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Kabacinski J, Murawa M, Wojtkowiak T, Mackala K, Dworak LB. Variability of unilateral and bilateral isometric muscle strength of lower extremities extensors in young females and males. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:7. [PMID: 38167177 PMCID: PMC10763061 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The muscle strength of the lower extremity extensors can be evaluated in the closed kinetic chain (CKC) during unilateral or bilateral conditions. Factors such as the mass and length of the muscle, joint angle, type of contraction, and gender influence the magnitude of the muscle strength. The aim of this study was to compare the isometric strength of lower extremity extensors between the different knee extension angles (KEs) as well as between bilateral and unilateral conditions. METHODS Nineteen female students (age: 20.2 ± 0.6 years) and nineteen male students (age: 20.3 ± 0.7 years) participated in the study. The muscle strength was evaluated in CKC using the strain gauge dynamometer. The analysis included values of the maximum muscle strength normalized to body mass (MS/BM) for the six KEs of 80°, 70°, 60°, 50°, 40° and 30°. RESULTS A significant main effect in the MS/BM values for the angle factor (p < 0.001) and condition factor (p < 0.001) was found. Moreover, there was a non-significant interaction effect between the angle factor and gender factor (p = 0.476) as well as between the condition factor and gender factor (p = 0.770). Comparisons showed significant differences in the MS/BM values between the six KEs (p < 0.001). Furthermore, significantly lower MS/BM values for bilateral conditions than unilateral conditions at the 30° KE were observed (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The decrease in KE by 10° significantly increased the muscle strength of the lower extremity extensors. Gender did not affect the change in MS/BM values with the change in KE and conditions. Findings also revealed significant bilateral deficit, i.e., significantly a lower summed muscle strength during bilateral conditions than unilateral conditions. The study emphasized the importance of selecting the 30° KE as the optimal angle to assess the maximum strength developed in CKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Kabacinski
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Michal Murawa
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Wojtkowiak
- Department of Dance and Gymnastics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Mackala
- Department of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lechoslaw B Dworak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Calisia University - Kalisz, Kalisz, Poland
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González-Ramírez A, Torres C, Magallanes C, Fábrica CG. Bilateral index, power, force, and velocity during bench press with different loads in male handball players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1130914. [PMID: 37035666 PMCID: PMC10077126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1130914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral index for upper limbs was determined for maximal force, speed and power in 18 male handball players. Variables were individually assessed with a functional electromechanical dynamometer during unilateral and bilateral bench press push-off for 40%, 60%, and 75% of the maximal isometric force. Limb dominance (symmetry indices) and load effects in the bilateral index were analysed. Bilateral index showed a bilateral deficit for power (range = -8.50 to -41.48) and velocity (range = -11.15 to -38.41), that increases with the load (p < 0.05). For maximum force, a bilateral facilitation (range = 2.26-5.57), which did not vary significantly as a function of load, was observed. Symmetry indices showed no association with the bilateral index (40% load: r = 0.45, 60% load: r = 0.05, 75% load: r = 0.39). These results contribute to understanding the phenomenon; however, individual-to-individual observation reflects that caution should be kept when assessing an individual athlete. In conclusion, bilateral deficit or facilitation for bench press depends on the variable considered, whereas its magnitude depends on the load. Moreover, limb dominance does not affect it. This finding must be regarded as a general trend, but a different situation may occur during the assessment of a particular athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés González-Ramírez
- Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Andrés González-Ramírez,
| | - Carol Torres
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Magallanes
- Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Gabriel Fábrica
