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Singh B, Singh S, Mahato AK, Dikshit HK, Tripathi K, Bhatia S. Delineation of novel genomic loci and putative candidate genes associated with seed iron and zinc content in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111787. [PMID: 37419329 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecular breeding approaches for development of lentil genotypes biofortified with essential micro-nutrients such as iron and zinc, could serve as a promising solution to address the problem of global malnutrition. Thus, genome-wide association study (GWAS) strategy was adopted in this study to identify the genomic regions associated with seed iron and zinc content in lentil. A panel of 95 diverse lentil genotypes, grown across three different geographical locations and evaluated for seed iron and zinc content, exhibited a wide range of variation. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis of the panel identified 33,745 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were distributed across all the 7 lentil chromosomes. Association mapping revealed 23 SNPs associated with seed iron content that were distributed across all the chromosomes except chromosome 3. Similarly, 14 SNPs associated with seed zinc content were also identified that were distributed across chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6. Further, 80 genes were identified in the proximity of iron associated markers and 36 genes were identified in the proximity of zinc associated markers. Functional annotation of these genes revealed their putative involvement in iron and zinc metabolism. For seed iron content, two highly significant SNPs were found to be located within two putative candidate genes namely iron-sulfur cluster assembly (ISCA) and flavin binding monooxygenase (FMO) respectively. For zinc content, a highly significant SNP was detected in a gene encoding UPF0678 fatty acid-binding protein. Expression analysis of these genes and their putative interacting partners suggests their involvement in iron and zinc metabolism in lentil. Overall, in this study we have identified markers, putative candidate genes and predicted putative interacting protein partners significantly associated with iron and zinc metabolism that could be utilized in future breeding studies of lentil for nutrient biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mahato
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Harsh Kumar Dikshit
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Tripathi
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabhyata Bhatia
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Susmitha P, Kumar P, Yadav P, Sahoo S, Kaur G, Pandey MK, Singh V, Tseng TM, Gangurde SS. Genome-wide association study as a powerful tool for dissecting competitive traits in legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1123631. [PMID: 37645459 PMCID: PMC10461012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are extremely valuable because of their high protein content and several other nutritional components. The major challenge lies in maintaining the quantity and quality of protein and other nutritional compounds in view of climate change conditions. The global need for plant-based proteins has increased the demand for seeds with a high protein content that includes essential amino acids. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved as a standard approach in agricultural genetics for examining such intricate characters. Recent development in machine learning methods shows promising applications for dimensionality reduction, which is a major challenge in GWAS. With the advancement in biotechnology, sequencing, and bioinformatics tools, estimation of linkage disequilibrium (LD) based associations between a genome-wide collection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and desired phenotypic traits has become accessible. The markers from GWAS could be utilized for genomic selection (GS) to predict superior lines by calculating genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs). For prediction accuracy, an assortment of statistical models could be utilized, such as ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (rrBLUP), genomic best linear unbiased predictor (gBLUP), Bayesian, and random forest (RF). Both naturally diverse germplasm panels and family-based breeding populations can be used for association mapping based on the nature of the breeding system (inbred or outbred) in the plant species. MAGIC, MCILs, RIAILs, NAM, and ROAM are being used for association mapping in several crops. Several modifications of NAM, such as doubled haploid NAM (DH-NAM), backcross NAM (BC-NAM), and advanced backcross NAM (AB-NAM), have also been used in crops like rice, wheat, maize, barley mustard, etc. for reliable marker-trait associations (MTAs), phenotyping accuracy is equally important as genotyping. Highthroughput genotyping, phenomics, and computational techniques have advanced during the past few years, making it possible to explore such enormous datasets. Each population has unique virtues and flaws at the genomics and phenomics levels, which will be covered in more detail in this review study. The current investigation includes utilizing elite breeding lines as association mapping population, optimizing the choice of GWAS selection, population size, and hurdles in phenotyping, and statistical methods which will analyze competitive traits in legume breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusarla Susmitha
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Rajasthan, India
| | - Smrutishree Sahoo
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology (GIET) University, Odisha, India
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- Department of Genomics, Prebreeding and Bioinformatics, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Te Ming Tseng
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Sunil S. Gangurde
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
