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Qu L, Gu X, Li J, Guo J, Lu D. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics of waxy maize in response to different degrees of heat stress during grain filling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:469. [PMID: 37803314 PMCID: PMC10557211 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of climate change, maize is facing unprecedented heat stress (HS) threats during grain filling. Understanding how HS affects yield is the key to reducing the impact of climate change on maize production. Suyunuo5 (SYN5) and Yunuo7 (YN7) were used as materials, and four temperature gradients of 28℃ (day)/20℃ (night; T0, control), 32 °C/24°C (T1, mild HS), 36 °C/28°C (T2, moderate HS), and 40 °C/32°C (T3, severe HS) were set up during grain filling to explore the physiological mechanism of different degrees HS affecting photosynthetic characteristics of leaves in this study. RESULTS Results showed that HS accelerated the degradation of chlorophyll, disturbed the metabolism of reactive oxygen species, reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and caused leaf damage. Heat stress induced the down-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes, which results in the decrease of enzymatic activities involved in photosynthesis, thereby inhibiting photosynthesis and reducing yield. Integrated analysis showed that the degree of the negative influence of three HS types during grain filling on leaves and yield was T3 > T2 > T1. The increase in HS disturbed leaf physiological activities and grain filling. Meanwhile, this study observed that the YN7 was more heat tolerance than SYN5 and thus it was recommended to use YN7 in waxy maize planting areas with frequent high temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Heat stress during grain filling caused premature senescence of the leaves by inhibiting the ability of leaves to photosynthesize and accelerating the oxidative damage of cells, thereby affecting the waxy maize yield. Our study helped to simulate the productivity of waxy maize under high temperatures and provided assistance for a stable yield of waxy maize under future climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co‒Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaotian Gu
- Yancheng Institute Of Technology, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co‒Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co‒Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co‒Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‒Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Netshimbupfe MH, Berner J, Van Der Kooy F, Oladimeji O, Gouws C. Influence of Drought and Heat Stress on Mineral Content, Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Four African Amaranthus Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:953. [PMID: 36840301 PMCID: PMC9966708 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat stress is known to influence the accumulation of mineral content, antioxidant activity, phenolics, flavonoids and other bioactive compounds in many tolerant leafy vegetables. Amaranthus plants can tolerate adverse weather conditions, especially drought and heat. Therefore, evaluating the influence of drought and heat stress on commercially and medically important crop species like Amaranthus is important to grow the crop for optimal nutritional and medicinal properties. This study investigated the influence of drought and heat stress and a combination of both on the accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and the antioxidant capacity of African Amaranthus caudatus, A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus and A. spinosus. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds were extracted with methanol and aqueous solvents and were quantified using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Caffeic acid was the main phenolic compound identified in aqueous extracts of A. caudatus and A. hypochondriacus. Rutin was the most abundant flavonoid compound in all the Amaranthus species tested, with the highest concentration found in A. caudatus. The results suggest a strong positive, but species and compound-specific effect of drought and heat stress on bioactive compounds accumulation. We concluded that heat stress at 40 °C under well-watered conditions and combined drought and heat stress (at 30 °C and 35 °C) appeared to induce the accumulation of caffeic acid and rutin. Hence, cultivation of these species in semi-arid and arid areas is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Berner
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Frank Van Der Kooy
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Olakunle Oladimeji
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Netshimbupfe MH, Berner J, Gouws C. The interactive effects of drought and heat stress on photosynthetic efficiency and biochemical defense mechanisms of Amaranthus species. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:212-225. [PMID: 37283988 PMCID: PMC10168097 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat stress are major abiotic stress factors that limit photosynthesis and other related metabolic processes that hamper plant growth and productivity. Identifying plants that can tolerate abiotic stress conditions is essential for sustainable agriculture. Amaranthus plants can tolerate adverse weather conditions, especially drought and heat, and their leaves and grain are highly nutritious. Because of these traits, amaranth has been identified as a possible crop to be grown in marginal crop production systems. Therefore, this study investigated the photochemical and biochemical responses of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus spinosus to drought stress, heat shock treatments, and a combination of both. After the six-leaf stage in a greenhouse, plants were subjected to drought stress, heat shock treatments, and a combination of both. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was used to evaluate the photochemical responses of photosystem II to heat shock while subjected to drought stress. It was found that heat shock and a combination of drought and heat shock damages photosystem II, but the level of damage varies considerably between the species. We concluded that A. cruentus and A. spinosus are more heat and drought-tolerant than Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Berner
- Unit for Environmental Science and ManagementNorth‐West University (Potchefstroom Campus)PotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™)North‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