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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Padulo J, Kuvačić G, Ardigò LP, Dhahbi W, Esposito F, Samozino P, Cè E. Bilateral deficit magnitude increases with velocity during a half-squat exercise. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1206-1213. [PMID: 35442850 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2051304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Movement velocity has been viewed as one of the bilateral deficit (BLD) determinants. This research tested the velocity effect on BLD during a half-squat exercise. The role of muscle excitation in BLD was also assessed. BLD amplitude was assessed in 12 male soccer players while performing a half-squat exercise with incremental load. During the exercise's pushing phase, the average force and velocity were measured in bilateral and unilateral conditions to provide the bilateral index (BI) at each interpolated velocity. The vastus lateralis and medialis excitation was assessed during the exercise by calculating the surface electromyography signal root mean square (sEMGRMS). The BI for sEMGRMS (sEMG BI) was calculated. The theoretical maximum force (F0) and velocity (v0) were also determined. F0 was +43 (28)% in bilateral compared with unilateral conditions (p < 0.001), whereas v0 was similar in both conditions (p = 0.386). The BI magnitude rose with the increase in velocity from -34 (7)% at 50%v0 to -70 (17)% at 90%v0 (p 0.03-<0.001), whereas no sEMG BI occurred (p: 0.07-0.991 in both muscles). The study reported velocity-dependent changes in the BLD amplitude, with the largest BLD amplitudes occurring at the highest velocities. This behaviour could provide useful information for setting specific contraction velocities to exploit/limit the BLD amplitude as a possible training stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, Section of Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Wissem Dhahbi
- Qatar Police College, Training Department, Doha, Qatar.,Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Chambéry, France
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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Correcting for Heel Lift Reduces Ankle Joint Operating Range for the Ankle Plantar Flexor Strength Curve. J Biomech 2022; 134:110998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Beethe AZ, Flanagan SD, Lovalekar M, Fisher LE, Nindl BC, Connaboy C. The Bilateral Deficit Phenomenon in Elbow Flexion: Explanations for Its Inconsistent Occurrence and Detection. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 129:47-62. [PMID: 34913749 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism(s) of the Bilateral Deficit (BLD) phenomenon is without consensus. Methodological inconsistencies across prior works may be an important source of equivocal results and interpretations. Based on repeatability problems with the BLD measure and maximal force definition, the presence or absence of the BLD phenomenon is altered, shifting conclusions of its mechanistic cause. Our purpose in this study was to examine methodological inconsistencies in applying the BLD measure to establish optimal methods for evaluating the underlying mechanism. Eleven healthy participants engaged in one familiarity and five test sessions, completing bilateral and unilateral elbow maximal voluntary isometric contractions. We defined maximal force by averaged and absolute peak and plateau values. BLD was evident if the bilateral index (BI), the ratio of the bilateral over summed unilateral forces, was statistically different from zero. We addressed interclass correlations (ICC), Chronbach's α, standard error of the mean, and minimal detectable change between and within sessions for all force measures and BI. We evaluated all combinations of sessions (i.e., 1-2, 3-5, 5-6) and maximal forces to establish the optimal number of sessions to achieve reliability. BLD was present for test sessions, but not for familiarization. All measures of maximal force were highly reliable between and within sessions (ICC(2,1) ≥ .895). BI was only considered significantly reliable in sessions 3-5 (p < .027), defined by absolute and average plateau forces, but reliability was still quantifiably poor (absolute: ICC(2,1) = .392; average: ICC(2,1) = .375). These results demonstrate that high force reliability within and between sessions does not translate to stable and reliable BI, potentially exposing the lack of any defined BLD mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Z Beethe
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Perception Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee E Fisher
- Rehab Neural Engineering Laboratories, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Whitcomb E, Ortiz O, Toner J, Kuruganti U. The bilateral limb deficit (BLD) phenomenon during leg press: a preliminary investigation into central and peripheral factors. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:89. [PMID: 34389058 PMCID: PMC8362259 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The bilateral limb deficit (BLD) phenomenon suggests that lower forces are produced with bilateral limb contractions compared to the summed force produced when the same muscles are contracted unilaterally. While interhemispheric inhibition has been suggested as a cause of BLD, the origin of the deficit is yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate central and peripheral factors responsible for the BLD during leg press using surface electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG). Methods Fourteen adults (age = 23.7 ± 4.7 years old) completed bilateral (BL), unilateral left (UL) and unilateral right (UR) isometric leg press exercises. Bilateral limb ratio (BLR) was calculated similar to previous studies and surface EMG from three muscles of the quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris) was used to measure the level of muscle activation. Movement related cortical potentials (MRCPs) over the left and right motor cortex areas (C3 and C4, respectively) were used to assess brain activity asymmetries reflecting central factors. Results No significant difference was noted in the mean BLR (BLR = 94.8%), but a subset of ten participants did demonstrate a BLD (BLR = 81.4%, p < 0.01). Mean differences in relative activation were found among the three quadricep muscles (p < 0.001) with the right VM having significantly higher amplitude for the unilateral right (0.347 ± 0.318 mV) and bilateral right (0.436 ± 0.470 mV) conditions, respectively) than either the VL or RF (p < 0.05). The VL had significantly lower amplitudes in all conditions (0.127 ± 0.138 mV; 0.111 ± 0.104 mV; 0.120 ± 0.105 mV; 0.162 ± 0.147 mV for unilateral left, bilateral left, unilateral right, and bilateral right, respectively). However no overall significant differences were noted between bilateral and unilateral conditions. No significant differences in MRCPs were observed between brain activity of the C3 and C4 electrodes in any of the conditions. Conclusion While the sample size was low, this exploratory study noted the presence of BLD however the results did not provide evidence of significant limitations in either the EMG or EEG data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Whitcomb
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Oscar Ortiz
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Toner
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Usha Kuruganti
- Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Beethe AZ, Ahamed NU, Connaboy C, Lovalekar M, Fisher LE, Nindl BC, Flanagan SD. Differences in compound muscle activation patterns explain upper extremity bilateral deficits. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 79:102851. [PMID: 34333306 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Z Beethe
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Perception Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America.
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Lee E Fisher
- Rehab Neural Engineering Laboratories, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Bishop C, Berney J, Lake J, Loturco I, Blagrove R, Turner A, Read P. Bilateral Deficit During Jumping Tasks: Relationship With Speed and Change of Direction Speed Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1833-1840. [PMID: 30741876 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, Berney, J, Lake, J, Loturco, I, Blagrove, R, Turner, A, and Read, P. Bilateral deficit during jumping tasks: relationship with speed and change of direction speed performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1833-1840, 2021-Research to date has investigated the phenomenon of the bilateral deficit (BLD); however, limited research exists on its association with measures of athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of the BLD and examine its relationship with linear speed and change of direction speed (CODS) performance. Eighteen physically active and healthy university students performed double- and single-leg countermovement jumps (CMJs), drop jumps (DJs), and standing broad jumps (SBJs) to calculate the BLD across jump tasks. Subjects also performed 10- and 30-m sprints and a 505 CODS test, which were correlated with all BLD metrics. Results showed varying levels of BLD across CMJ metrics (jump height, peak force, eccentric impulse, concentric impulse, and peak power), DJ metrics (ground contact time and flight time), and the SBJ (distance). However, a bilateral facilitation was shown for jump height and reactive strength index during the DJ test. The main findings of this study were that: (a) a larger BLD in CMJ height related to a faster 505 COD (left leg) (r = -0.48; p = 0.04), 505 COD (right leg) (r = -0.53; p = 0.02), and COD deficit (right leg) (r = -0.59; p = 0.01), (b) a larger BLD in CMJ concentric impulse related to faster 505 COD (left leg) (r = -0.51; p = 0.03), 505 COD (right leg) (r = -0.64, p = 0.01), and COD deficit (right leg) (r = -0.60; p = 0.01), and (c) a larger BLD in DJ flight time related to a faster 505 COD (left leg) (r = -0.48; p = 0.04). These results suggest that a larger BLD is associated with faster CODS performance, but not linear speed. This highlights the individual nature of the BLD and may support the notion of developing movement competency on one limb for enhanced CODS performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Berney
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Blagrove
