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Knudsen S, Hansen A, Foegh M, Petersen S, Mekonnen H, Jia L, Shah P, Martin V, Frykman G, Pili R. A novel drug specific mRNA biomarker predictor for selection of patients responding to dovitinib treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290681. [PMID: 37647320 PMCID: PMC10468037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dovitinib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR1-3, PDGFR, FGFR1/3, c-KIT, FLT3 and topoisomerase 1 and 2. The drug response predictor (DRP) biomarker algorithm or DRP-Dovitinib is being developed as a companion diagnostic to dovitinib and was applied retrospectively. PATIENTS AND METHODS Archival tumor samples were obtained from consenting patients in a phase 3 trial comparing dovitinib to sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma patients and the DRP-Dovitinib was applied. The biomarker algorithm combines the expression of 58 messenger RNAs relevant to the in vitro sensitivity or resistance to dovitinib, including genes associated with FGFR, PDGF, VEGF, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and topoisomerase pathways as well as ABC drug transport, and provides a likelihood score between 0-100%. RESULTS The DRP-Dovitinib divided the dovitinib treated RCC patients into two groups, sensitive (n = 49, DRP score >50%) or resistant (n = 86, DRP score ≤ 50%) to dovitinib. The DRP sensitive population was compared to the unselected sorafenib arm (n = 286). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.8 months in the DRP sensitive dovitinib arm and 3.6 months in the sorafenib arm (hazard ratio 0.71, 95% CI 0.51-1.01). Median overall survival (OS) was 15.0 months in the DRP sensitive dovitinib arm and 11.2 months in the sorafenib arm (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.48-0.99). The observed clinical benefit increased with increasing DRP score. At a cutoff of 67% the median OS was 20.6 months and the median PFS was 5.7 months in the dovitinib arm. The results were confirmed in five smaller phase II trials of dovitinib which showed a similar trend. CONCLUSION The DRP-Dovitinib shows promise as a potential biomarker for identifying advanced RCC patients most likely to experience clinical benefit from dovitinib treatment, subject to confirmation in an independent prospective trial of dovitinib in RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie Foegh
- Allarity Therapeutics, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Hana Mekonnen
- Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, United States of America
| | - Lin Jia
- Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, United States of America
| | - Preeti Shah
- Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, United States of America
| | - Victoria Martin
- Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Roberto Pili
- Jacobs School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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Chen L, Tian B, Liu W, Liang H, You Y, Liu W. Molecular Biomarker of Drug Resistance Developed From Patient-Derived Organoids Predicts Survival of Colorectal Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855674. [PMID: 35425715 PMCID: PMC9004628 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) is the critical composition of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatments. Prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers for CRC patients (CRCpts) treated with 5-Fu-based chemotherapy can provide assistance for tailoring treatment approach. Here, we established a molecular biomarker of 5-Fu resistance derived from colorectal cancer organoids (CRCOs) for predicting the survival of CRCpts. Forty-one CRCO cultures were generated from 50 CRC tumor tissues after surgery (82%). The following experiments revealed a great diversity in drug sensitivity for 10 μM 5-Fu treatment tested by using organoid size change. Fourteen cases (34.1%) were 5-Fu sensitive and the other 27 (65.9%) were resistant. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with 5-Fu resistance were outputted by transcriptome sequencing. In particular, DEGs were generated in two comparison groups: 1) 5-Fu sensitive and resistant untreated CRCOs; 2) CRCOs before 5-Fu treatment and surviving CRCOs after 5-Fu treatment. Some molecules and most of the pathways that have been reported to be involved in 5-Fu resistance were identified in the current research. By using DEGs correlated with 5-Fu resistance and survival of CRCpts, the gene signature and drug-resistant score model (DRSM) containing five molecules were established in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-CRC cohort by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and 5-fold cross-validation. Multivariate analysis revealed that drug-resistant score (DRS) was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in CRCpts in TCGA-CRC cohort (P < 0.001). Further validation results from four Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts elucidated that the DRSM based on five genes related to 5-Fu chemosensitivity and developed from patient-derived organoids can predict survival of CRCpts. Meanwhile, our model could predict the survival of CRCpts in different subgroups. Besides, the difference of molecular pathways, tumor mutational burden (TMB), immune response-related pathways, immune score, stromal score, and immune cell proportion were dissected between DRS-high and DRS-low patients in TCGA-CRC cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haitao Liang
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong You
