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Pich K, Respekta N, Kurowska P, Rame C, Dobrzyń K, Smolińska N, Dupont J, Rak A. Omentin expression in the ovarian follicles of Large White and Meishan sows during the oestrous cycle and in vitro effect of gonadotropins and steroids on its level: Role of ERK1/2 and PI3K signaling pathways. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297875. [PMID: 38408058 PMCID: PMC10896505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Omentin (ITLN1) is a novel adipokine mainly expressed in the white adipose tissue. It plays a crucial role in the metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Our last study documented that ITLN1 levels in the adipose tissue and plasma are lower in fat Meishan (MS) compared to normal weight Large White (LW) pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate transcript and protein concentrations of ITLN1 as well as its immunolocalisation in the ovarian follicles and examine the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of its expression in response to gonadotropins (FSH, LH) and steroids (P4, T, E2). Ovarian follicles were collected from LW and MS sows on days 2-3, 10-12, and 14-16 of the oestrous. We found the elevated ITLN1 expression in the ovarian follicles and the increase of concentrations in follicular fluid (FF) of LW pigs vs MS pigs; in both breeds of pigs, the levels of ITLN1 increased with the oestrous progression. We noted ITLN1 signals in oocyte, granulosa and theca cells. Gonadotropins and steroids increased ITLN1 levels in the ovarian follicle cells of LW pigs, while in MS pigs, we observed only the stimulatory effect of LH and T. Both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) were involved in the regulation of ITLN1. Our study demonstrated the levels and regulation of ITLN1 in the porcine ovarian follicles through ERK1/2 and PI3K signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Christelle Rame
- INRAE, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Kamil Dobrzyń
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Nina Smolińska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRAE, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Lee MJ, Puri V, Fried SK. Metabolic and structural remodeling during browning of primary human adipocytes derived from omental and subcutaneous depots. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:70-79. [PMID: 37929774 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated remodeling of cellular metabolism and structures during browning of primary human adipocytes derived from both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Effects of glucocorticoids on the browning were also assessed. METHODS Differentiated omental and subcutaneous human adipocytes were treated with rosiglitazone, with or without dexamethasone, and expression levels of brite adipocyte markers, lipolysis, and lipid droplet and mitochondrial structures were examined. RESULTS Both omental and subcutaneous adipocytes acquired brite phenotypes upon peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist treatment, and dexamethasone tended to enhance the remodeling. Although rosiglitazone increased lipolysis during treatment, brite adipocytes exhibited lower basal lipolytic rates and enhanced responses to β-adrenergic agonists or atrial natriuretic peptide. Transcriptome analysis identified induction of both breakdown and biosynthesis of lipids in brite adipocytes. After 60+ days in culture, lipid droplet size increased to ~50 microns, becoming almost unilocular in control adipocytes, and after browning, they acquired paucilocular morphology, clusters of small lipid droplets (1-2 micron) surrounded by mitochondria appearing on the periphery of the central large one. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic and structural remodeling during browning of primary human adipocytes is similar to previous findings in human adipocytes in vivo, supporting their uses for mechanical studies investigating browning with translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan K Fried
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Sultana N, Islam R. Modulation of the dynamics and cellularity of adipose tissues in different fat depots in broilers by dietary dexamethasone. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9:583-590. [PMID: 36714508 PMCID: PMC9868779 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2022.i627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this investigation was to determine the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on the weight and cellularity of abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots. Materials and Methods The study was conducted on four broiler chicks (20 chicks per group) fed commercial feed and water ad libitum. The DEX was supplied with feed at 0 mg/kg (non-DEX), 3 mg/kg (DEX-1), 5 mg/kg (DEX-2), and 7 mg/kg (DEX-3) from day 0 to day 28. The entire abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots were collected and weighed after sacrificing five birds from each group on days 14 and 28. Results The DEX groups had considerably lower (p < 0.05) fat depot weights with dose-related variation noted among the DEX groups. The histological findings revealed the presence of unilocular, round to oval-shaped adipocytes. The DEX-1 and DEX-2 had way lower (p < 0.05) numbers of adipocytes while the DEX-3 had considerably higher (p < 0.05) numbers of adipocytes than the non-DEX. DEX-1 and DEX-2 had larger (p < 0.05) adipocytes whereas DEX-3 had smaller adipocytes than the non-DEX. Adipocyte sizes and fat depot weights were found to have very strong negative relationships. Conclusion Dietary DEX affects the growth and distribution of abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots and adipocyte cellularity subjected to both dose and duration of DEX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Sultana
