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Xia C, Qi X, Song X. Cumulative expression of heterologous XlnR regulatory modules and AraR A731V in Penicillium oxalicum enhances saccharification efficiency of corn stover and corn fiber. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:18. [PMID: 38303075 PMCID: PMC10835966 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Penicillium oxalicum engineered strain DB2 and its mutant strains with multiple regulatory modules were constructed. Mutant strain RE-4-2 with two regulatory modules showed a significant increase in the reducing sugar released from corn stover and corn fiber as well as in the conversion of cellulose than DB2. RE-5-2 with three regulatory modules showed a further increase in reducing sugar released from corn stover and the conversion of cellulose on the basis of RE-4-2. RE-4-2-AraRA731V constructed by overexpressing AraRA731V in RE-4-2 showed an increase of 7.2 times and 1.2 times in arabinofuranosidase and xylosidase activities, respectively. Reducing sugar yield and cellulose conversion of corn stover and corn fiber by RE-4-2-AraRA731V were further increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiang Xia
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Minxiannan Road 1, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qi
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhao S, Zhang T, Hasunuma T, Kondo A, Zhao XQ, Feng JX. Every road leads to Rome: diverse biosynthetic regulation of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in filamentous fungi Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma reesei. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-21. [PMID: 38035670 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2280810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulases and xylanases are plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are critical to sustainable bioproduction based on renewable lignocellulosic biomass to reduce carbon dioxide emission. Currently, these enzymes are mainly produced from filamentous fungi, especially Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium oxalicum. However, an in-depth comparison of these two producers has not been performed. Although both P. oxalicum and T. reesei harbor CWDE systems, they exhibit distinct features regulating the production of these enzymes, mainly through different transcriptional regulatory networks. This review presents the strikingly different modes of genome-wide regulation of cellulase and xylanase biosynthesis in P. oxalicum and T. reesei, including sugar transporters, signal transduction cascades, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, and three-dimensional organization of chromosomes. In addition, different molecular breeding approaches employed, based on the understanding of the regulatory networks, are summarized. This review highlights the existence of very different regulatory modes leading to the efficient regulation of CWDE production in filamentous fungi, akin to the adage that "every road leads to Rome." An understanding of this divergence may help further improvements in fungal enzyme production through the metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of certain fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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3
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Yu NN, Ketya W, Park G. Intracellular Nitric Oxide and cAMP Are Involved in Cellulolytic Enzyme Production in Neurospora crassa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054503. [PMID: 36901932 PMCID: PMC10003064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although molecular regulation of cellulolytic enzyme production in filamentous fungi has been actively explored, the underlying signaling processes in fungal cells are still not clearly understood. In this study, the molecular signaling mechanism regulating cellulase production in Neurospora crassa was investigated. We found that the transcription and extracellular cellulolytic activity of four cellulolytic enzymes (cbh1, gh6-2, gh5-1, and gh3-4) increased in Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose) medium. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by fluorescent dyes were observed in larger areas of fungal hyphae grown in Avicel medium compared to those grown in glucose medium. The transcription of the four cellulolytic enzyme genes in fungal hyphae grown in Avicel medium was significantly decreased and increased after NO was intracellularly removed and extracellularly added, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the cyclic AMP (cAMP) level in fungal cells was significantly decreased after intracellular NO removal, and the addition of cAMP could enhance cellulolytic enzyme activity. Taken together, our data suggest that the increase in intracellular NO in response to cellulose in media may have promoted the transcription of cellulolytic enzymes and participated in the elevation of intracellular cAMP, eventually leading to improved extracellular cellulolytic enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Yu
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma-Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Wirinthip Ketya
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma-Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungsoon Park
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma-Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-940-8324
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4
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Plasma Promotes Fungal Cellulase Production by Regulating the Levels of Intracellular NO and Ca 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126668. [PMID: 35743111 PMCID: PMC9223429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
For the industrial-scale production of useful enzymes by microorganisms, technological development is required for overcoming a technical bottleneck represented by poor efficiency in the induction of enzyme gene expression and secretion. In this study, we evaluated the potential of a non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet to improve the production efficiency of cellulolytic enzymes in Neurospora crassa, a filamentous fungus. The total activity of cellulolytic enzymes and protein concentration were significantly increased (1.1~1.2 times) in media containing Avicel 24–72 h after 2 and 5 min of plasma treatment. The mRNA levels of four cellulolytic enzymes in fungal hyphae grown in media with Avicel were significantly increased (1.3~17 times) 2–4 h after a 5 min of plasma treatment. The levels of intracellular NO and Ca2+ were increased in plasma-treated fungal hyphae grown in Avicel media after 48 h, and the removal of intracellular NO decreased the activity of cellulolytic enzymes in media and the level of vesicles in fungal hyphae. Our data suggest that plasma treatment can promote the transcription and secretion of cellulolytic enzymes into the culture media in the presence of Avicel (induction condition) by enhancing the intracellular level of NO and Ca2+.
