1
|
Kaur J, Harder CB, Sharma J. Congeneric temperate orchids recruit similar-yet differentially abundant-endophytic bacterial communities that are uncoupled from soil, but linked to host phenology and population size. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16168. [PMID: 37052191 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Besides the beneficial plant-fungus symbiosis in mycorrhizal plants, bacteria also enhance plant fitness via tripartite interactions. While bacterial associations are presumably just as important for the obligate mycorrhizal family Orchidaceae, little is known about orchid associating bacteria (OAB). METHODS We examined the OAB communities of two, congeneric, terrestrial orchids, Platanthera cooperi and Platanthera praeclara, which represent widely disparate North American ecosystems. We tested whether they recruit distinct OAB communities, and whether variability in OAB communities can be linked to phenology, population size, or habitat soil. Genomic DNAs from roots of seedling, vegetative, and reproductive plants and from soil were subjected to Illumina sequencing of V4 and V5 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS We obtained 809 OAB Zero-radius Operational Taxonomic Units (ZOTUs). Despite an overlap of 209 ZOTUs that accounted for >75% relative abundances of their respective OAB communities, the overall community structures of the two orchids were distinct. Within each orchid, distinctions were detected in the OAB communities of large and small populations and the three phenological stages. The OAB ZOTUs were either absent or present with low abundances in soil associated with both orchids. CONCLUSIONS The two orchids exhibited preferential recruitment of known growth-promoting OAB communities from soil. Their OAB communities also showed considerable overlap despite the large environmental and geographical separation of the two host taxa. Our results lend further support to the emerging evidence that not only the fungi, but root-associated bacteria also have functional importance for orchid ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christoffer B Harder
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, MEMEG, Lund University, Ekologihuset, Sölvegatan, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yadav A, Boruah JLH, Geed SR, Sharma RK, Saikia R. Occurrence, identification and characterization of diazotrophic bacteria from aerial roots of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume for plant growth-promoting activity. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:131. [PMID: 36947279 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the diversity of diazotrophic bacteria of orchid Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume and its potential application in plant growth promotion were evaluated. About 183 nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated to screen various plant growth-promoting traits viz. phosphate solubilization,IAA, siderophore, HCN, biofilm and ammonia production. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Curtobacterium, Erwinia, Kosakonia, Lysinibacillus, Klebseilla, Microbacterium, Mixta, Pantoea, Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas isolates were selected and showed positive results for PGP traits. Overall, genus Pantoea, Brevibacterium, Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, Klebsiella, Mixta, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas had the most pronounced PGP characteristics and acetylene reduction among the screened isolates. BOX PCR fingerprinting analysis showed variation in polymorphic banding patterns among diazotrophic strains. PCR amplification of nifH gene and the presence of 37 kDa nitrogenase reductase enzyme band in western blot indicated presence of nitrogenase activity. Our study showed that orchid R. retusa diazotroph interaction helps orchid plant to fix nitrogen, essential nutrients, and control pathogen entry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on characterization of diazotrophic bacterial community from aerial roots of R. retusa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Yadav
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India.