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Lustig RH, Collier D, Kassotis C, Roepke TA, Ji Kim M, Blanc E, Barouki R, Bansal A, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Choudhury M, Gilbertson M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Howard S, Lind L, Tomlinson CR, Vondracek J, Heindel JJ. Obesity I: Overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115012. [PMID: 35393120 PMCID: PMC9050949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excess body fat. Its prevalence has increased globally since the 1970s, and the number of obese and overweight people is now greater than those underweight. Obesity is a multifactorial condition, and as such, many components contribute to its development and pathogenesis. This is the first of three companion reviews that consider obesity. This review focuses on the genetics, viruses, insulin resistance, inflammation, gut microbiome, and circadian rhythms that promote obesity, along with hormones, growth factors, and organs and tissues that control its development. It shows that the regulation of energy balance (intake vs. expenditure) relies on the interplay of a variety of hormones from adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. It details how integrating central neurotransmitters and peripheral metabolic signals (e.g., leptin, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY3-36) is essential for controlling energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. It describes the distinct types of adipocytes and how fat cell development is controlled by hormones and growth factors acting via a variety of receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, retinoid X, insulin, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, liver X, constitutive androstane, pregnane X, farnesoid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Finally, it demonstrates that obesity likely has origins in utero. Understanding these biochemical drivers of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction throughout the life cycle lends plausibility and credence to the "obesogen hypothesis" (i.e., the importance of environmental chemicals that disrupt these receptors to promote adiposity or alter metabolism), elucidated more fully in the two companion reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Christopher Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Troy A Roepke
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States.
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Lengton R, Iyer AM, van der Valk ES, Hoogeveen EK, Meijer OC, van der Voorn B, van Rossum EFC. Variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity and the relation with obesity. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13401. [PMID: 34837448 PMCID: PMC9285588 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a relation between increased glucocorticoid (GC) exposure and weight gain. In support, long-term cortisol measurements using hair analysis revealed that many individuals with obesity appear to have cortisol values in the high physiological range. The mechanisms behind this relationship need to be determined in order to develop targeted therapy to reach sustainable weight loss in these subgroups. The effect of GCs is not only determined by the plasma concentration of GCs but also by individual differences in GC sensitivity and the target tissue, which can be analyzed by functional GC assays. GC sensitivity is influenced by multiple genetic and acquired (e.g., disease-related) factors, including intracellular GC availability, hormone binding affinity, and expression levels of the GC receptors and their isoforms, as well as factors involved in the modulation of gene transcription. Interindividual differences in GC sensitivity also play a role in the response to exogenous GCs, with respect to both therapeutic and adverse effects. Accordingly, in this review, we summarize current knowledge on mechanisms that influence GC sensitivity and their relationships with obesity and discuss personalized treatment options targeting the GC receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lengton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline S van der Valk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen K Hoogeveen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wnt-Signaling Regulated by Glucocorticoid-Induced miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111778. [PMID: 34769207 PMCID: PMC8584097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are pleiotropic hormones which regulate innumerable physiological processes. Their comprehensive effects are due to the diversity of signaling mechanism networks. MiRNAs, small, non-coding RNAs contribute to the fine tuning of signaling pathways and reciprocal regulation between GCs and miRNAs has been suggested. Our aim was to investigate the expressional change and potential function of GC mediated miRNAs. The miRNA expression profile was measured in three models: human adrenocortical adenoma vs. normal tissue, steroid-producing H295R cells and in hormonally inactive HeLa cells before and after dexamethasone treatment. The gene expression profile in 82 control and 57 GC-affected samples was evaluated in GC producing and six different GC target tissue types. Tissue-specific target prediction (TSTP) was applied to identify the most relevant miRNA-mRNA interactions. Glucocorticoid treatment resulted in cell type-dependent miRNA expression changes. However, 19.5% of the influenced signaling pathways were common in all three experiments, of which the Wnt-signaling pathway seemed to be the most affected. Transcriptome data and TSTP showed similar results, as the Wnt pathway was significantly altered in both the GC-producing adrenal gland and all investigated GC target tissue types. In different cell types, different miRNAs led to the regulation of similar pathways. Wnt signaling may be one of the most important signaling pathways affected by hypercortisolism. It is, at least in part, regulated by miRNAs that mediate the glucocorticoid effect. Our findings on GC producing and GC target tissues suggest that the alteration of Wnt signaling (together with other pathways) may be responsible for the leading symptoms observed in Cushing's syndrome.
