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Zhan G, Liu N, Fan X, Jiang W, Yuan M, Liu Y, Dong S. Genome cloning and genetic evolution analysis of eight duck-sourced novel goose parvovirus strains in China in 2023. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1373601. [PMID: 38765684 PMCID: PMC11101215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1373601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are three major categories of waterfowl parvoviruses, namely goose parvovirus (GPV), Muscovy duck parvovirus, and novel goose parvovirus (NGPV). NGPV can infect both Cherry Valley ducks and mule ducks, resulting in short beaks and dwarfism syndrome, and the incidence of short beaks and dwarfism syndrome rises annually, posing a significant threat to the waterfowl breeding and the animal husbandry. Therefore, clarifying the biological characteristics and genetic evolution of NGPV is very important for the prevention and control of NGPV. Methods Ducks with short beaks and dwarfism syndrome from Shandong and Henan Province were investigated by dissection and the tissue samples were collected for study. The NGPV genome was amplified by PCR, and the genome was analyzed for genetic evolution. Results Eight strains of NGPV were isolated, which were designated as HZ0512, HZ0527, HZ0714, HZ0723, HZ0726, HZ0811, HZ0815, and HN0403. The nucleotide homology among these strains ranged from 99.9% to 100%. The eight strains, along with other NGPVs, belong to GPV. The eight strains showed a 92.5%-98.9% nucleotide homology with the classical GPV, while a 96.0%-99.9% homology with NGPV.Therefore, it can be deduced that there have been no major mutations of NGPV in Shandong and Henan provinces in recent years. Discussion This study lays a theoretical foundation for further studying the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of NGPV, thereby facilitating the prevention and control of NGPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Zhan
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- Xintai Jianyuan Breeding Poultry Limited Company, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- Jiangsu Yike Food Group Limited Company, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaole Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wansi Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mengxue Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunwang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
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Novel Epitopes Mapping of African Swine Fever Virus CP312R Protein Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020557. [PMID: 36851771 PMCID: PMC9963768 DOI: 10.3390/v15020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal pig disease and poses a huge threat to the pig industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) encodes more than 150 different proteins, but the biological properties of most viral proteins are still unknown. ASFV CP312R protein has been proven to be one of the most immunogenic proteins during ASFV infection in pigs; however, its specific epitopes have yet to be identified. In this study, we verified the immunogenicity of CP312R protein in the sera from attenuated ASFV-inoculated pigs. We generated seven anti-ASFV CP312R mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice immunized with recombinant CP312R protein (rCP312R). All seven mAbs are the IgG2b-Kappa isotype and specifically interacted with the CP312R protein expressed in various cells that were infected by ASFVs or transfected with plasmid CP312R. The epitope mapping was performed by using these characterized mAbs and the peptide scanning (Pepscan) method followed by Western blot. As a result, two antigenic determinant regions were identified: two of the seven mAbs recognized the 122KNEQGEEIYP131 amino acids, and the remaining five mAbs recognized the 78DEEVIRMNAE87 amino acids of the CP312R protein. These antigenic determinants of CP312R are conserved in different ASFV strains of seven genotypes. By using the characterized mAb, confocal microscopy observation revealed that the CP312R was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and, to some extent, in nuclei and on the nuclear membrane of infected host cells. In summary, our results benefit our understanding on the antigenic regions of ASFV CP312R and help to develop better serological diagnosis of ASF and vaccine research.
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Zhou J, Chen J, Peng Y, Xie Y, Xiao Y. A Promising Tool in Serological Diagnosis: Current Research Progress of Antigenic Epitopes in Infectious Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:1095. [PMID: 36297152 PMCID: PMC9609281 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, caused by various pathogens in the clinic, threaten the safety of human life, are harmful to physical and mental health, and also increase economic burdens on society. Infections are a complex mechanism of interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and their host. Identification of the causative agent of the infection is vital for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Etiological laboratory diagnostic tests are therefore essential to identify pathogens. However, due to its rapidity and automation, the serological diagnostic test is among the methods of great significance for the diagnosis of infections with the basis of detecting antigens or antibodies in body fluids clinically. Epitopes, as a special chemical group that determines the specificity of antigens and the basic unit of inducing immune responses, play an important role in the study of immune responses. Identifying the epitopes of a pathogen may contribute to the development of a vaccine to prevent disease, the diagnosis of the corresponding disease, and the determination of different stages of the disease. Moreover, both the preparation of neutralizing antibodies based on useful epitopes and the assembly of several associated epitopes can be used in the treatment of disease. Epitopes can be divided into B cell epitopes and T cell epitopes; B cell epitopes stimulate the body to produce antibodies and are therefore commonly used as targets for the design of serological diagnostic experiments. Meanwhile, epitopes can fall into two possible categories: linear and conformational. This article reviews the role of B cell epitopes in the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Wang P, Ding P, Wei Q, Liu H, Liu Y, Li Q, Xing Y, Li G, Zhou E, Zhang G. Precise location of two novel linear epitopes on the receptor-binding domain surface of MERS-CoV spike protein recognized by two different monoclonal antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:609-619. [PMID: 34871658 PMCID: PMC8641979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a coronavirus which can cause severe human respiratory diseases with a fatality rate of almost 36%. In this study, we report the generation, characterization and epitope mapping of several monoclonal antibodies against the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) of MERS-CoV. Two monoclonal antibodies (4C7 and 6E8) that can react with linearized RBD have been selected for subsequent identification of RBD mAb-binding epitopes. Two distinct novel linear epitopes, 423FTCSQIS429 and 546SPLEGGGWL554,were precisely located at the outermost surface of RBD by dot-blot hybridization and ELISAs. Multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that these two peptides were highly conserved. Alanine (A)-scanning mutagenesis demonstrated that residues 423F, 428I, and 429S are the crucial residues for the linear epitope 423FTCSQIS429 while residues 548L, 550G, 553W, 554L for epitope 546SPLEGGGWL554. These findings may be helpful for further understanding of the function of RBD protein and the development of subsequent diagnosis and detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yunrui Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ge Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Enmin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Advances in research on genetic relationships of waterfowl parvoviruses. J Vet Res 2021; 65:391-399. [PMID: 35111991 PMCID: PMC8775729 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Derzsy’s disease and Muscovy duck parvovirus disease have become common diseases in waterfowl culture in the world and their potential to cause harm has risen. The causative agents are goose parvovirus (GPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV), which can provoke similar clinical symptoms and high mortality and morbidity rates. In recent years, duck short beak and dwarfism syndrome has been prevalent in the Cherry Valley duck population in eastern China. It is characterised by the physical signs for which it is named. Although the mortality rate is low, it causes stunting and weight loss, which have caused serious economic losses to the waterfowl industry. The virus that causes this disease was named novel goose parvovirus (NGPV). This article summarises the latest research on the genetic relationships of the three parvoviruses, and reviews the aetiology, epidemiology, and necropsy characteristics in infected ducks, in order to facilitate further study.