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Baridua, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Jyoti Lakshmi Hati Boruah
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Rameshrao Geed
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Rabin K Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Baridua, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ratul Saikia
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Herrera H, Sanhueza T, da Silva Valadares RB, Matus F, Pereira G, Atala C, Mora MDLL, Arriagada C. Diversity of Root-Associated Fungi of the Terrestrial Orchids Gavilea lutea and Chloraea collicensis in a Temperate Forest Soil of South-Central Chile. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080794. [PMID: 36012784 PMCID: PMC9409917 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) and other beneficial root-associated fungi in temperate forests has scarcely been examined. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of mycorrhizal and rhizosphere-associated fungal communities in the terrestrial orchids Gavilea lutea and Chloraea collicensis growing in high-orchid-population-density areas in the piedmont of the Andes Cordillera with native forest (Nothofagus-Araucaria) and Coastal Cordillera with an exotic plantation (Pinus-Eucalyptus) in south-central Chile. We focused on rhizosphere-inhabiting and peloton-associated OMF in a native forest (Andes Cordillera) and a mixed forest (Coastal Cordillera). The native terrestrial orchids G. lutea and C. collicensis were localized, mycorrhizal root segments were taken to isolate peloton-associated OMF, and rhizosphere soil was taken to perform the metabarcoding approach. The results revealed that Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the main rhizosphere-inhabiting fungal phyla, showing significant differences in the composition of fungal communities in both sites. Sebacina was the most-abundant OMF genera in the rhizosphere of G. lutea growing in the native forest soil. In contrast, Thanatephorus was the most abundant mycorrhizal taxa growing in the rhizosphere of orchids from the Coastal Cordillera. Besides, other OMF genera such as Inocybe, Tomentella, and Mycena were detected. The diversity of OMF in pelotons differed, being mainly related to Ceratobasidium sp. and Tulasnella sp. These results provide evidence of differences in OMF from pelotons and the rhizosphere soil in G. lutea growing in the Andes Cordillera and a selection of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of C. collicensis in the Coastal Cordillera. This raises questions about the efficiency of propagation strategies based only on mycorrhizal fungi obtained by culture-dependent methods, especially in orchids that depend on non-culturable taxa for seed germination and plantlet development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (C.A.)
| | - Tedy Sanhueza
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Programa de Magister en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | | | - Francisco Matus
- Laboratory of Conservation and Dynamics of Volcanic Soils, Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Network for Extreme Environmental Research (NEXER), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Guillermo Pereira
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Biotecnología de Hongos, Universidad de Concepción, Los Angeles 4440000, Chile;
| | - Cristian Atala
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2340000, Chile;
| | - María de la Luz Mora
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Cesar Arriagada
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (C.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The findings on the strategies employed by endophytic microbes have provided salient information to the researchers on the need to maximally explore them as bio-input in agricultural biotechnology. Biotic and abiotic factors are known to influence microbial recruitments from external plant environments into plant tissues. Endophytic microbes exhibit mutualism or antagonism association with host plants. The beneficial types contribute to plant growth and soil health, directly or indirectly. Strategies to enhance the use of endophytic microbes are desirable in modern agriculture, such that these microbes can be applied individually or combined as bioinoculants with bioprospecting in crop breeding systems. Scant information is available on the strategies for shaping the endophytic microbiome; hence, the need to unravel microbial strategies for yield enhancement and pathogen suppressiveness have become imperative. Therefore, this review focuses on the endophytic microbiome, mechanisms, factors influencing endophyte recruitment, and strategies for possible exploration as bioinoculants.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu A, Jiang Y, Wu J, Tan D, Qin L, Lu Y, Qian Y, Bai C, Yang J, Ling H, Shi J, Yang Z, He Y. Opposite trends of glycosides and alkaloids in Dendrobium nobile of different age based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with multivariate statistical analyses. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:619-634. [PMID: 35238089 PMCID: PMC9541022 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alkaloids and glycosides are the active ingredients of the herb Dendrobium nobile, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The pharmacological effects of alkaloids include neuroprotective effects and regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, while glycosides improve the immune system. The pharmacological activities of the above chemical components are significantly different. In practice, the stems of 3-year-old D. nobile are usually used as the main source of Dendrobii Caulis. However, it has not been reported whether this harvesting time is appropriate. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the chemical characteristics of D. nobile in different growth years (1-3 years). METHODS In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was employed to analyze the constituents of D. nobile. The relative abundance of each constituent was analyzed with multivariate statistical analyses to screen the characteristic constituents that contributed to the characterization and classification of D. nobile. Dendrobine, a component of D. nobile that is used for quality control according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, was assayed by gas chromatography. RESULTS As a result, 34 characteristic constituents (VIP > 2) were identified or tentatively identified as alkaloids and glycosides based on MS/MS data. Moreover, the content of alkaloids decreased over time, whereas the content of glycosides showed the opposite trend. The absolute quantification of dendrobine was consistent with the metabolomics results. CONCLUSION Our findings provide valuable information to optimize the harvest period and a reference for the clinical application of D. nobile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An‐jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Shanghai Standard Technology Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Jia Wu