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Insights into the Lignocellulose-Degrading Enzyme System of Humicola grisea var. thermoidea Based on Genome and Transcriptome Analysis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0108821. [PMID: 34523973 PMCID: PMC8557918 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01088-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humicola grisea var. thermoidea is a thermophilic ascomycete and important enzyme producer that has an efficient enzymatic system with a broad spectrum of thermostable carbohydrate-active (CAZy) enzymes. These enzymes can be employed in lignocellulose biomass deconstruction and other industrial applications. In this work, the genome of H. grisea var. thermoidea was sequenced. The acquired sequence reads were assembled into a total length of 28.75 Mbp. Genome features correlate with what was expected for thermophilic Sordariomycetes. The transcriptomic data showed that sugarcane bagasse significantly upregulated genes related to primary metabolism and polysaccharide deconstruction, especially hydrolases, at both pH 5 and pH 8. However, a number of exclusive and shared genes between the pH values were found, especially at pH 8. H. grisea expresses an average of 211 CAZy enzymes (CAZymes), which are capable of acting in different substrates. The top upregulated genes at both pH values represent CAZyme-encoding genes from different classes, including acetylxylan esterase, endo-1,4-β-mannosidase, exoglucanase, and endoglucanase genes. For the first time, the arsenal that the thermophilic fungus H. grisea var. thermoidea possesses to degrade the lignocellulosic biomass is shown. Carbon source and pH are of pivotal importance in regulating gene expression in this organism, and alkaline pH is a key regulatory factor for sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis. This work paves the way for the genetic manipulation and robust biotechnological applications of this fungus. IMPORTANCE Most studies regarding the use of fungi as enzyme producers for biomass deconstruction have focused on mesophile species, whereas the potential of thermophiles has been evaluated less. This study revealed, through genome and transcriptome analyses, the genetic repertoire of the biotechnological relevant thermophile fungus Humicola grisea. Comparative genomics helped us to further understand the biology and biotechnological potential of H. grisea. The results demonstrate that this fungus possesses an arsenal of carbohydrate-active (CAZy) enzymes to degrade the lignocellulosic biomass. Indeed, it expresses more than 200 genes encoding CAZy enzymes when cultivated in sugarcane bagasse. Carbon source and pH are key factors for regulating the gene expression in this organism. This work shows, for the first time, the great potential of H. grisea as an enzyme producer and a gene donor for biotechnological applications and provides the base for the genetic manipulation and robust biotechnological applications of this fungus.
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Pedersoli WR, de Paula RG, Antoniêto ACC, Carraro CB, Taveira IC, Maués DB, Martins MP, Ribeiro LFC, Damasio ARDL, Silva-Rocha R, Filho AR, Silva RN. Analysis of the phosphorylome of trichoderma reesei cultivated on sugarcane bagasse suggests post-translational regulation of the secreted glycosyl hydrolase Cel7A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 31:e00652. [PMID: 34258241 PMCID: PMC8254082 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylome of Trichoderma reesei reveals phosphosites in some glycosyl hydrolases. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine is the major phosphosites identified. Protein Kinase C is the most frequently predicted kinase in phosphorylome. The cellulase Cel7A activity is affected by dephosphorylation.
