1
|
Toepfer S, Toth S, Zupan T, Bogataj U, Žnidaršič N, Ladanyi M, Sabotič J. Diabrotica v. virgifera Seems Not Affected by Entomotoxic Protease Inhibitors from Higher Fungi. INSECTS 2024; 15:60. [PMID: 38249066 PMCID: PMC10816698 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Certain soil insects, such as the root-damaging larvae of the maize pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), are increasingly difficult to control because of recent bans of some insecticides. An alternative and safer approach may be the development of biopesticides based on entomotoxic defense proteins of higher fungi. Many of these potentially interesting proteins are protease inhibitors, and some have been shown to adversely affect insects. We examined the effects of the cysteine protease inhibitors macrocypin 1, 3, and 4 from Macrolepiota procera, clitocypin from Clitocybe nebularis, and cocaprin 1 and the serine protease inhibitor cospin 1 from Coprinopsis cinerea on D. v. virgifera. We confirmed the inhibition by mycocypins of the cysteine catalytic-type proteolytic activities in gut extracts of larvae and adults. The inhibition of pGlu-Phe-Leu-hydrolyzing activity was stronger than that of Z-Phe-Arg-hydrolyzing activity. Mycocypins and cospin resisted long-term proteolytic digestion, whereas cocaprin 1 was digested. Bioassays with overlaid artificial diet revealed no effects of proteins on neonatal mortality or stunting, and no effects on adult mortality. Immersion of eggs in protein solutions had little effect on egg hatching or mortality of hatching neonates. Microscopic analysis of the peritrophic matrix and apical surface of the midguts revealed the similarity between larvae of D. v. virgifera and the chrysomelid Leptinotarsa decemlineata, which are sensitive to these inhibitors. The resistance of D. v. virgifera to fungal protease inhibitors is likely due to effective adaptation of digestive enzyme expression to dietary protease inhibitors. We continue to study unique protein complexes of higher fungi for the development of new approaches to pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toepfer
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100 Godollo, Hungary;
- CABI, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Toth
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100 Godollo, Hungary;
| | - Tanja Zupan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Urban Bogataj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.B.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.B.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Marta Ladanyi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Promwee A, Chinarak K, Panpipat W, Panya A, Phonsatta N, Harcet M, Chaijan M. Balancing the Growth Performance and Nutritional Value of Edible Farm-Raised Sago Palm Weevil ( Rhynchophorus ferregineus) Larvae by Feeding Various Plant Supplemented-Sago Palm Trunk Diets. Foods 2023; 12:3474. [PMID: 37761183 PMCID: PMC10529308 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, the effect of supplementing ground sago palm trunk (GSPT) with varying concentrations of plant-based ingredients (PIs), including rice bran (RB), soybean meal (SM), and perilla seed (PS), on the nutritional profile of sago palm weevil larvae (SPWL) was investigated. Increased PS intake induced an increase in α-linolenic acid level and a reduction in the n-6/n-3 ratio in SPWL (p < 0.05). The presence of fatty acids in SPWL was determined predominantly by the fatty acid profile in the feed. The activities of Δ5 + Δ6 desaturases and thioesterase were not different among SPWL fed different diets (p < 0.05); however, PI intake resulted in low suppression of fads2 gene expression. RB, SM, and PS at the appropriate concentrations of 17.5%, 8.8%, and 7.0% in GSPT (F3 diet), respectively, boosted both protein quantity and quality of SPWL, as indicated by higher levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine, than the FAO protein reference. Therefore, incorporating PIs into a regular diet is a viable method for enhancing the nutritional value and sustainability of farm-raised SPWL as a potential alternative source of high-quality lipid and protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athakorn Promwee
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Khanittha Chinarak
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Worawan Panpipat
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Atikorn Panya
- Food Biotechnology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (A.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Natthaporn Phonsatta
- Food Biotechnology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (A.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Matija Harcet
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Manat Chaijan