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Jha R, Yadav HK, Raiya R, Singh RK, Jha UC, Sathee L, Singh P, Thudi M, Singh A, Chaturvedi SK, Tripathi S. Integrated breeding approaches to enhance the nutritional quality of food legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984700. [PMID: 36161025 PMCID: PMC9490089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global food security, both in terms of quantity and quality remains as a challenge with the increasing population. In parallel, micronutrient deficiency in the human diet leads to malnutrition and several health-related problems collectively known as "hidden hunger" more prominent in developing countries around the globe. Biofortification is a potential tool to fortify grain legumes with micronutrients to mitigate the food and nutritional security of the ever-increasing population. Anti-nutritional factors like phytates, raffinose (RFO's), oxalates, tannin, etc. have adverse effects on human health upon consumption. Reduction of the anti-nutritional factors or preventing their accumulation offers opportunity for enhancing the intake of legumes in diet besides increasing the bioavailability of micronutrients. Integrated breeding methods are routinely being used to exploit the available genetic variability for micronutrients through modern "omic" technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, ionomics, and metabolomics for developing biofortified grain legumes. Molecular mechanism of Fe/Zn uptake, phytate, and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated. Transgenic, microRNAs and genome editing tools hold great promise for designing nutrient-dense and anti-nutrient-free grain legumes. In this review, we present the recent efforts toward manipulation of genes/QTLs regulating biofortification and Anti-nutrient accumulation in legumes using genetics-, genomics-, microRNA-, and genome editing-based approaches. We also discuss the success stories in legumes enrichment and recent advances in development of low Anti-nutrient lines. We hope that these emerging tools and techniques will expedite the efforts to develop micronutrient dense legume crop varieties devoid of Anti-nutritional factors that will serve to address the challenges like malnutrition and hidden hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintu Jha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Yadav
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Raiya
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Uday Chand Jha
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lekshmy Sathee
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, India
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Center for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowmba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anshuman Singh
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaturvedi
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Tiwari M, Singh B, Min D, Jagadish SVK. Omics Path to Increasing Productivity in Less-Studied Crops Under Changing Climate-Lentil a Case Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:813985. [PMID: 35615121 PMCID: PMC9125188 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.813985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional breeding techniques for crop improvement have reached their full potential, and hence, alternative routes are required to ensure a sustained genetic gain in lentils. Although high-throughput omics technologies have been effectively employed in major crops, less-studied crops such as lentils have primarily relied on conventional breeding. Application of genomics and transcriptomics in lentils has resulted in linkage maps and identification of QTLs and candidate genes related to agronomically relevant traits and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) complemented with high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) technologies is shown to provide new opportunities to identify genomic regions and marker-trait associations to increase lentil breeding efficiency. Recent introduction of image-based phenotyping has facilitated to discern lentil responses undergoing biotic and abiotic stresses. In lentil, proteomics has been performed using conventional methods such as 2-D gel electrophoresis, leading to the identification of seed-specific proteome. Metabolomic studies have led to identifying key metabolites that help differentiate genotypic responses to drought and salinity stresses. Independent analysis of differentially expressed genes from publicly available transcriptomic studies in lentils identified 329 common transcripts between heat and biotic stresses. Similarly, 19 metabolites were common across legumes, while 31 were common in genotypes exposed to drought and salinity stress. These common but differentially expressed genes/proteins/metabolites provide the starting point for developing high-yielding multi-stress-tolerant lentils. Finally, the review summarizes the current findings from omic studies in lentils and provides directions for integrating these findings into a systems approach to increase lentil productivity and enhance resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses under changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tiwari
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Manish Tiwari,
| | - Baljinder Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Doohong Min
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - S. V. Krishna Jagadish
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- S. V. Krishna Jagadish,
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Singh B, Goutam U, Kukreja S, Sharma J, Sood S, Bhardwaj V. Potato biofortification: an effective way to fight global hidden hunger. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2297-2313. [PMID: 34744367 PMCID: PMC8526655 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hidden hunger is leading to extensive health problems in the developing world. Several strategies could be used to reduce the micronutrient deficiencies by increasing the dietary uptake of essential micronutrients. These include diet diversification, pharmaceutical supplementation, food fortification and crop biofortification. Among all, crop biofortification is the most sustainable and acceptable strategy to overcome the global issue of hidden hunger. Since most of the people suffering from micronutrient deficiencies, have monetary issues and are dependent on staple crops to fulfil their recommended daily requirements of various essential micronutrients. Therefore, increasing the micronutrient concentrations in cost effective staple crops seems to be an effective solution. Potato being the world's most consumed non-grain staple crop with enormous industrial demand appears to be an ideal candidate for biofortification. It can be grown in different climatic conditions, provide high yield, nutrition and dry matter in lesser time. In addition, huge potato germplasm have natural variations related to micronutrient concentrations, which can be utilized for its biofortification. This review discuss the current scenario of micronutrient malnutrition and various strategies that could be used to overcome it. The review also shed a light on the genetic variations present in potato germplasm and suggest effective ways to incorporate them into modern high yielding potato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljeet Singh
