion of Leukocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107798. [PMID: 32579925 PMCID: PMC7548125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivalent complexes of endothelial adhesion receptors (e.g., selectins) engage leukocytes to orchestrate their migration to inflamed tissues. Proper anchorage and sufficient density (clustering) of endothelial receptors are required for efficient leukocyte capture and rolling. We demonstrate that a polarized spectrin network dictates the stability of the endothelial cytoskeleton, which is attached to the apical membrane, at least in part, by the abundant transmembrane protein CD44. Single-particle tracking revealed that CD44 undergoes prolonged periods of immobilization as it tethers to the cytoskeleton. The CD44-spectrin "picket fence" alters the behavior of bystander molecules-notably, selectins-curtailing their mobility, inducing their apical accumulation, and favoring their clustering within caveolae. Accordingly, depletion of either spectrin or CD44 virtually eliminated leukocyte rolling and adhesion to the endothelium. Our results indicate that a unique spectrin-based apical cytoskeleton tethered to transmembrane pickets-notably, CD44-is essential for proper extravasation of leukocytes in response to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Magdalena Riedl
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Anthony Vega
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Richard F Collins
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Debarba JA, Sehabiague MPC, Monteiro KM, Gerber AL, Vasconcelos ATR, Ferreira HB, Zaha A. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Early Strobilar Development of Echinococcus granulosus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E465. [PMID: 32545493 PMCID: PMC7350322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus has a complex life cycle involving two mammalian hosts. The transition from one host to another is accompanied by changes in gene expression, and the transcriptional events that underlie this transition have not yet been fully characterized. In this study, RNA-seq was used to compare the transcription profiles of samples from E. granulosus protoscoleces induced in vitro to strobilar development at three time points. We identified 818 differentially expressed genes, which were divided into eight expression clusters formed over the entire 24 h period. An enrichment of gene transcripts with molecular functions of signal transduction, enzymes, and protein modifications was observed upon induction and developmental progression. This transcriptomic study provides insights for understanding the complex life cycle of E. granulosus and contributes for searching for the key genes correlating with the strobilar development, which can be used to identify potential candidates for the development of anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Antonio Debarba
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.); (M.P.C.S.); (K.M.M.); (H.B.F.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Martín Pablo Cancela Sehabiague
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.); (M.P.C.S.); (K.M.M.); (H.B.F.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.); (M.P.C.S.); (K.M.M.); (H.B.F.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro 25651-075, Brazil; (A.L.G.); (A.T.R.V.)
| | | | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.); (M.P.C.S.); (K.M.M.); (H.B.F.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.); (M.P.C.S.); (K.M.M.); (H.B.F.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Goodenough U, Roth R, Kariyawasam T, He A, Lee JH. Epiplasts: Membrane Skeletons and Epiplastin Proteins in Euglenids, Glaucophytes, Cryptophytes, Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, and Apicomplexans. mBio 2018; 9:e02020-18. [PMID: 30377285 PMCID: PMC6212826 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals and amoebae assemble actin/spectrin-based plasma membrane skeletons, forming what is often called the cell cortex, whereas euglenids and alveolates (ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans) have been shown to assemble a thin, viscoelastic, actin/spectrin-free membrane skeleton, here called the epiplast. Epiplasts include a class of proteins, here called the epiplastins, with a head/medial/tail domain organization, whose medial domains have been characterized in previous studies by their low-complexity amino acid composition. We have identified two additional features of the medial domains: a strong enrichment of acid/base amino acid dyads and a predicted β-strand/random coil secondary structure. These features have served to identify members in two additional unicellular eukaryotic radiations-the glaucophytes and cryptophytes-as well as additional members in the alveolates and euglenids. We have analyzed the amino acid composition and domain structure of 219 epiplastin sequences and have used quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy to visualize the epiplasts of glaucophytes and cryptophytes. We define epiplastins as proteins encoded in organisms that assemble epiplasts, but epiplastin-like proteins, of unknown function, are also encoded in Insecta, Basidiomycetes, and Caulobacter genomes. We discuss the diverse cellular traits that are supported by epiplasts and propose evolutionary scenarios that