- Shanghai Standard Technology Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Dao‐peng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Lin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yan‐liu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yong Qian
- Shanghai Standard Technology Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Chao‐jun Bai
- Guangxi Shenli Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. YulinGuangxiChina
| | - Ji‐yong Yang
- Chishui Xintian Chinese Medicine Industry Development Co., LtdZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Hua Ling
- School of PharmacyGeorgia Campus ‐ Philadelphia College of Osteopathic MedicineSuwaneeGAUSA
| | - Jing‐shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Zhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Shanghai Standard Technology Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Yu‐qi He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang M, Li S, Zhao C, Zhao M, Xu S, Wen G. Identification and analysis of sucrose synthase gene family associated with polysaccharide biosynthesis in Dendrobium catenatum by transcriptomic analysis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13222. [PMID: 35402092 PMCID: PMC8992646 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendrobium catenatum is a valuable traditional medicinal herb with high commercial value. D. catenatum stems contain abundant polysaccharides which are one of the main bioactive components. However, although some genes related to the synthesis of the polysaccharides have been reported, more key genes need to be further elucidated. Results In this study, the contents of polysaccharides and mannose in D. catenatum stems at four developmental stages were compared, and the stems' transcriptomes were analyzed to explore the synthesis mechanism of the polysaccharides. Many genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolisms were identified by KEGG pathway analysis. Further analysis found that sucrose synthase (SUS; EC 2.4.1.13) gene maybe participated in the polysaccharide synthesis. Hence, we further investigated the genomic characteristics and evolution relationships of the SUS family in plants. The result suggested that the SUS gene of D. catenatum (DcSUS) had undergone the expansion characterized by tandem duplication which might be related to the enrichment of the polysaccharides in D. catenatum stems. Moreover, expression analyses of the DcSUS displayed significant divergent patterns in different tissues and could be divided into two main groups in the stems with four developmental stages. Conclusion In general, our results revealed that DcSUS is likely involved in the metabolic process of the stem polysaccharides, providing crucial clues for exploiting the key genes associated with the polysaccharide synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Research & Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangyun Li
- Research & Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Changling Zhao
- Research & Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Mingfu Zhao
- Research & Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shaozhong Xu
- Research & Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guosong Wen
- Research & Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu Y, Kong Y, Hong Y, Zhang L, Li S, Hou S, Chen X, Xie T, Hu Y, Wang X. Huoshanmycins A‒C, New Polyketide Dimers Produced by Endophytic Streptomyces sp. HS-3-L-1 From Dendrobium huoshanense. Front Chem 2022; 9:807508. [PMID: 35237566 PMCID: PMC8883461 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.807508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new polyketide dimers named huoshanmycins A‒C (1–3) were isolated from a plant endophytic Streptomyces sp. HS-3-L-1 in the leaf of Dendrobium huoshanense, which was collected from the Cultivation base in Jiuxianzun Huoshanshihu Co., Ltd. The dimeric structures of huoshanmycins were composed of unusual polyketides SEK43, SEK15, or UWM4, with a unique methylene linkage. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive 1D-/2D-NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data analysis. The cytotoxicity against MV4-11 human leukemia cell by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) method was evaluated using isolated compounds with triptolide as positive control (IC50: 1.1 ± 0.4 μM). Huoshanmycins A and B (1, 2) displayed moderate cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 32.9 ± 7.2 and 33.2 ± 6.1 μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichao Kong
- Key Laboratory of Element Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Simin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shurong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Element Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiabin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Element Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Element Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Hu, ; Xiachang Wang,
| | - Xiachang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Hu, ; Xiachang Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Li J, Liang X, Tao S, Wu Z, Wei G. Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of
Dendrobium Officinale
Microbiome in Danxia Habitat. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3758-3770. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Jinyan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Shengchang Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital Southern Medical University Dongguan China