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Bisphenols and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of the Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) are environmental contaminants that have been associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Two organs that are often implicated in the development of insulin resistance are the skeletal muscle and the adipose tissue, however, seldom studies have investigated the effects of bisphenols on their metabolism. In this review we discuss metabolic perturbations that occur in both the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue affected with insulin resistance, and how exposure to BPA or BPS has been linked to these changes. Furthermore, we highlight the possible effects of BPA on the cross-talk between the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
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Sarsenbayeva A, Dipta P, Lundqvist M, Almby KE, Tirosh B, Di Nunzio G, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Human macrophages stimulate expression of inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; effects of second-generation antipsychotics and glucocorticoids on cellular cross-talk. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 125:105071. [PMID: 33360972 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue inflammation and distorted macrophage-adipocyte communication are positively associated with metabolic disturbances. Some pharmacological agents, such as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone, tend to induce adverse metabolic side effects and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Our work aimed to study whether SGAs and dexamethasone affect macrophage phenotype and macrophage-adipocyte communication on gene expression level. We selected the model involving THP-1-derived macrophages, polarized into M0, M1, and M2 phenotypes, and primary human mature subcutaneous adipocytes. METHODS Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue needle biopsies were obtained from 6 healthy subjects (4F/2M; age: 22-64 yr; BMI: 21.7-27.6 kg/m2) followed by isolation of mature adipocytes. THP-1-human monocytic cell line was used for the study. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated and polarized into M0 (naïve), M1 (classically activated), and M2 (alternatively activated) macrophages. During and after polarization the macrophages were treated for 24 h without (control) or with therapeutic and supra-therapeutic concentrations of olanzapine (0.2 µM and 2.0 µM), aripiprazole (1.0 µM and 10 µM) and its active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole (0.4 µM and 4.0 µM). Isolated mature human adipocytes were co-incubated with THP-1-derived polarized macrophages pre-treated with SGAs after their polarization. Adipocytes and macrophages were collected before and after co-culture for mRNA expression analysis of genes involved in inflammation. RESULTS Co-incubation of mature human adipocytes with human macrophages, regardless of polarization, resulted in a marked induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipocytes, including IL1B, IL6, TNFA, and IL10. Remarkably, it did not affect the expression of adipokines and genes involved in the regulation of energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism in adipocytes. Dexamethasone markedly reduced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and prevented macrophage-induced inflammatory response in adipocytes. In contrast, SGAs did not affect macrophage-adipocyte communication and had a minute anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages at supra-therapeutic concentrations. Interestingly, the adipocytes co-incubated with M1 macrophages pre-treated with dexamethasone and SGAs particularly the supra-therapeutic concentration of olanzapine, reduced expression of LPL, LIPE, AKT1, and SLC2A4, suggesting that the expression of metabolic genes in adipocytes was dependent on the presence of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that macrophages induce expression of pro-inflammatory genes in human subcutaneous adipocytes without affecting the expression of adipokines or genes involved in energy regulation. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that SGAs and dexamethasone had a mild effect on macrophage-adipocyte communication in M1 macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Priya Dipta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Martin Lundqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kristina E Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Giada Di Nunzio
- The Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Meszaros K, Patocs A. Glucocorticoids Influencing Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway; Multiple Sites, Heterogeneous Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071489. [PMID: 32218328 PMCID: PMC7181001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are vital; their accurate operation is a necessity at all ages and in all life situations. Glucocorticoids regulate diverse physiological processes and they use many signaling pathways to fulfill their effect. As the operation of these hormones affects many organs, the excess of glucocorticoids is actually detrimental to the whole human body. The endogenous glucocorticoid excess is a relatively rare condition, but a significant proportion of adult people uses glucocorticoid medication for the treatment of chronic illnesses, therefore they are exposed to the side effects of long-term glucocorticoid treatment. Our review summarizes the adverse effects of glucocorticoid excess affecting bones, adipose tissue, brain and skin, focusing on those effects which involve the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Patocs
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-266-0926; Fax: +36-1-266-0816
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10
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Della Bella E, Menzel U, Basoli V, Tourbier C, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Differential Regulation of circRNA, miRNA, and piRNA during Early Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020398. [PMID: 32050423 PMCID: PMC7072123 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study is to identify the differential expression of circular RNA (circRNA), miRNA, and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) after lineage commitment towards osteo- and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). The cells were maintained for 7 days in either osteogenic or chondrogenic medium. RNA sequencing was performed to assess the expression of miRNA and piRNA, while RNA hybridization arrays were used to identify which circRNA were differentially expressed. qPCR validation of a selection of targets for both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was carried out. The differential expression of several circRNA, miRNA, and piRNA was identified and validated. The expression of total and circular isoforms of FKBP5 was upregulated both in osteo- and chondrogenesis and it was influenced by the presence of dexamethasone. ZEB1, FADS2, and SMYD3 were also identified as regulated in differentiation and/or by dexamethasone. In conclusion, we have identified a set of different non-coding RNAs that are differentially regulated in early osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, paving the way for further investigation to understand how dexamethasone controls the expression of those genes and what their function is in MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (U.M.); (V.B.); (C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Ursula Menzel
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (U.M.); (V.B.); (C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Valentina Basoli
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (U.M.); (V.B.); (C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Céline Tourbier
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (U.M.); (V.B.); (C.T.); (M.A.)