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Christensen TD, Buhl ASK, Christensen IJ, Buhl IK, Balslev E, Knoop AS, Danø H, Glavicic V, Luczak A, Langkjer ST, Linnet S, Jakobsen EH, Bogovic J, Ejlertsen B, Rasmussen A, Hansen A, Knudsen S, Jensen PB, Nielsen D. Prediction of fulvestrant efficacy in patients with advanced breast cancer: retrospective-prospective evaluation of the predictive potential of a multigene expression assay. Breast Cancer 2019; 27:266-276. [PMID: 31654283 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-019-01017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fulvestrant is a selective oestrogen receptor (ER) degrader used as monotherapy and combination therapy for ER positive HER2 negative advanced breast cancer (ABC) in postmenopausal women. The drug response predictor (DRP), is a mathematical algorithm based on the expression of multiple genes in the tumour. The fulvestrant DRP algorithm has previously shown effect in BC. In this study, we investigated the DRP's potential in predicting fulvestrant benefit. METHOD Among 695 patients with ABC prospectively included in a Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) cohort we retrospectively included 226 patients who received fulvestrant as monotherapy. The DRP result was based on mRNA extracted from tumour biopsies and analysed using Affymetrix array. Primary endpoint was time to progression (TTP). RESULTS For patients who received fulvestrant in line one to four and were previously unexposed to adjuvant endocrine therapy, we identified a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.44 (90% confidence interval (90% CI) upper limit of 1.08, one sided p = 0.066) for a predicted positive vs negative outcome. A weaker association was seen when including patients exposed to adjuvant endocrine treatment or received fulvestrant in fifth or later lines. Exploratory analyses showed that the DRP was efficient when using recent biopsies for DRP estimate and among recently treated patients. CONCLUSION The DRP showed a potential in predicting fulvestrant treatment but was not significant in the overall analysis. Use of older biopsies, long-term endocrine treatment and multiple therapies between biopsy used for analysis and fulvestrant treatment, probably affect the predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Dreier Christensen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Anna Sofie Kappel Buhl
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
- Oncology Venture, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ida Kappel Buhl
- Oncology Venture, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Balslev
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ann S Knoop
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hella Danø
- Department of Oncology, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Vesna Glavicic
- Department of Oncology, Zealand University Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Adam Luczak
- Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Linnet
- Department of Oncology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Herning, Denmark
| | | | - Jurij Bogovic
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Soenderborg, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group, DBCG Secretariat, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorte Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
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Buhl ASK, Christensen TD, Christensen IJ, Nelausen KM, Balslev E, Knoop AS, Brix EH, Svensson E, Glavicic V, Luczak A, Langkjer ST, Linnet S, Jakobsen EH, Bogovic J, Ejlertsen B, Rasmussen A, Hansen A, Knudsen S, Nielsen D, Jensen PB. Predicting efficacy of epirubicin by a multigene assay in advanced breast cancer within a Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) cohort: a retrospective-prospective blinded study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:391-400. [PMID: 30099635 PMCID: PMC6208899 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Anthracyclines remain a cornerstone in the treatment of primary and advanced breast cancer (BC). This study has evaluated the predictive value of a multigene mRNA-based drug response predictor (DRP) in the treatment of advanced BC with epirubicin. The DRP is a mathematical method combining in vitro sensitivity and gene expression with clinical genetic information from > 3000 clinical tumor samples. Methods From a DBCG cohort, 140 consecutive patients were treated with epirubicin between May 1997 and November 2016. After patient informed consent, mRNA was isolated from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary breast tumor tissue and analyzed using Affymetrix arrays. Using time to progression (TTP) as primary endpoint, the efficacy of epirubicin was analyzed according to DRP combined with clinicopathological data collected retrospectively from patients’ medical records. Statistical analysis was done using Cox proportional hazards model stratified by treatment line. Results Median TTP was 9.3 months. The DRP was significantly associated to TTP (P = 0.03). The hazard ratio for DRP scores differing by 50 percentage points was 0.55 (95% CI –0.93, one-sided). A 75% DRP was associated with a median TTP of 13 months compared to 7 months following a 25% DRP. Multivariate analysis showed that DRP was independent of age and number of metastases. Conclusion The current study prospectively validates the predictive capability of DRP regarding epirubicin previously shown retrospectively allowing the patients predicted to be poor responders to choose more effective alternatives. Randomized prospective studies are needed to demonstrate if such an approach will lead to increased overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sofie Kappel Buhl
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.
- Medical Prognosis Institute, Hoersholm, Denmark.