| | - Zhanghua Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Shaoguan Institute of Danxia Dendrobium Officinale Shaoguan China
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saikia J, Mazumdar R, Thakur D. Phylogenetic affiliation of endophytic actinobacteria associated with selected orchid species and their role in growth promotion and suppression of phytopathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1058867. [PMID: 36570961 PMCID: PMC9769409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1058867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic actinobacteria aid in plant development and disease resistance by boosting nutrient uptake or producing secondary metabolites. For the first time, we investigated the culturable endophytic actinobacteria associated with ten epiphytic orchid species of Assam, India. 51 morphologically distinct actinobacteria were recovered from surface sterilized roots and leaves of orchids and characterized based on different PGP and antifungal traits. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, these isolates were divided into six families and eight genera, where Streptomyces was most abundant (n=29, 56.86%), followed by Actinomadura, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, Nocardioides, Pseudonocardia, Microbacterium, and Mycolicibacterium. Regarding PGP characteristics, 25 (49.01%) isolates demonstrated phosphate solubilization in the range of 61.1±4.4 - 289.7±11.9 µg/ml, whereas 27 (52.94%) isolates biosynthesized IAA in the range of 4.0 ± 0.08 - 43.8 ± 0.2 µg/ml, and 35 (68.62%) isolates generated ammonia in the range of 0.9 ± 0.1 - 5.9 ± 0.2 µmol/ml. These isolates also produced extracellular enzymes, viz. protease (43.13%), cellulase (23.52%), pectinase (21.56%), ACC deaminase (27.45%), and chitinase (37.25%). Out of 51 isolates, 27 (52.94%) showed antagonism against at least one test phytopathogen. In molecular screening, most isolates with antifungal and chitinase producing traits revealed the presence of 18 family chitinase genes. Two actinobacterial endophytes, Streptomyces sp. VCLA3 and Streptomyces sp. RVRA7 were ranked as the best strains based on PGP and antifungal activity on bonitur scale. GC-MS examination of ethyl acetate extract of these potent strains displayed antimicrobial compound phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) as the major metabolite along with other antifungal and plant growth beneficial bioactive chemicals. SEM analysis of fungal pathogen F. oxysporum (MTCC 4633) affected by Streptomyces sp. VCLA3 revealed significant destruction in the spore structure. An in vivo plant growth promotion experiment with VCLA3 and RVRA7 on chili plants exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) improvements in all of the evaluated vegetative parameters compared to the control. Our research thus gives insight into the diversity, composition, and functional significance of endophytic actinobacteria associated with orchids. This research demonstrates that isolates with multiple plant development and broad-spectrum antifungal properties are beneficial for plant growth. They may provide a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides and a sustainable solution for chemical inputs in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Saikia
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Rajkumari Mazumdar
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Cotton University, Guwahati, India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Debajit Thakur,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaur J, Sharma J. Orchid Root Associated Bacteria: Linchpins or Accessories? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661966. [PMID: 34249034 PMCID: PMC8264303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Besides the plant-fungus symbiosis in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) plants, many endorhizal and rhizosphere bacteria (Root Associated Bacteria, or RAB) also enhance plant fitness, diversity, and coexistence among plants via bi- or tripartite interactions with plant hosts and mycorrhizal fungi. Assuming that bacterial associations are just as important for the obligate mycorrhizal plant family Orchidaceae, surprisingly little is known about the RAB associated with orchids. Herein, we first present the current, underwhelming state of RAB research including their interactions with fungi and the influence of holobionts on plant fitness. We then delineate the need for novel investigations specifically in orchid RAB ecology, and sketch out questions and hypotheses which, when addressed, will advance plant-microbial ecology. We specifically discuss the potential effects of beneficial RAB on orchids as: (1) Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), (2) Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria (MHB), and (3) constituents of an orchid holobiont. We further posit that a hologenomic view should be considered as a framework for addressing co-evolution of the plant host, their obligate Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi (OMF), and orchid RAB. We conclude by discussing implications of the suggested research for conservation of orchids, their microbial partners, and their collective habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alibrandi P, Schnell S, Perotto S, Cardinale M. Diversity and Structure of the Endophytic Bacterial Communities Associated With Three Terrestrial Orchid Species as Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene Metabarcoding. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:604964. [PMID: 33519751 PMCID: PMC7839077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The endophytic microbiota can establish mutualistic or commensalistic interactions within the host plant tissues. We investigated the bacterial endophytic microbiota in three species of Mediterranean orchids (Neottia ovata, Serapias vomeracea, and Spiranthes spiralis) by metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene. We examined whether the different orchid species and organs, both underground and aboveground, influenced the endophytic bacterial communities. A total of 1,930 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained, mainly Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, whose distribution model indicated that the plant organ was the main determinant of the bacterial community structure. The co-occurrence network was not modular, suggesting a relative homogeneity of the microbiota between both plant species and organs. Moreover, the decrease in species richness and diversity in the aerial vegetative organs may indicate a filtering effect by the host plant. We identified four hub OTUs, three of them already reported as plant-associated taxa (Pseudoxanthomonas, Rhizobium, and Mitsuaria), whereas Thermus was an unusual member of the plant microbiota. Core microbiota analysis revealed a selective and systemic ascent of bacterial communities from the vegetative to the reproductive organs. The core microbiota was also maintained in the S. spiralis seeds, suggesting a potential vertical transfer of the microbiota. Surprisingly, some S. spiralis seed samples displayed a very rich endophytic microbiota, with a large number of OTUs shared with the roots, a situation that may lead to a putative restoring process of the root-associated microbiota in the progeny. Our results indicate that the bacterial community has adapted to colonize the orchid organs selectively and systemically, suggesting an active involvement in the orchid holobiont.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Alibrandi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Schnell
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin M, Xiong H, Xiang X, Zhou Z, Liang L, Mei Z. The Effect of Plant Geographical Location and Developmental Stage on Root-Associated Microbiomes of Gymnadenia conopsea. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1257. [PMID: 32625183 PMCID: PMC7314937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. is an important perennial terrestrial photosynthetic orchid species whose microbiomes are considered to play an important role in helping its germination and growth. However, the assemblage of G. conopsea root-associated microbial communities is poorly understood. The compositions of fungal and bacterial communities from the roots and corresponding soil samples in G. conopsea across distinct biogeographical regions from two significantly different altitudes were characterized at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The geographical location, developmental stage and compartment were factors contributing to microbiome variation in G. conopsea. Predominant fungal taxa include Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota and Chytridiomycota, whereas Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, TM7 and Planctomycetes were predominant bacterial taxa. Using G. conopsea as a model, the structural and functional composition in G. conopsea root-associated microbiomes were comprehensive analyzed. Contrary to previous studies, biogeography was the main factor influencing the microbial community in this study. Besides, compartment and developmental stage should also be considered to analyze the variation of microbiota composition. Although the microbial composition varied greatly by location, the symbiotic microorganisms of G. conopsea still have certain specificity. This study gives an abundant information of G. conopsea root-associated microbiomes and provides new clues to better understanding the factors affecting the composition and diversity of fungal/bacterial communities associated with orchids. Our results also laying a foundation for harnessing the microbiome for sustainable G. conopsea cultivation. Moreover, these results might be generally applicable to other orchidaceae plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuechuan Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zelin Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifeng Liang
- Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhinan Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao H, Yang A, Liu J, Bao S, Peng R, Hu Y, Yuan T, Hou S, Xie T, Zhang Q, Chen X, Wang X, Hu L. Chartspiroton, a Tetracyclic Spiro-naphthoquinone Derivative from a Medicinal Plant Endophytic Streptomyces. Org Lett 2020; 22:3739-3743. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aiping Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ren Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shurong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiabin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiachang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Current Progress on Endophytic Microbial Dynamics on Dendrobium Plants. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Endophytic Bacteria Potentially Promote Plant Growth by Synthesizing Different Metabolites and their Phenotypic/Physiological Profiles in the Biolog GEN III MicroPlate TM Test. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215283. [PMID: 31652989 PMCID: PMC6862297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria, as the most promising components of effective, biofertilizers biostimulating and biocontrol preparations, should be very intensively obtained from various plants and studied in terms of the conditions determining the potential ability to promote plant growth. For this reason, endophytic bacteria have been isolated from both stems and roots of up to six systematically distant species of vascular plants: one species belonging to the seedless vascular plants (Monilophyta), and five seed plants (Spermatophyta). The 23 isolated strains represented nine genera: Delftia, Stenotrophomonas, Rhizobium, Brevundimonas, Variovorax, Achromobacter, Novosphingobium, Comamonas and Collimonas, notably which were closely related—belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria. Stenotrophomonas sp. strains showed the greatest ability to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-like compounds, while Achromobacter sp. strains produced the highest levels of siderophores. The presence of the nifH gene and nitrogen binding activity was demonstrated for 95% of the strains tested. Stenotrophomonas maltophila (ES2 strain) showed the highest metabolic activity based on Biolog GEN III test. The ability to solubilize phosphate was determined only for three tested strains from genus: Delftia, Rhizobium and Novosphingobium. The presented work demonstrated that the metabolic and phenotypic properties of plant growth-promoting endophytes are correlated with the genus of bacteria and are not correlated with the host plant species or part of plant (stem, root).