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Bilateral deficit in countermovement jump and its association with change of direction performance in basketball and tennis players. Sports Biomech 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34132633 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1942965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the association between bilateral deficit (BLD) in countermovement jump and change of direction (CoD) performance. Therefore, 165 young basketball players (60 females) and 95 young tennis players (39 females) performed two different CoD tasks (90° and 180° turns) and bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps. BLD was calculated based on jump height, peak power and several phase-specific force impulses (FI). For male athletes, several statistically significant small to moderate associations were found between the CoD performance and BLD (r = 0.21-0.52). While the BLD in the propulsive phase FI seems to be most consistently associated with CoD performance, all associations were weak (r = 0.21-0.28 in basketball, 0.28-0.36 in tennis). Associations between BLD in total positive (braking and propulsive phase) FI and CoD performance were moderate (r = 0.45-0.52) in male tennis players. For female athletes, the associations were even smaller and almost exclusively statistically non-significant. Although indirectly, our results imply that resistance training based on unilateral exercises could be useful to improve CoD performance. It has to be stressed that further training studies are needed to directly confirm this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ohta Y. Effect of bilateral contraction on the ability and accuracy of rapid force production at submaximal force level. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247099. [PMID: 33600476 PMCID: PMC7891739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to clarify the effects of bilateral contraction on the ability and accuracy of rapid force production at the submaximal force level. Eleven right-handed participants performed rapid gripping as fast and precisely as they could in unilateral (UL) and bilateral (BL) contractions in a standing position. Participants were required to impinge a grip force of 30% and 50% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Ability and accuracy of rapid force production were evaluated using the rate of force development (RFD) and force error, respectively. The data analysis did not observe a significant difference in the RFD between UL and BL contractions in both 30% (420±86 vs. 413±106%MVC/s, p = 0.34) and 50% of MVC (622±84 vs. 619±103%MVC/s, p = 0.77). Although the RFD to peak force ratio (RFD/PF) in BL contraction was lower than in UL in 30% of MVC (12.8±2.8 vs. 13.4±2.7, p = 0.003), it indicated a small effect size (d = 0.22) of the difference between UL and BL in RFD/PF. The absolute force error of BL contraction was higher than of UL contraction in 30% (4.67±2.64 vs. 3.64±1.13%MVC, p = 0.005) and 50% of MVC (5.53±2.94 vs. 3.53±0.71%MVC, p = 0.009). In addition, medium and large effect sizes were observed in absolute force error from 30% (d = 0.51) and 50% of MVC (d = 0.94), respectively. In conclusion, results indicated that the bilateral contraction reduced in the ability and accuracy of rapid force production at the submaximal force level. Nevertheless, the present results suggest that the noticeable effect of bilateral contraction is more prominent on the accuracy than in the ability of rapid force production at the submaximal force level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ohta
- Faculty of Social Welfare, Department of Health and Welfare, Shizuoka University of Welfare, Yaizu, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
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11
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Interlimb Neuromuscular Responses During Fatiguing, Bilateral, Leg Extension Exercise at a Moderate Versus High Load. Motor Control 2020; 25:59-74. [PMID: 33059330 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the load- and limb-dependent neuromuscular responses to fatiguing, bilateral, leg extension exercise performed at a moderate (50% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and high load (80% 1RM). Twelve subjects completed 1RM testing for the bilateral leg extension, followed by repetitions to failure at 50% and 80% 1RM, on separate days. During all visits, the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG), amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) signals were recorded from the vastus lateralis of both limbs. There were no limb-dependent responses for any of the neuromuscular signals and no load-dependent responses for EMG AMP, MMG AMP, or MMG MPF (p = .301-.757), but there were main effects for time that indicated increases in EMG and MMG AMP and decreases in MMG MPF. There was a load-dependent decrease in EMG MPF over time (p = .032) that suggested variability in the mechanism responsible for metabolite accumulation at moderate versus high loads. These findings suggested that common drive from the central nervous system was used to modulate force during bilateral leg extension performed at moderate and high loads.