| | - Troels Dreier Christensen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Knud Mejer Nelausen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Eva Balslev
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ann Søegaard Knoop
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Harder Brix
- Department of Oncology, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Else Svensson
- Department of Oncology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Vesna Glavicic
- Department of Oncology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Adam Luczak
- Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Linnet
- Department of Oncology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Herning, Denmark
| | | | - Jurij Bogovic
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Soenderborg, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group, DBCG Secretariat, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Dorte Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
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Buhl IK, Santoni-Rugiu E, Ravn J, Hansen A, Christensen IJ, Jensen T, Pratt B, Askaa J, Jensen PB, Knudsen S, Sørensen JB. Molecular prediction of adjuvant cisplatin efficacy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)-validation in two independent cohorts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194609. [PMID: 29566065 PMCID: PMC5864030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective predictive biomarkers for selection of patients benefiting from adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are needed. Based on a previously validated methodology, molecular profiles of predicted sensitivity in two patient cohorts are presented. METHODS The profiles are correlations between in vitro sensitivity to cisplatin and vinorelbine and baseline mRNA expression of the 60 cell lines in the National Cancer Institute panel. An applied clinical samples filter focused the profiles to clinically relevant genes. The profiles were tested on 1) snap-frozen tumors from 133 patients with completely resected stage 1B-2 NSCLC randomized to adjuvant cisplatin and vinorelbine (ACV, n = 71) or no adjuvant treatment (OBS, n = 62) and 2) formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors from 95 patients with completely resected stage 1A-3B NSCLC receiving adjuvant cisplatin and vinorelbine. RESULTS The combined cisplatin and vinorelbine profiles showed: 1) univariate Hazard Ratio (HR) for sensitive versus resistant of 0.265 (95% CI:0.079-0.889, p = 0.032) in the ACV cohort and a HR of 0.28 in a multivariate model (95% CI:0.08-1.04, p = 0.0573); 2) significant prediction at 3 year survival from surgery in univariate (HR = 0.138 (95% CI:0.035-0.537), p = 0.004) and multivariate analysis (HR = 0.14 (95% CI:0.030-0.6), p = 0.0081). No discrimination was found in the OBS cohort (HR = 1.328, p = 0.60). The cisplatin predictor alone had similar figures with 1) univariate HR of 0.37 (95% CI:0.12-1.15, p = 0.09) in the ACV cohort and 2) univariate HR of 0.14 (95% CI:0.03-0.59, p = 0.0076) to three years. Functional analysis on the cisplatin profile revealed a group of upregulated genes related to RNA splicing as a part of DNA damage repair and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Profiles derived from snap-frozen and FFPE NSCLC tissue were prognostic and predictive in the patients that received cisplatin and vinorelbine but not in the cohort that did not receive adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kappel Buhl
- Medical Prognosis Institute A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric Santoni-Rugiu
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Jesper Ravn
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anker Hansen
- Medical Prognosis Institute A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Oncology Venture Aps, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Jensen
- Medical Prognosis Institute A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Oncology Venture Aps, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | | | - Jon Askaa
- Medical Prognosis Institute A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Peter Buhl Jensen
- Medical Prognosis Institute A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Oncology Venture Aps, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Steen Knudsen
- Medical Prognosis Institute A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Oncology Venture Aps, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Jens Benn Sørensen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gutova M, Goldstein L, Metz M, Hovsepyan A, Tsurkan LG, Tirughana R, Tsaturyan L, Annala AJ, Synold TW, Wan Z, Seeger R, Anderson C, Moats RA, Potter PM, Aboody KS. Optimization of a Neural Stem-Cell-Mediated Carboxylesterase/Irinotecan Gene Therapy for Metastatic Neuroblastoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 4:67-76. [PMID: 28345025 PMCID: PMC5363723 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved survival for children with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma (NB), recurrent disease is a significant problem, with treatment options limited by anti-tumor efficacy, patient drug tolerance, and cumulative toxicity. We previously demonstrated that neural stem cells (NSCs) expressing a modified rabbit carboxylesterase (rCE) can distribute to metastatic NB tumor foci in multiple organs in mice and convert the prodrug irinotecan (CPT-11) to the 1,000-fold more toxic topoisomerase-1 inhibitor SN-38, resulting in significant therapeutic efficacy. We sought to extend these studies by using a clinically relevant NSC line expressing a modified human CE (hCE1m6-NSCs) to establish proof of concept and identify an intravenous dose and treatment schedule that gave maximal efficacy. Human-derived NB cell lines were significantly more sensitive to treatment with hCE1m6-NSCs and irinotecan as compared with drug alone. This was supported by pharmacokinetic studies in subcutaneous NB mouse models demonstrating tumor-specific conversion of irinotecan to SN-38. Furthermore, NB-bearing mice that received repeat treatment with intravenous hCE1m6-NSCs and irinotecan showed significantly lower tumor burden (1.4-fold, p = 0.0093) and increased long-term survival compared with mice treated with drug alone. These studies support the continued development of NSC-mediated gene therapy for improved clinical outcome in NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gutova
- Departments of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Leanne Goldstein
- Information Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Marianne Metz
- Departments of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anahit Hovsepyan
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lyudmila G Tsurkan
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101, USA
| | - Revathiswari Tirughana
- Departments of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lusine Tsaturyan
- Departments of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Alexander J Annala
- Departments of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Timothy W Synold
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zesheng Wan
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, CHLA/Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert Seeger
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, CHLA/Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Clarke Anderson
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Rex A Moats
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Philip M Potter
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101, USA
| | - Karen S Aboody
- Departments of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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