- Department of Cranio-Maxiofacial Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (U.M.); (V.B.); (C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin J. Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (U.M.); (V.B.); (C.T.); (M.A.)
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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11
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Marcondes-de-Mello MLDF, Serafim-Costa MC, Alves-E-Silva MM, Oliveira NR, Bertolucci-Caldo NV, Ferraz RK, Chaves VE. Effect of glucocorticoids on glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue: A systematic review. Biochimie 2019; 168:210-219. [PMID: 31759936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glyceroneogenesis is important for the maintenance of fat content in white adipose tissue (WAT). An increase in WAT, and especially the pattern of fat distribution, specifically in visceral depots, potentially contributes to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction and hypertension. Recent studies have shown important differences in glyceroneogenesis of different fat sites under the administration of glucocorticoids (GCs). Such differences need to be analysed with criteria evidencing the parameter studied, the type of corticoid, the form of administration and also the tissue studied. PubMed, Scopus and Virtual Health Library were used to search for articles that analysed the effect of GCs on glyceroneogenesis in different sites of adipose tissue in mammals and primary cultures. GCs decrease the glyceroneogenesis in epididymal WAT (EWAT) and also decrease the expression of the mRNA, content and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C), key enzyme of glyceroneogenesis. However, in retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT), although there is no consensus about the effect of GCs on PEPCK mRNA, GCs increase PEPCK-C activity and glyceroneogenesis flux. In inguinal WAT (IWAT) an in vitro study showed an increase in the PEPCK mRNA induced by dexamethasone. However, prednisolone does not change glyceroneogenesis flux. In interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) prednisolone or dexamethasone does not change PEPCK-C activity in control diet-fed rats but led to a decrease in PEPCK-C activity in fasted- or high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet-fed rats, as well as in suckling rats. Despite that fact that GCs have different potencies, the same dose of dexamethasone reduces PEPCK-C activity in EWAT, but not in RWAT and IBAT from control-diet fed rats. In summary, the data presented in this article show that GCs differentially regulate glyceroneogenesis in different sites of adipose tissue. Further experiments are needed to firmly establish our hypothesis and clarify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruan Krubniki Ferraz
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Ferreira TDS, Barreto Silva MI, da Costa MS, Pontes KSDS, Castro FG, Antunes VP, Rosina KTDC, Menna Barreto APM, Souza E, Klein MRST. High abdominal adiposity and low phase angle in overweight renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13654. [PMID: 31241791 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Body mass index (BMI) is the most used parameter for obesity screening. However, the evaluation of CVD risk in overweight individuals should include the assessment of body fat distribution and body composition. Renal transplant recipients (RTR) have a high CVD risk and frequently present weight gain and loss of lean mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate body fat distribution and body composition in overweight RTR. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 86 RTR and 86 hypertensive individuals (comparison group, CG) presenting BMI 25-35 Kg/m2 and 45-70 years. Anthropometric evaluation included BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and a body shape index. Body composition was evaluated with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) by CKD-EPI equation. RTR group (RTRG) and CG presented similar age and BMI. RTRG when compared to CG presented lower percentage of women and eGFR; higher central adiposity; and lower values of reactance, intracellular water, body cell mass and phase angle, more consistently observed in women. This study suggests that overweight RTR present higher abdominal adiposity and impairment in BIA parameters that are sensitive indicators of impaired membrane integrity, water distribution, and body cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís da Silva Ferreira
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Barreto Silva
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Medeiros Menna Barreto
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Macaé Campus), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edison Souza