Trichoderma reesei is one of the major producers of holocellulases. It is known that in T. reesei, protein production patterns can change in a carbon source-dependent manner. Here, we performed a phosphorylome analysis of T. reesei grown in the presence of sugarcane bagasse and glucose as carbon source. In presence of sugarcane bagasse, a total of 114 phosphorylated proteins were identified. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine corresponded to 89.6% of the phosphosites and 10.4% were related to phosphotyrosine. Among the identified proteins, 65% were singly phosphorylated, 19% were doubly phosphorylated, 12% were triply phosphorylated, and 4% displayed even higher phosphorylation. Seventy-five kinases were predicted to phosphorylate the sites identified in this work, and the most frequently predicted serine/threonine kinase was PKC1. Among phosphorylated proteins, four glycosyl hydrolases were predicted to be secreted. Interestingly, Cel7A activity, the most secreted protein, was reduced to approximately 60% after in vitro dephosphorylation, suggesting that phosphorylation might alter Cel7A structure, substrate affinity, and targeting of the substrate to its carbohydrate-binding domain. These results suggest a novel post-translational regulation of Cel7A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Ramos Pedersoli
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29047-105, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Campos Antoniêto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Batista Carraro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Iasmin Cartaxo Taveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - David Batista Maués
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maíra Pompeu Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Liliane Fraga Costa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - André Ricardo de Lima Damasio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva-Rocha
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Rossi Filho
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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Mhuantong W, Charoensri S, Poonsrisawat A, Pootakham W, Tangphatsornruang S, Siamphan C, Suwannarangsee S, Eurwilaichitr L, Champreda V, Charoensawan V, Chantasingh D. High Quality Aspergillus aculeatus Genomes and Transcriptomes: A Platform for Cellulase Activity Optimization Toward Industrial Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:607176. [PMID: 33585410 PMCID: PMC7873481 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.607176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Salisa Charoensri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Aphisit Poonsrisawat
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wirulda Pootakham
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chatuphon Siamphan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Surisa Suwannarangsee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Integrative Computational Bioscience Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duriya Chantasingh
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Miao Y, Chen X, Li T, Zhu H, Tang S, Liu D, Shen Q. Proteomic analysis reflects an environmental alkalinization-coupled pH-dependent mechanism of regulating lignocellulases in Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:6. [PMID: 31938041 PMCID: PMC6954547 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-1651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi have the ability to efficiently decompose plant biomass, and thus are widely used in the biofuel and bioprocess industries. In process, ambient pH has been reported to strongly affect the performance of the applied functional filamentous fungi. In this study, Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 was investigated under the fermentation of rice straw at different initial pH values for a detailed study. RESULTS The results showed that NJAU4742 strain could tolerate ambient pH values ranging from 3.0 to 9.0, but had significantly higher growth speed and extracellular enzyme activities under acidic conditions. At low ambient pH (< 4), NJAU4742 strain achieved rapid degradation of rice straw by elevating the ambient pH to an optimal range through environmental alkalinization. Further proteomic analysis identified a total of 1139 intracellular and extracellular proteins during the solid-state fermentation processes, including the quantified 190 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) responsible for rice straw degradation, such as 19 cellulases, 47 hemicellulases and 11 chitinases. Meanwhile, the analysis results clearly showed that the secreted lignocellulases had a synergistic trend in distribution according to the ambient pH, and thus led to a pH-dependent classification of lignocellulases in T. guizhouense NJAU4742. CONCLUSIONS Most functional lignocellulases were found to be differently regulated by the ambient pH in T. guizhouense NJAU4742, which had the ability of speeding up biomass degradation by elevating the ambient pH through environmental alkalinization. These findings contribute to the theoretical basis for the biodegradation of plant biomass by filamentous fungi in the biofuel and bioprocess industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tuo Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyu Tang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
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Martins MP, Martinez-Rossi NM, Sanches PR, Gomes EV, Bertolini MC, Pedersoli WR, Silva RN, Rossi A. The pH Signaling Transcription Factor PAC-3 Regulates Metabolic and Developmental Processes in Pathogenic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2076. [PMID: 31551996 PMCID: PMC6738131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger transcription factor PAC-3/RIM101/PacC has a defined role in the secretion of enzymes and proteins in response to ambient pH, and also contributes to the virulence of species. Herein we evaluated the role of PAC-3 in the regulation of Neurospora crassa genes, in a model that examined the plant-fungi interactions. N. crassa is a model fungal species capable of exhibiting dynamic responses to its environment by employing endophytic or phytopathogenic behavior according to a given circumstance. Since plant growth and productivity are highly affected by pH and phosphorus (P) acquisition, we sought to verify the impact that induction of a Δpac-3 mutation would have under limited and sufficient Pi availability, while ensuring that the targeted physiological adjustments mimicked ambient pH and nutritional conditions required for efficient fungal growth and development. Our results suggest direct regulatory functions for PAC-3 in cell wall biosynthesis, homeostasis, oxidation-reduction processes, hydrolase activity, transmembrane transport, and modulation of genes associated with fungal virulence. Pi-dependent modulation was observed mainly in genes encoding for transporter proteins or related to cell wall development, thereby advancing the current understanding regarding colonization and adaptation processes in response to challenging environments. We have also provided comprehensive evidence that suggests a role for PAC-3 as a global regulator in plant pathogenic fungi, thus presenting results that have the potential to be applied to various types of microbes, with diverse survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Pompeu Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Célia Bertolini
- Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Wellington R Pedersoli
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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10
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de Paula RG, Antoniêto ACC, Nogueira KMV, Ribeiro LFC, Rocha MC, Malavazi I, Almeida F, Silva RN. Extracellular vesicles carry cellulases in the industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:146. [PMID: 31223336 PMCID: PMC6570945 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is the most important industrial producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes. These enzymes play an important role in biomass degradation leading to novel applications of this fungus in the biotechnology industry, specifically biofuel production. The secretory pathway of fungi is responsible for transporting proteins addressed to different cellular locations involving some cellular endomembrane systems. Although protein secretion is an extremely efficient process in T. reesei, the mechanisms underlying protein secretion have remained largely uncharacterized in this organism. RESULTS Here, we report for the first time the isolation and characterization of T. reesei extracellular vesicles (EVs). Using proteomic analysis under cellulose culture condition, we have confidently identified 188 vesicular proteins belonging to different functional categories. Also, we characterized EVs production using transmission electron microscopy in combination with light scattering analysis. Biochemical assays revealed that T. reesei extracellular vesicles have an enrichment of filter paper (FPase) and β-glucosidase activities in purified vesicles from 24, 72 and 96, and 72 and 96 h, respectively. Furthermore, our results showed that there is a slight enrichment of small RNAs inside the vesicles after 96 h and 120 h, and presence of hsp proteins inside the vesicles purified from T. reesei grown in the presence of cellulose. CONCLUSIONS This work points to important insights into a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of cellulolytic enzyme secretion in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Campos Antoniêto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Karoline Maria Vieira Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Liliane Fraga Costa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Marina Campos Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900 Brazil
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11
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Martins MP, Gomes EV, Sanches PR, Pedersoli WR, Martinez-Rossi NM, Rossi A. mus-52 disruption and metabolic regulation in Neurospora crassa: Transcriptional responses to extracellular phosphate availability. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195871. [PMID: 29668735 PMCID: PMC5905970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of molecular systems depend on specific tools like the disruption of genes to produce strains with the desired characteristics. The disruption of any mutagen sensitive (mus) genes in the model fungus Neurospora crassa, i.e. mus-51, mus-52, or mus-53, orthologous to the human genes KU70, KU80, and LIG4, respectively, provides efficient tools for gene targeting. Accordingly, we used RNA-sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification techniques to evaluate the effects of mus-52 deletion in N. crassa gene transcriptional modulation, and thus, infer its influence regarding metabolic response to extracellular availability of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Notably, the absence of MUS-52 affected the transcription of a vast number of genes, highlighting the expression of those coding for transcription factors, kinases, circadian clocks, oxi-reduction balance, and membrane- and nucleolus-related proteins. These findings may provide insights toward the KU molecular mechanisms, which have been related to telomere maintenance, apoptosis, DNA replication, and gene transcription regulation, as well as associated human conditions including immune system disorders, cancer, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra P. Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eriston V. Gomes
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo R. Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wellington R. Pedersoli
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Virgilio S, Bertolini MC. Functional diversity in the pH signaling pathway: an overview of the pathway regulation in Neurospora crassa. Curr Genet 2017; 64:529-534. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Conservation and diversity of the regulators of cellulolytic enzyme genes in Ascomycete fungi. Curr Genet 2017; 63:951-958. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Benocci T, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Zhou M, Seiboth B, de Vries RP. Regulators of plant biomass degradation in ascomycetous fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:152. [PMID: 28616076 PMCID: PMC5468973 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungi play a major role in the global carbon cycle because of their ability to utilize plant biomass (polysaccharides, proteins, and lignin) as carbon source. Due to the complexity and heterogenic composition of plant biomass, fungi need to produce a broad range of degrading enzymes, matching the composition of (part of) the prevalent substrate. This process is dependent on a network of regulators that not only control the extracellular enzymes that degrade the biomass, but also the metabolic pathways needed to metabolize the resulting monomers. This review will summarize the current knowledge on regulation of plant biomass utilization in fungi and compare the differences between fungal species, focusing in particular on the presence or absence of the regulators involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Benocci
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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