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Liu Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Wang A, Wei Q, Yang S, Feng H, Chai S, Liu D, Zhang G. Identification of a dominant linear epitope on the VP2 capsid protein of porcine parvovirus and characterization of two monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing abilities. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2013-2022. [PMID: 32931829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a major cause of reproductive failure in swine, and has caused huge losses throughout the world. The structural viral protein VP2, which is able to self-assemble into empty capsids, known as virus-like particles (VLPs), is crucial to induce PPV-specific neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. In this study, twelve monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PPV were generated. The mAbs were characterized by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting (WB) and virus neutralization (VN) assay. Two mAbs were defined to be able to neutralize the standard PPV 7909 strain. Subsequently, peptide scanning was applied to identify linear epitopes. The peptide, 89ESGVAGQMV97 was defined as a precise linear epitope. Results from structural analysis showed that the epitope was exposed on the virion surface. Multiple sequence alignment analysis indicated that peptide 89ESGVAGQMV97 was not completely conserved, with a higher amino acid mutation rate at 91G, 92V and 93A position. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis further revealed that residues 89E, 90S, 91G, 92V and 94G were the core sites involved in antibody recognition. These findings may facilitate further understanding the function of the VP2 protein and development of diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jucai Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shujun Chai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Wan C, Chen C, Cheng L, Chen H, Fu Q, Shi S, Fu G, Liu R, Huang Y. Specific detection of Muscovy duck parvovirus infection by TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:267. [PMID: 30176903 PMCID: PMC6122767 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) causes high mortality and morbidity in Muscovy ducks, with the pathogenesis of the virus still unknown in many respects. Specific MDPV detection is often rife with false positive results because of high identity at the genomic nucleotide level and antigenic similarity with goose parvovirus (GPV). The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive, highly specific, and repeatable TaqMan-based real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for facilitating the molecular detection of MDPV. RESULTS The specific primers and probe were designed based on the conserved regions within MDPVs, but there was a variation in GPVs of the nonstructural (NS) genes after genetic comparison. After the optimization of qPCR conditions, the detection limit of this qPCR assay was 29.7 copies/μl. The assay was highly specific for the detection of MDPV, and no cross-reactivity was observed with other non-targeted duck-derived pathogens. Intra- and inter-assay variability was less than 2.21%, means a high degree of repeatability. The diagnostic applicability of the qPCR assay was proven that MDPV-positive can be found in cloacal swabs samples, Muscovy duck embryos and newly hatched Muscovy ducklings. CONCLUSIONS Our data provided incidents that MDPV could be possible vertically transmitted from breeder Muscovy ducks to Muscovy ducklings. The developed qPCR assay in the study could be a reliable and specific tool for epidemiological surveillance and pathogenesis studies of MDPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Wan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| | - Cuiteng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Longfei Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Guanghua Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Rongchang Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xi-feng Road No.100, Jiantian village, Jin'an district, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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Wu X, Zhang T, Meng F, Guo D, Yin X, Wulin S, Li C, Zhang Q, Liu M, Zhang Y. Mapping a Type-specific Epitope by Monoclonal Antibody against VP3 Protein of Duck Hepatitis A Type 1 Virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10820. [PMID: 28883462 PMCID: PMC5589924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A subtype 1 virus (DHAV-1) infection causes high mortality in ducklings, resulting in significant losses to duck industries. VP3 is a structural protein of DHAV-1. However, B-cell epitopes on VP3 have not been investigated. To stimulate VP3 antibody response, eukaryotic expression plasmid pCI-neo-VP3 was constructed and used as DNA immunogen to prepare mAbs. Western blot showed that 25.5 kDa VP3 could be detected by mAbs in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells transfected with pCI-neo-VP3. Immunofluorescence assay showed that mAbs could specifically bind to DEF cells infected with DHAV-1. DAPI staining indicated that VP3 localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus of DHAV-1 infected DEF. With neutralizing mAb 3B7, minimal epitope PSNI was mapped. Sequence alignment indicated that 205PSNI208 is highly conserved among DHAV-1, but different from those of DHAV-2 and DHAV-3. Epitope peptide reacted specifically with DHAV-1-positive duck sera by dot blotting, revealing PSNI is DHAV-1 type-specific epitope and the importance of these amino acids in antibody-epitope binding reactivity. These findings provided useful information for understanding the antigenicity of VP3 and might be valuable in the development of epitope-based vaccine or diagnostic kit for DHAV-1 infection and provide insights for understanding the pathogenesis of DHAV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dongchun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiuchen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shaozhou Wulin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qingshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
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