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Lee MJ, Pickering RT, Shibad V, Wu Y, Karastergiou K, Jager M, Layne MD, Fried SK. Impaired Glucocorticoid Suppression of TGFβ Signaling in Human Omental Adipose Tissues Limits Adipogenesis and May Promote Fibrosis. Diabetes 2019; 68:587-597. [PMID: 30530781 PMCID: PMC6385749 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral obesity is associated with insulin resistance and higher risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic diseases. A limited ability of adipose tissues to remodel through the recruitment and differentiation of adipose stem cells (ASCs) is associated with adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis and the metabolic syndrome. We show that the lower adipogenesis of omental (Om) compared with abdominal subcutaneous (Abdsc) ASCs was associated with greater secretion of TGFβ ligands that acted in an autocrine/paracrine loop to activate SMAD2 and suppress adipogenesis. Inhibition of TGFβ signaling rescued Om ASC differentiation. In Abdsc ASCs, low concentrations of dexamethasone suppressed TGFβ signaling and enhanced adipogenesis, at least in part by increasing TGFBR3 protein that can sequester TGFβ ligands. Om ASCs were resistant to these dexamethasone effects; recombinant TGFBR3 increased their differentiation. Pericellular fibrosis, a hallmark of dysfunctional adipose tissue, was greater in Om and correlated with higher level of tissue TGFβ signaling activity and lower ASC differentiation. We conclude that glucocorticoids restrain cell-autonomous TGFβ signaling in ASCs to facilitate adipogenesis and healthy remodeling in Abdsc and these processes are impaired in Om. Therapies directed at overcoming glucocorticoid resistance in visceral adipose tissue may improve remodeling and help prevent metabolic complications of visceral obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - R Taylor Pickering
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Varuna Shibad
- Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kalypso Karastergiou
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mike Jager
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew D Layne
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Susan K Fried
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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14
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Sweatt SK, Gower BA, Chieh AY, Liu Y, Li L. Sleep quality is differentially related to adiposity in adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:46-51. [PMID: 30098512 PMCID: PMC6204309 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleep duration is associated with adiposity in adults. Abdominal adiposity specifically is strongly correlated with metabolic alterations, however, the relationships between abdominal adiposity and sleep quality are incompletely understood. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that abdominal adiposity is related to poor sleep quality while total adiposity is not; and to explore whether pathways, including immune system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, link abdominal adiposity to poor sleep quality. METHODS Subjects were 101 men and women aged 38.88 ± 11.96 years with body mass index between 29.35 ± 6.93 kg/m2. Subjective sleep quality was determined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index (PSQI). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Saliva and blood samples were collected for assessment of cortisol and markers of inflammation. In a cross-sectional study design, correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between poor sleep quality and adiposity. Participants were stratified based on PSQI score to evaluate differences in main outcomes between subjects with normal (NSQ; PSQI ≤ 5) vs poor sleep quality (PSQ; PSQI > 5). RESULTS Poor sleep quality was related to greater visceral fat (r = 0.26; p < 0.05), but not total fat. The PSQ group had greater visceral fat compared to the NSQ group (1.11 ± 0.83 kg vs 0.79 ± 0.62 kg; p < 0.05), however, there was no difference in total fat mass (33.18 ± 14.21 kg vs 29.39 ± 13.03 kg; p = 0.24). The PSQ group had significantly greater leptin (1.37 ± 0.07 ng/ml vs 1.08 ± 0.08 ng/ml; p < 0.05), but hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity did not differ between the PSQ and NSQ groups. CONCLUSIONS Poor sleep quality is associated with greater visceral adiposity and leptin secretion. Further research is needed to probe potential cause and effect relationships among visceral adipose tissue, leptin, and sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Katherine Sweatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Angela Y Chieh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Li Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States.