Collapse
|
16
|
Changes in Acetylene Reduction Activities and nifH Genes Associated with Field-Grown Sweet Potatoes with Different Nursery Farmers and Cultivars. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sweet potato cultivars obtained from different nursery farmers were cultivated in an experimental field from seedling-stage to harvest, and the acetylene reduction activity (ARA) of different parts of the plant as well as the nifH genes associated with the sweet potatoes were examined. The relationship between these parameters and the plant weights, nitrogen contents, and natural abundance of 15N was also considered. The highest ARA was detected in the tubers and in September. Fragments of a single type of nitrogenase reductase gene (nifH) were amplified, and most of them had similarities with those of Enterobacteriaceae in γ-Proteobacteria. In sweet potatoes from one nursery farm, Dickeya nifH was predominantly detected in all of the cultivars throughout cultivation. In sweet potatoes from another farm, on the other hand, a transition to Klebsiella and Phytobacter nifH was observed after the seedling stage. The N2-fixing ability contributed to plant growth, and competition occurred between autochthonous and allochthonous bacterial communities in sweet potatoes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ye J, Lv L, Wu W, Li Y, Shi D, Fang D, Guo F, Jiang H, Yan R, Ye W, Li L. Butyrate Protects Mice Against Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Improving Gut Barrier Function, Attenuating Inflammation and Reducing Endotoxin Levels. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1967. [PMID: 30186272 PMCID: PMC6111843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate exerts protective effects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of butyrate-induced gut microbiota and metabolism in NASH development. Sixty-five C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups (n = 15–17 per group) and were fed either a methionine–choline-sufficient (MCS) diet or methionine–choline-deficient (MCD) diet with or without sodium butyrate (SoB; 0.6 g/kg body weight) supplementation for 6 weeks. Liver injury, systematic inflammation, and gut barrier function were determined. Fecal microbiome and metabolome were analyzed using 16S rRNA deep sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that butyrate alleviated the MCD diet-induced microbiome dysbiosis, as evidenced by a significantly clustered configuration separate from that of the MCD group and by the depletion of Bilophila and Rikenellaceae and enrichment of promising probiotic genera Akkermansia, Roseburia, Coprococcus, Coprobacillus, Delftia, Sutterella, and Coriobacteriaceae genera. The fecal metabolomic profile was also substantially improved by butyrate; several butyrate-responsive metabolites involved in lipid metabolism and other pathways, such as stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, squalene, and arachidonic acid, were identified. Correlation analysis of the interaction matrix indicated that the modified gut microbiota and fecal metabolites induced by butyrate were strongly correlated with the alleviation of hepatic injury, fibrosis progression, inflammation, and lipid metabolism and intestinal barrier dysfunction. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that butyrate exerts protective effects against NASH development, and these effects may be driven by the protective gut microbiome and metabolome induced by butyrate. This study thus provides new insights into NASH prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daiqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanchun Ye
- Department of Chemotherapy 2, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|