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.C.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Geisert RW, Huynh MP, Pereira AE, Shapiro Ilan DI, Hibbard BE. An improved bioassay for the testing of entomopathogenic nematode virulence to the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): with focus on neonate insect assessments. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:726-732. [PMID: 37021702 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays involving newly hatched larval insects can be limited by the larvae's feeding state. Assays attempting to monitor mortality effects can be negatively affected by starvation effects on the larvae. Neonate western corn rootworms have significant reductions in viability if not provided food within 24 h post hatch. The recent development of an improved artificial diet for western corn rootworm larvae provides a new bioassay type for evaluating entomopathogenic nematodes that also makes the testing arena easy to observe. Here, we evaluated four species of entomopathogenic nematodes including Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), Steinernema diaprepesi Nguyen & Duncan, and Steinernema rarum (de Doucet) against neonate western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in 96-well plate diet bioassays. Nematode inoculation levels were 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 nematodes per larva. Percentage mortality increased for each species as the rate of inoculation increased. Overall, H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae caused the greatest amount of larval mortality. The diet-based bioassays were shown to be an effective method for nematode exposure to insect pests. The assays provided adequate moisture to keep nematode from desiccating while also allowing freedom of movement around the arenas. Both rootworm larvae and nematodes were contained within the assay arenas. The addition of nematodes did not cause any significant deterioration of the diet within the three-day period of testing. Overall, the diet bioassays worked well as a measure of entomopathogenic nematode virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Geisert
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Man P Huynh
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Plant Protection, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Adriano E Pereira
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David I Shapiro Ilan
- David I Shapiro Ilan, USDA-ARS, Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Byron, GA, USA
| | - Bruce E Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parra JRP, Coelho A. Insect Rearing Techniques for Biological Control Programs, a Component of Sustainable Agriculture in Brazil. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010105. [PMID: 35055948 PMCID: PMC8778874 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the importance of rearing insects, whether on a small scale for research or a large scale for mass rearing, for use in biological control (BC) programs with macro-organisms. These inter- or multidisciplinary research programs are necessarily long-term and depend on rearing techniques for their complete development. Some successful examples of BC in Brazil are presented, including case studies of Trichogramma spp. These required broad bioecological studies that provided the basis for both mass rearing and transfer of the necessary technology to farmers. This has allowed Brazil to occupy a leadership position in biological control in “Open Fields”. For example, about three million ha are being treated with Trichogramma galloi (a native parasitoid), and about three and a half million ha with Cotesia flavipes (an exotic parasitoid) to control Diatraea saccharalis, the sugarcane borer. These natural enemies are produced by commercial firms, or by laboratories in sugar and alcohol plants themselves, in the case of C. flavipes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Huynh MP, Pereira AE, Geisert RW, Vella MG, Coudron TA, Shelby KS, Hibbard BE. Characterization of Thermal and Time Exposure to Improve Artificial Diet for Western Corn Rootworm Larvae. INSECTS 2021; 12:783. [PMID: 34564223 PMCID: PMC8468652 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, is the most serious pest of maize in the United States. In pursuit of developing a diet free of antibiotics for WCR, we characterized effects of thermal exposure (50-141 °C) and length of exposure on quality of WCRMO-2 diet measured by life history parameters of larvae (weight, molting, and survival) reared on WCRMO-2 diet. Our results indicated that temperatures had non-linear effects on performance of WCRMO-2 diet, and no impacts were observed on the length of time exposure. The optimum temperature of diet processing was 60 °C for a duration less than 30 min. A significant decline in development was observed in larvae reared on WCRMO-2 diet pretreated above 75 °C. Exposing WCRMO-2 diet to high temperatures (110-141 °C) even if constrained for brief duration (0.9-2.3 s) caused 2-fold reduction in larval weight and significant delays in larval molting but no difference in survival for 10 days compared with the control diet prepared at 65 °C for 10 min. These findings provide insights into the effects of thermal exposure in insect diet processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man P. Huynh
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.E.P.); (R.W.G.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam
| | - Adriano E. Pereira
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.E.P.); (R.W.G.)