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12
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Ransom M, Saunders S, Gallo T, Segal J, Jones D, Jones M, Milanese S. Reliability of a portable fixed frame dynamometry system used to test lower limb strength in elite Australian Football League players. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:826-830. [PMID: 32265133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deficits in strength of lower limb musculature have been associated with increased injury risk in a variety of athletic populations. As medical and performance staff seek to better understand the association between hip and knee strength measures and injury risk, measurement tools with high reliability and utility are required to profile and manage athletes effectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of a portable fixed frame dynamometry system used to assess hip and knee strength of an elite Australian Football League team. DESIGN Case series. METHODS Maximum voluntary isometric strength of the hip abductors, hip adductors and knee flexors of 41 elite male Australian Football League footballers (mean age=23.7±4.1 years, height=189.2±7.0cm, weight=88.6±8.4kg) were tested during preseason training. Tests were performed one week apart on the same training day of a standard preseason week. RESULTS Test-retest reliability was very high for left hip adduction (ICC 0.958), right hip adduction (ICC 0.955), left hip abduction (ICC 0.957), right hip abduction (ICC 0.945), left knee flexion (ICC 0.927) and right knee flexion (ICC 0.923). Furthermore, standard errors of measurement in per cent (SEM%) ranged from 3.21 to 5.03%, and minimal detectable change (MDC) from 3.93 to 6.65kg for the different hip and thigh strength measures, making it possible to determine small changes in strength at the individual level. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated very high reliability when testing maximal voluntary isometric hip and knee strength using a portable fixed dynamometry system (KangaTech) in an elite male Australian Football League setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Ransom
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Crows Football Club, Australia.
| | - Steve Saunders
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Crows Football Club, Australia; Saunders Physiotherapy, Australia
| | | | - Jona Segal
- North Melbourne Football Club, Australia
| | | | - Mark Jones
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Steve Milanese
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
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Carr JC, Bemben MG, Black CD, Ye X, Defreitas JM. Bilateral deficit in strength but not rapid force during maximal handgrip contractions. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:836-843. [PMID: 32706295 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the bilateral index in force and electromyographic (EMG) responses for the dominant and non-dominant hands during maximal handgrip contractions in males and females. Thirty-two right-handed participants (16 females) performed maximal unilateral and bilateral handgrip contractions on two separate visits. Bilateral indices were computed for maximal force, rate of force development (RFD100), EMG amplitude, and the rate of EMG rise (RER). There was a bilateral deficit for maximal force in the dominant (-4.98 ± 7.39%, p < 0.001; d = 0.674) but not the non-dominant hand (-1.57 ± 9.10%, p = 0.334; d = 0.173). No deficits were observed for rapid force. The non-dominant flexor carpi radialis showed a bilateral facilitation in EMG amplitude (+12.32 ± 19.29%, p < 0.001; d = 0.638), yet a bilateral deficit for RER (-22.10 ± 27.80%, p < 0.001; d = 0.795). No sex differences were observed for any of the bilateral indices. These data suggest that maximal but not rapid force is susceptible to a bilateral deficit during contractions of the hands. The EMG responses did not parallel the force data. We show sex does not influence the magnitude or direction of the bilateral index in this muscle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Carr
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Kinesiology & Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Jason M Defreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Koral J, Oranchuk DJ, Wrightson JG, Twomey R, Millet GY. Mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in unilateral versus bilateral maximal voluntary contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:785-794. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in neuromuscular function and corticospinal excitability in response to sustained unilateral (UNIL) and bilateral (BIL) isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC) of the knee extensors. Eleven men performed a 1-min sustained IMVC of the knee extensors with one or both legs. Central and peripheral measures of neuromuscular function and corticospinal excitability were assessed via surface electromyography (EMG), peripheral nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation before, immediately after, and during recovery from IMVC. IMVC force and root-mean-squared EMG decreased during the fatiguing 1-min IMVC, with a larger decrease in EMG during BIL. All neuromuscular function indexes decreased significantly after the IMVC ( P < 0.005), but the magnitude of these decreases did not differ between conditions. Changes in corticospinal excitability (motor evoked potential) and inhibition (silent period) did not differ between conditions. In contrast to previous studies utilizing submaximal exercise, no more peripheral fatigue was found after UNIL vs. BIL conditions, even though central drive was lower after BIL 1-min IMVC. Corticospinal excitability and inhibition were not found to be different between UNIL and BIL conditions, in line with maximal voluntary activation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present experiment used peripheral nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulations during a sustained isometric maximal voluntary contraction to investigate the influence of muscle mass on neuromuscular fatigue. Contrary to previous studies that used submaximal exercise, peripheral fatigue was not found to be greater in unilateral vs. bilateral knee extensions even though central drive was lower during bilateral contractions. Corticospinal excitability and inhibition were not found to be different between unilateral and bilateral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Koral
