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Bucklin M. A 5-Factor Framework for Assessing Tobacco Use Disorder. Tob Use Insights 2021; 14:1179173X21998355. [PMID: 33716514 PMCID: PMC7922618 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x21998355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United
States. Despite the well documented dangers of smoking, nearly 20% of
adults report regular use of tobacco. A majority desire to discontinue
but the long-term cessation success rate remains near 4%. One
challenge to reducing the prevalence of tobacco use is an incomplete
understanding of the individual correlates that reinforce continued
use. Evidence from research on nicotine and tobacco suggests that
Tobacco Use Disorder is a complex, and multifactorial condition.
Personality traits, comorbidities, habits and lifestyle, genetics,
socioeconomic status, and mental and physical health all contribute to
the risk for dependence and to the likelihood of quitting. This
perspective review provides an overview of some common factors that
contribute to liability risk for Tobacco Use Disorder and a framework
for assessing individual tobacco users. The framework includes 5 areas
that research suggests contribute to continued tobacco use: nicotine
addiction, psychological influences, behavioral dependencies,
neurobiological factors, and social reinforcement. Nicotine addiction
includes drug-seeking behavior and the role of withdrawal avoidance.
Psychological and emotional states contribute to a perceived reliance
on tobacco. Behavioral dependence is reinforced by associative and
non-associative learning mechanisms. Neurobiological factors include
genetic variables, variations in neurotransmitters and receptors,
pharmacogenetics, and interaction between psychiatric illnesses and
nicotine use and dependence. Finally, social reinforcement of smoking
behavior is explained by a network phenomenon and consistent visual
cues to smoke. A comprehensive assessment of individual tobacco users
will help better determine appropriate treatment options to achieve
improved efficacy and outcomes.
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De Queiroz Andrade E, Gomes GMC, Collison A, Grehan J, Murphy VE, Gibson P, Mattes J, Karmaus W. Variation of DNA Methylation in Newborns Associated with Exhaled Carbon Monoxide during Pregnancy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041597. [PMID: 33567599 PMCID: PMC7915220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to tobacco smoke is an adverse risk factor for newborns. A plausible mechanism of how this exposure may negatively impact long term health is differential methylation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAm) and its relation to birth weight. We examined whether self-reported gestational smoking status and maternal exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) during early pregnancy were associated with methylation of cytosine by guanines (CpG) sites that themselves predicted birth weight. We focused first on CpGs associated with maternal smoking, and secondly, among these, on CpGs related to birth weight found in another cohort. Then in 94 newborns from the Breathing for Life Trial (BLT) DNAm levels in cord blood were determined using Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip measuring >850K CpGs. We regressed CpGs on eCO and tested via mediation analysis whether CpGs link eCO to birth weight. Nine smoking related CpG sites were significantly associated with birth weight. Among these nine CpGs the methylation of cg02264407 on the LMO7 gene was statistically significant and linked with eCO measurements. eCO greater than six ppm showed a 2.3% decrease in infant DNAm (p = 0.035) on the LMO7 gene. A 1% decrease in methylation at this site resulted in decreased birth weight by 44.8 g (p = 0.003). None of the nine CpGs tested was associated with self-reported smoking. This is the first study to report potential mediation of DNA methylation, linking eCO measurements during early pregnancy with birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediane De Queiroz Andrade
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.D.Q.A.); (G.M.C.G.); (J.G.); (V.E.M.); (J.M.)
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Gabriela Martins Costa Gomes
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.D.Q.A.); (G.M.C.G.); (J.G.); (V.E.M.); (J.M.)
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Adam Collison
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.D.Q.A.); (G.M.C.G.); (J.G.); (V.E.M.); (J.M.)
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (W.K.); Tel.: +61-2-4042-0219 (A.C.); +1-901-678-2491 (W.K.)
| | - Jane Grehan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.D.Q.A.); (G.M.C.G.); (J.G.); (V.E.M.); (J.M.)
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Vanessa E. Murphy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.D.Q.A.); (G.M.C.G.); (J.G.); (V.E.M.); (J.M.)
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Peter Gibson
- Priority Research Centre Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;
- Respiratory & Sleep Medicine Department, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.D.Q.A.); (G.M.C.G.); (J.G.); (V.E.M.); (J.M.)
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
- Paediatric Respiratory & Sleep Medicine Department, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (W.K.); Tel.: +61-2-4042-0219 (A.C.); +1-901-678-2491 (W.K.)
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