are consonant with their distribution in extant eukaryotes.IMPORTANCE Membrane skeletons associate with the inner surface of the plasma membrane to provide support for the fragile lipid bilayer and an elastic framework for the cell itself. Several radiations, including animals, organize such skeletons using actin/spectrin proteins, but four major radiations of eukaryotic unicellular organisms, including disease-causing parasites such as Plasmodium, have been known to construct an alternative and essential skeleton (the epiplast) using a class of proteins that we term epiplastins. We have identified epiplastins in two additional radiations and present images of their epiplasts using electron microscopy. We analyze the sequences and secondary structure of 219 epiplastins and present an in-depth overview and analysis of their known and posited roles in cellular organization and parasite infection. An understanding of epiplast assembly may suggest therapeutic approaches to combat infectious agents such as Plasmodium as well as approaches to the engineering of useful viscoelastic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Goodenough
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn Roth
- Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thamali Kariyawasam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amelia He
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wirshing ACE, Cram EJ. Spectrin regulates cell contractility through production and maintenance of actin bundles in the Caenorhabditis elegans spermatheca. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2433-2449. [PMID: 30091661 PMCID: PMC6233056 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption to the contractility of cells, including smooth muscle cells of the cardiovascular system and myoepithelial cells of the glandular epithelium, contributes to the pathophysiology of contractile tissue diseases, including asthma, hypertension, and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Cell contractility is determined by myosin activity and actomyosin network organization and is mediated by hundreds of protein-protein interactions, many directly involving actin. Here we use a candidate RNA interference screen of more than 100 Caenorhabditis elegans genes with predicted actin-binding and regulatory domains to identify genes that contribute to the contractility of the somatic gonad. We identify the spectrin cytoskeleton composed of SPC-1/α-spectrin, UNC-70/β-spectrin, and SMA-1/β heavy-spectrin as required for contractility and actin organization in the myoepithelial cells of the C. elegans spermatheca. We use imaging of fixed and live animals as well as tissue- and developmental-stage-specific disruption of the spectrin cytoskeleton to show that spectrin regulates the production of prominent central actin bundles and is required for maintenance of central actin bundles throughout successive rounds of stretch and contraction. We conclude that the spectrin cytoskeleton contributes to spermathecal contractility by promoting maintenance of the robust actomyosin bundles that drive contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin J Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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Klemens CA, Edinger RS, Kightlinger L, Liu X, Butterworth MB. Ankyrin G Expression Regulates Apical Delivery of the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC). J Biol Chem 2016; 292:375-385. [PMID: 27895120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is the limiting entry point for Na+ reabsorption in the distal kidney nephron and is regulated by numerous hormones, including the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone. Previously we identified ankyrin G (AnkG), a cytoskeletal protein involved in vesicular transport, as a novel aldosterone-induced protein that can alter Na+ transport in mouse cortical collecting duct cells. However, the mechanisms underlying AnkG regulation of Na+ transport were unknown. Here we report that AnkG expression directly regulates Na+ transport by altering ENaC activity in the apical membrane. Increasing AnkG expression increased ENaC activity while depleting AnkG reduced ENaC-mediated Na+ transport. These changes were due to a change in ENaC directly rather than through alterations to the Na+ driving force created by Na+/K+-ATPase. Using a constitutively open mutant of ENaC, we demonstrate that the augmentation of Na+ transport is caused predominantly by increasing the number of ENaCs at the surface. To determine the mechanism of AnkG action on ENaC surface number, changes in rates of internalization, recycling, and membrane delivery were investigated. AnkG did not alter ENaC delivery to the membrane from biosynthetic pathways or removal by endocytosis. However, AnkG did alter ENaC insertion from constitutive recycling pathways. These findings provide a mechanism to account for the role of AnkG in the regulation of Na+ transport in the distal kidney nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Klemens
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Robert S Edinger
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Lindsay Kightlinger
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Michael B Butterworth
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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