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15
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that play a key role in metabolic adaptations during stress, such as fasting and starvation, in order to maintain plasma glucose levels. Excess and chronic glucocorticoid exposure, however, causes metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Studies in animal models of metabolic disorders frequently demonstrate that suppressing glucocorticoid signaling improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic profiles. Glucocorticoids convey their signals through an intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is a transcriptional regulator. The adipocyte is one cell type that contributes to whole body metabolic homeostasis under the influence of GR. Glucocorticoids' functions on adipose tissues are complex. Depending on various physiological or pathophysiological states as well as distinct fat depots, glucocorticoids can either increase or decrease lipid storage in adipose tissues. In rodents, glucocorticoids have been shown to reduce the thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes. However, in human acute glucocorticoid exposure, glucocorticoids act to promote thermogenesis. In this article, we will review the recent studies on the mechanisms underlying the complex metabolic functions of GR in adipocytes. These include studies of the metabolic outcomes of adipocyte specific GR knockout mice and identification of novel GR primary target genes that mediate glucocorticoid action in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Lee
- Endocrinology Graduate Program and Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Charles A Harris
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Endocrinology Graduate Program and Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
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16
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Chang LL, Wun WSA, Wang PS. An inhibitor of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (PF915275) alleviates nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism and adiposity in rat and human cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:45. [PMID: 30021644 PMCID: PMC6052566 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) detected in human cord blood and milk. NP exposure in developmental periods results in hyperadrenalism and increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11β-HSD1) activity in an adult rat model. Alleviating 11β-HSD1 activity is therefore a logical and common way to treat hyperadrenalism. PF915275 (PF; 4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-sulfonic acid (6-amino-pyridin-2-yl)-amide) is a selective inhibitor for 11β-HSD1. This study aimed to determine whether PF915275 could alleviate the hyperadrenalism induced by NP. In addition to a rat model, the effects of NP and PF915275 were measured in human preadipocytes. Methods For the in vivo rat model, female adult rats exposed to NP during the developmental period were divided into two treatment groups, with one receiving oral DMSO solution and the other receiving PF915275 once per day for 4 weeks. After the final treatment, the rats from each group were sacrificed for analysis. For the in vitro human model, human preadipocytes received 2 regimens of NP treatment. One treatment regimen occurred before differentiation (to mimic the sensitive developmental period; P exposure), and the other included continuous exposure from preadipocytes to fully differentiated adipocytes (to mimic the growing and adult periods, respectively; C exposure). Protein and RNA were extracted from rat tissues and the preadipocytes for western blot and real-time PCR analysis. Results In the rat model, PF915275 alleviated NP-induced effects by interfering with adipogenesis pathways, including enhancing PPARα expression, decreasing PPARγ expression, and reducing both 11β-HSD1 protein and mRNA expression levels. Additionally, PF915275 reduced the effects of the adrenal corticoid synthesis pathway by reducing StAR expression and 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase activities. With short-term exposure, NP enhanced PPARγ and FASN mRNA expression levels and reduced PPARα expression, whereas PF915275 alleviated these effects. With C exposure, the NP-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids was reduced by PF915275 treatment, which was mediated by decreased PPARγ mRNA and protein expression levels and increased PPARα protein expression. Conclusions The effects of NP and PF915275 treatment in both rat and human cell models are similar. Rats may be an appropriate model to study the effects of NP in humans, especially during the developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Shih-Lin, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan, Republic of China
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17
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Watanabe T, Watanabe-Kominato K, Takahashi Y, Kojima M, Watanabe R. Adipose Tissue-Derived Omentin-1 Function and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28640441 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Omentin-1, also known as intelectin-1, is a recently identified novel adipocytokine of 313 amino acids, which is expressed in visceral (omental and epicardial) fat as well as mesothelial cells, vascular cells, airway goblet cells, small intestine, colon, ovary, and plasma. The level of omentin-1 expression in (pre)adipocytes is decreased by glucose/insulin and stimulated by fibroblast growth factor-21 and dexamethasone. Several lines of experimental evidence have shown that omentin-1 plays crucial roles in the maintenance of body metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and cardiovascular protective effects via AMP-activated protein kinase/Akt/nuclear factor-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK, JNK, and p38) signaling. Clinical studies have indicated the usage of circulating omentin-1 as a biomarker of obesity, metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. It is also possible to use circulating omentin-1 as a biomarker of bone metabolism, inflammatory diseases, cancers, sleep apnea syndrome, preeclampsia, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Decreased omentin-1 levels are generally associated with these diseases. However, omentin-1 increases to counteract the acute phase after onset of these diseases. These findings indicate that omentin-1 may be a negative risk factor for these diseases, and also act as an acute-phase reactant by its anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective effects. Therapeutic strategies to restore omentin-1 levels may be valuable for the prevention or treatment of these diseases. Weight loss, olive oil-rich diet, aerobic training, and treatment with atorvastatin and antidiabetic drugs (metformin, pioglitazone, and exenatide) are effective means of increasing circulating omentin-1 levels. This review provides insights into the potential use of omentin-1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for these diseases. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:765-781, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaho Watanabe-Kominato
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Takahashi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Kojima
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rena Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-City, Tokyo, Japan
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