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Li M, Feng J, Zhou H, Najeeb U, Li J, Song Y, Zhu Y. Overcoming Reproductive Compromise Under Heat Stress in Wheat: Physiological and Genetic Regulation, and Breeding Strategy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881813. [PMID: 35646015 PMCID: PMC9137415 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive compromise under heat stress is a major obstacle to achieve high grain yield and quality in wheat worldwide. Securing reproductive success is the key solution to sustain wheat productivity by understanding the physiological mechanism and molecular basis in conferring heat tolerance and utilizing the candidate gene resources for breeding. In this study, we examined the performance on both carbon supply source (as leaf photosynthetic rate) and carbon sink intake (as grain yields and quality) in wheat under heat stress varying with timing, duration, and intensity, and we further surveyed physiological processes from source to sink and the associated genetic basis in regulating reproductive thermotolerance; in addition, we summarized the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes identified for heat stress tolerance associated with reproductive stages. Discovery of novel genes for thermotolerance is made more efficient via the combination of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics. Gene editing of specific genes for novel varieties governing heat tolerance is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiming Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ullah Najeeb
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Jincai Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Youhong Song
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yulei Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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da Silva RG, Alves RDC, Zingaretti SM. Increased [CO 2] Causes Changes in Physiological and Genetic Responses in C 4 Crops: A Brief Review. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111567. [PMID: 33202833 PMCID: PMC7697923 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change not only worries government representatives and organizations, but also attracts the attention of the scientific community in different contexts. In agriculture specifically, the cultivation and productivity of crops such as sugarcane, maize, and sorghum are influenced by several environmental factors. The effects of high atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]) have been the subject of research investigating the growth and development of C4 plants. Therefore, this brief review presents some of the physiological and genetic changes in economically important C4 plants following exposure periods of increased [CO2] levels. In the short term, with high [CO2], C4 plants change photosynthetic metabolism and carbohydrate production. The photosynthetic apparatus is initially improved, and some responses, such as stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, are normally maintained throughout the exposure. Protein-encoding genes related to photosynthesis, such as the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, to sucrose accumulation and to biomass growth and are differentially regulated by [CO2] increase and can variably participate owing to the C4 species and/or other internal and external factors interfering in plant development. Despite the consensus among some studies, mainly on physiological changes, further studies are still necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms modulated under this condition. In addition, considering future scenarios, the combined effects of high environmental and [CO2] stresses need to be investigated so that the responses of maize, sugarcane, and sorghum are better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Gonçalves da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Rita de Cássia Alves
- Semi-Arid National Institute (INSA), Crop Production Center, Campina Grande, 58434-700 Paraíba, Brazil;
| | - Sonia Marli Zingaretti
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil;
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Ribeirão Preto, 14096-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3603-6727
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Li Z, Srivastava R, Tang J, Zheng Z, Howell SH. Cis-Effects Condition the Induction of a Major Unfolded Protein Response Factor, ZmbZIP60, in Response to Heat Stress in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:833. [PMID: 30008724 PMCID: PMC6034121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions such as heat and salt stress create endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in maize and set off the unfolded protein response (UPR). A key feature of the UPR is the upregulation of ZmbZIP60 and the splicing of its messenger RNA. We conducted an association analysis of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) derived from a cross of a tropical founder line, CML52 with a standard temperate line, B73. We found a major QTL conditioning heat-induced ZmbZIP60 expression located cis to the gene. Based on the premise that the QTL might be associated with the ZmbZIP60 promoter, we evaluated various maize inbred lines for their ability to upregulate the expression of ZmbZIP60 in response to heat stress. In general, tropical lines with promoter regions similar to CML52 were more robust in upregulating ZmbZIP60 in response to heat stress. This finding was confirmed by comparing the strength of the B73 and CML52 ZmbZIP60 promoters in transient maize protoplast assays. We concluded that the upstream region of ZmbZIP60 is important in conditioning the response to heat stress and was under selection in maize when adapted to different environments. Summary: Heat stress has large negative effects on maize grain yield. Heat stress creates ER stress in maize and sets off the UPR. We searched for factors conditioning heat induction of the UPR in maize seedlings by conducting an association analysis based on the upregulation of unspliced and spliced forms of ZmbZIP60 mRNA (ZmbZIP60u and ZmbZIP60s, respectively). ZmbZIP60u was upregulated more robustly by heat stress in the tropical maize line, CML52, than in B73, and a major QTL derived from the analysis of RILs from a cross of these two lines mapped in the vicinity of ZmbZIP60. We conducted a cis/trans test to determine whether the QTL was acting as a cis regulatory element or in trans, as might be expected for a transcription factor. We found that the QTL was acting in cis, likely involving the ZmbZIP60 promoter. ZmbZIP60 promoters in other temperate and tropical lines similar to CML52 showed enhanced expression of ZmbZIP60u by heat. The contribution of the CML52 promoter to heat induction of ZmbZIP60 was confirmed by analyzing the CML52 and B73 promoters linked to a luciferase reporter and assayed in heat-treated maize protoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Renu Srivastava
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Zihao Zheng
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stephen H. Howell
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen H. Howell,
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