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dustin J. Oranchuk
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James G. Wrightson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rosie Twomey
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
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Mølmen KS, Evensen Thy J, Thallaug Dalane S, Ellefsen S, Falch GS. Muscular performance decreases with increasing complexity of resistance exercises in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Sindre Mølmen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
| | - Jonas Evensen Thy
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
- Faculty of Teacher Education, Arts and Sports Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Sogndal Norway
| | | | - Stian Ellefsen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
- Innlandet Hospital Trust Brumunddal Norway
| | - Gunnar S. Falch
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
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Simoneau-Buessinger É, Jakobi JM, Toumi A, Mathys A, Bassement J, Barbier F, Leteneur S. Does Unilateral Lower Limb Amputation Influence Ankle Joint Torque in the Intact Leg? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 100:1259-1266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Desmyttere G, Gaudet S, Begon M. Test-retest reliability of a hip strength assessment system in varsity soccer players. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:138-143. [PMID: 30959443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate test-retest reliability of a hip strength assessment system (GroinBar). DESIGN Test-retest reliability study. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty asymptomatic varsity soccer players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal isometric hip strength (adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation, flexion and extension) was assessed using the GroinBar. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and relative standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to evaluate reliability of peak (ICC3,1) (highest peak within 3 trials) and average peak (ICC3,3) (average of 3 trials) force and rate of force development (RFD). Hotelling's T2, were also used to compare bilateral and reciprocal ratios between dominant and non-dominant leg. RESULTS ICC for both peak force and RFD values revealed moderate to good reliability (0.53-0.88 and 0.61-0.84, respectively), whereas reliability was good to excellent regarding their average values (0.77-0.95 and 0.81-0.92, respectively). SEM of average peak force and RFD values (4.1-9.4% and 8.2-13.9%, respectively) were lower than that of peak force and RFD values (5.7-13.0% and 10.7-19.1%, respectively). No significant difference was found in bilateral and reciprocal force ratios between dominant and non-dominant leg. CONCLUSIONS The GroinBar is a reliable tool to assess hip muscle function in athletic populations and could be used for player screening and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Desmyttere
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Gaudet
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada
| | - Mickael Begon
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada
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Effects of peak torque angle on the bilateral deficit of knee extensors and flexors at two velocities of contraction. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Desmyttere G, Mathieu E, Begon M, Simoneau‐Buessinger E, Cremoux S. Effect of the phase of force production on corticomuscular coherence with agonist and antagonist muscles. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3288-3298. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Desmyttere
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’Activité PhysiqueUniversité de Montréal Montréal Canada
- LAMIH, UMR CNRS 8201Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis Valenciennes France
| | - Emilie Mathieu
- LAMIH, UMR CNRS 8201Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis Valenciennes France
| | - Mickael Begon
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’Activité PhysiqueUniversité de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Cremoux
- LAMIH, UMR CNRS 8201Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis Valenciennes France
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Simoneau-Buessinger E, Leteneur S, Bisman A, Gabrielli F, Jakobi J. Ultrasonographic quantification of architectural response in tibialis anterior to neuromuscular electrical stimulation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 36:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Corticospinal and transcallosal modulation of unilateral and bilateral contractions of lower limbs. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2197-2214. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bilateral deficit in maximal force production. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2057-2084. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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