| | - Ryan W. Geisert
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.E.P.); (R.W.G.)
| | | | - Thomas A. Coudron
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (T.A.C.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Kent S. Shelby
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (T.A.C.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Bruce E. Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cell lines derived from the western corn rootworm larvae, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:281-285. [PMID: 32409954 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Huynh MP, Hibbard BE, Vella M, Lapointe SL, Niedz RP, Shelby KS, Coudron TA. Development of an improved and accessible diet for western corn rootworm larvae using response surface modeling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16009. [PMID: 31690801 PMCID: PMC6831680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is an important pest of maize (Zea mays L.). Published WCR diets contain corn root powder, which is not available for purchase, thereby limiting the practical use of diets containing this ingredient. We applied response surface modeling combined with mixture designs to formulate a WCR diet that does not require corn root powder. We developed the new formulation by systematically exploring eight protein ingredients from animal, plant, and yeast sources based on simultaneous evaluation of three life history parameters (weight, molting, and survival). This formulation (WCRMO-2) without corn root powder supported approximately 97% of larval survival and successful molting. Larval weight gain after 10 days of feeding on WCRMO-2 was 4-fold greater than that of larvae feeding on the current best published WCR diet. Additionally, there was no significant difference in these larval performance traits when larvae were reared on WCRMO-2 and the best proprietary WCR diet. A commercial version of WCRMO-2 was tested and found to perform comparably for these traits. These improvements met our goal of a diet comprised of available ingredients that supports performance of WCR larvae equal to or better than publicly available formulations and proprietary formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man P Huynh
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
| | - Bruce E Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Michael Vella
- Frontier Scientific Services, Newark, Delaware, 19711, USA
| | - Stephen L Lapointe
- United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA
| | - Randall P Niedz
- United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA
| | - Kent S Shelby
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, USA
| | - Thomas A Coudron
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jia J, Sun SL, Kuang W, Tang R, Zhang ZF, Song C, Liu TX, Jing X. A Semi-Synthetic Diet and the Potential Important Chemicals for Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5625615. [PMID: 31725878 PMCID: PMC6855139 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Armyworm feeding in large, destructive groups is hugely difficult to control and the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walk), is one such pest. In this study, we reported a semisynthetic artificial diet for the oriental armyworm. This diet is based on Ritter's diet, a formula developed for Heliothis zea. The survival of M. separata was extremely low and only around 2% insects can reach the adult stage on Ritter's diet. But, it can reach up to 100% if corn leaf powder (CLP) was mixed, and insects grew faster and gained more mass. After testing a set of mixtures of Ritter's diet and CLP, we found that 14.3% was the optimal proportion of CLP for making the artificial diet. We then used chloroform to extract CLP. Insect performance was still much better on Ch-extracted CLP diets than that on Ritter's diet, but it was poorer than that on the diets containing unprocessed CLP, suggesting that the essential factor(s) was only partially extracted from corn leaf. We then used methanol and dichloromethane, two solvents differing in their polarity, to process the extractions and analyzed the extracted chemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Insects had a better performance on dichloromethane-extracted CLP diet in comparison to methanol-extracted one, indicating that the important factor(s) is more prone to methanol extraction. The reported recipe here is useful for the research on M. separata and possibly other grain-crop eating armyworms. The functions of the chemicals extracted from corn leaf tissue can be investigated in the future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shao-Lei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunman Song
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pereira AE, Coudron TA, Shelby K, French BW, Bernklau EJ, Bjostad LB, Hibbard BE. Comparative Susceptibility of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Neonates to Selected Insecticides and Bt Proteins in the Presence and Absence of Feeding Stimulants. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:842-851. [PMID: 30668732 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, larvae to nine insecticides from five different classes and to Bt proteins eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A in the presence or absence of feeding stimulants, was estimated in filter paper and diet toxicity assays, respectively. The use of a synthetic feeding stimulant blend of the sugars glucose, sucrose, and fructose plus linoleic acid at a ratio of 30:4:4:0.3 mg/ml of distilled water was evaluated to determine whether they increase the efficacy of insecticides and Bt proteins. The efficacy of thiamethoxam diluted in solutions with feeding stimulants was significantly increased when compared to thiamethoxam dilutions in water (>60-fold). Differences in the efficacy of the other insecticide classes when diluted in feeding stimulant solutions were no greater than fivefold when compared to the insecticides diluted in water. The presence of corn root juice as a natural feeding stimulant diminished toxicity of the insecticides, except for thiamethoxam, even though larval fresh weight was higher when fed on root juice compared to feeding stimulant or water. The use of feeding stimulants in diet toxicity assays did not enhance efficacy of eCry3.1Ab nor mCry3A proteins. Feeding stimulants can be recommended in combination with thiamethoxam to increase larval mortality. These results are discussed in terms of applicability of feeding stimulants to improve susceptibility of western corn rootworm larvae to pesticides in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A Coudron
- Biological Control of Insect Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Columbia, MO
| | - Kent Shelby
- Biological Control of Insect Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Columbia, MO
| | - B Wade French
- North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Brookings, SD
| | - Elisa J Bernklau
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Louis B Bjostad
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huynh MP, Hibbard BE, Lapointe SL, Niedz RP, French BW, Pereira AE, Finke DL, Shelby KS, Coudron TA. Multidimensional approach to formulating a specialized diet for northern corn rootworm larvae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3709. [PMID: 30842452 PMCID: PMC6403226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern corn rootworm (NCR), Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, is a major pest of maize (Zea mays L.). This pest has developed resistance to insecticides and adapted to crop rotation and may already be in the early stages of adaptation to toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Toxicity bioassays using artificial diet have proven to be valuable for monitoring resistance in many species, but no artificial diet has been developed specifically for NCR larvae. Toward this end, we first evaluated known Diabrotica diets to identify a starting media. We then developed a specialized diet for NCR using an iterative approach. Screening designs including 8 diet components were performed to identify the principal nutritional components contributing to multiple developmental parameters (survival, weight, and molting). We then applied mixture designs coupled with response surface modeling to optimize a blend of those components. Finally, we validated an improved NCR diet formulation that supports approximately 97% survival and molting, and a 150% increase in larval weight after 10 days of feeding compared with the best previously published artificial diet. This formulation appears suitable for use in diet bioassays as a tool for evaluating the resistance of NCR populations to insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man P Huynh
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
| | - Bruce E Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Stephen L Lapointe
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA
| | - Randall P Niedz
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA
| | - B Wade French
- North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Brookings, South Dakota, 57006, USA
| | - Adriano E Pereira
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Deborah L Finke
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Kent S Shelby
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, USA
| | - Thomas A Coudron
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huynh MP, Bernklau EJ, Coudron TA, Shelby KS, Bjostad LB, Hibbard BE. Characterization of Corn Root Factors to Improve Artificial Diet for Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:20. [PMID: 30953583 PMCID: PMC6451652 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an important economic pest of maize (Zea mays L.) in North America and Europe. Previous efforts to formulate an artificial diet for western corn rootworm larvae highlighted an important role of corn root powder, which had a significant positive impact on several larval developmental traits. Unfortunately, this ingredient is not available for purchase. Toward the goal of developing an artificial diet for western corn rootworm larvae with all ingredients readily accessible, we conducted research to isolate essential growth factors for larval development from corn root powder to improve the performance of diet without corn root powder. For all experiments, multiple life history parameters (survival, weight, and molting) were recorded from 15-d diet bioassays. Corn roots may contain factors that assist in larval growth, but some of these factors were not fully extracted by methanol and remained in the extracted root. Methanolic extracts significantly increased molting to second instar, but did not significantly increase survival, dry weight, or molting to third instar, suggesting the primary corn root substituents affecting these factors cannot be extracted or other extraction methods may be required to extract the essential factors from corn roots. We showed that whole corn root powder was best when used in combination with all the other nutrient sources in the published western corn rootworm formulation. Corn root powder made from proprietary seed and Viking seed has similar value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man P Huynh
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Elisa J Bernklau
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Thomas A Coudron
- USDA-ARS Biological Control of Insect Research Laboratory, Columbia, MO
| | - Kent S Shelby
- USDA-ARS Biological Control of Insect Research Laboratory, Columbia, MO
| | - Louis B Bjostad
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Meihls LN, Huynh MP, Ludwick DC, Coudron TA, French BW, Shelby KS, Hitchon AJ, Smith JL, Schaafsma AW, Pereira AE, Hibbard BE. Comparison of Six Artificial Diets for Western Corn Rootworm Bioassays and Rearing. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2727-2733. [PMID: 30189100 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is considered the most important maize (Zea mays L.) pest in the U.S. Corn Belt. Bioassays testing susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) and other toxins of corn rootworm larvae often rely on artificial diet formulations. Successful bioassays on artificial diet for corn rootworm have sometimes been challenging because of microbial contamination. Toward the long-term goal of developing a universal artificial diet for western corn rootworm larvae, we compared larval survival, dry weight, and percentage of molt in 10-d bioassays from six current diets of which we were aware. In addition, as part of longer term rearing efforts, we recorded molting over an extended period of development (60 d). Six different artificial diets, including four proprietary industry diets (A, B, C, and D), the first published artificial diet for western corn rootworm (Pleau), and a new diet (WCRMO-1) were evaluated. Western corn rootworm larval survival was above 90% and contamination was 0% on all diets for 10 d. Diet D resulted in the greatest dry weight and percentage molting when compared with the other diets. Although fourth-instar western corn rootworm larvae have not been documented previously (only three instars have been previously documented), as many as 10% of the larvae from Diet B molted into a fourth instar prior to pupating. Overall, significant differences were found among artificial diets currently used to screen western corn rootworm. In order for data from differing toxins to be compared, a single, reliable and high-quality western corn rootworm artificial diet should eventually be chosen by industry, academia, and the public as a standard for bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Man P Huynh
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Plant Protection, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Dalton C Ludwick
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Plant Protection, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | | | - B Wade French
- North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD
| | - Kent S Shelby
- USDA-ARS Biological Control of Insects Laboratory, Columbia, MO
| | - Andrea J Hitchon
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn L Smith
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Art W Schaafsma
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ludwick DC, Meihls LN, Huynh MP, Pereira AE, French BW, Coudron TA, Hibbard BE. A new artificial diet for western corn rootworm larvae is compatible with and detects resistance to all current Bt toxins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5379. [PMID: 29599427 PMCID: PMC5876330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect resistance to transgenic crops is a growing concern for farmers, regulatory agencies, the seed industry, and researchers. Since 2009, instances of field-evolved Bt resistance or cross resistance have been documented for each of the four Bt proteins available for western corn rootworm (WCR), a major insect pest. To characterize resistance, WCR populations causing unexpected damage to Bt maize are evaluated in plant and/or diet toxicity assays. Currently, it is not possible to make direct comparisons of data from different Bt proteins due to differing proprietary artificial diets. Our group has developed a new, publicly available diet (WCRMO-1) with improved nutrition for WCR larvae. For the current manuscript, we tested the compatibility of all Bt proteins currently marketed for WCR on the WCRMO-1 diet and specific proprietary diets corresponding to each toxin using a susceptible colony of WCR. We also tested WCR colonies selected for resistance to each protein to assess the ability of the diet toxicity assay to detect Bt resistance. The WCRMO-1 diet is compatible with each of the proteins and can differentiate resistant colonies from susceptible colonies for each protein. Our diet allows researchers to monitor resistance without the confounding nutritional differences present between diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton C Ludwick
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lisa N Meihls
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Evogene Inc., BRDG Park at the Danforth Center, 1005 N. Warson Road, Suite 305, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Man P Huynh
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Plant Protection, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Adriano E Pereira
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - B Wade French
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Thomas A Coudron
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|