- Division of Crop Improvement and Seed Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Umesh Goutam
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sarvjeet Kukreja
- Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Jagdev Sharma
- Division of Crop Production, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Salej Sood
- Division of Crop Improvement and Seed Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- Division of Crop Improvement and Seed Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
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Kumar H, Singh A, Dikshit HK, Mishra GP, Aski M, Meena MC, Kumar S. Genetic dissection of grain iron and zinc concentrations in lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.). J Genet 2019; 98:66. [PMID: 31544775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are wide spread in South Asia and Africa. Biofortification of food crops is a viable means of addressing micronutrient deficiencies. Lentil is an important pulse crop that provides affordable source of proteins, minerals, fibre and carbohydrates for micronutrient deficient countries. An association mapping (AM) panel of 96 diverse lentil genotypes from India and Mediterranean region was evaluated for three seasons and genotyped using 80 polymorphic simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers for identification of the markers associated with grain Fe and Zn concentrations. A Bayesian model based clustering identified five subpopulations, adequately explaining the genetic structure of the AM panel. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis using mixed linear model (MLM) identified two SSR markers, GLLC106 and GLLC108, associated with grain Fe concentration explaining 17% and 6% phenotypic variation, respectively and three SSR markers (PBALC 364, PBALC 92 and GLLC592) associated with grain Zn concentration, explaining 6%, 8% and 13% phenotypic variation, respectively. The identified SSRs exhibited consistent performance across three seasons and have potential for utilization in lentil molecular breeding programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Kumar
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India.
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Kumar H, Singh A, Dikshit HK, Mishra GP, Aski M, Meena MC, Kumar S. Genetic dissection of grain iron and zinc concentrations in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alomari DZ, Eggert K, von Wirén N, Alqudah AM, Polley A, Plieske J, Ganal MW, Pillen K, Röder MS. Identifying Candidate Genes for Enhancing Grain Zn Concentration in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 30271416 PMCID: PMC6143079 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major staple food crops worldwide. Despite efforts in improving wheat quality, micronutrient levels are still below the optimal range for human nutrition. In particular, zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread problem in human nutrition in countries relying mainly on a cereal diet; hence improving Zn accumulation in grains is an imperative need. This study was designed to understand the genetic architecture of Zn grain concentrations in wheat grains. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for grain Zn concentrations in 369 European wheat genotypes, using field data from 3 years. The complete wheat panel was genotyped by high-density arrays of single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers (90k iSELECT Infinium and 35k Affymetrix arrays) resulting in 15,523 polymorphic markers. Additionally, a subpanel of 183 genotypes was analyzed with a novel 135k Affymetrix marker array resulting in 28,710 polymorphic SNPs for high-resolution mapping of the potential genomic regions. The mean grain Zn concentration of the genotypes ranged from 25.05-52.67 μg g-1 dry weight across years with a moderate heritability value. Notably, 40 marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected in the complete panel of varieties on chromosomes 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4D, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6D, 7A, 7B, and 7D. The number of MTAs in the subpanel was increased to 161 MTAs whereas the most significant and consistent associations were located on chromosomes 3B (723,504,241-723,611,488 bp) and 5A (462,763,758-466,582,184 bp) having major effects. These genomic regions include newly identified putative candidate genes, which are related to Zn uptake and transport or represent bZIP and mitogen-activated protein kinase genes. These findings provide the basis for understanding the genetic background of Zn concentration in wheat grains that in turn may help breeders to select high Zn-containing genotypes to improve human health and grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Z. Alomari
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dalia Z. Alomari, ;
| | - Kai Eggert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ahmad M. Alqudah
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Pillen
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marion S. Röder
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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Alomari DZ, Eggert K, von Wirén N, Alqudah AM, Polley A, Plieske J, Ganal MW, Pillen K, Röder MS. Identifying Candidate Genes for Enhancing Grain Zn Concentration in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 30271416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major staple food crops worldwide. Despite efforts in improving wheat quality, micronutrient levels are still below the optimal range for human nutrition. In particular, zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread problem in human nutrition in countries relying mainly on a cereal diet; hence improving Zn accumulation in grains is an imperative need. This study was designed to understand the genetic architecture of Zn grain concentrations in wheat grains. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for grain Zn concentrations in 369 European wheat genotypes, using field data from 3 years. The complete wheat panel was genotyped by high-density arrays of single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers (90k iSELECT Infinium and 35k Affymetrix arrays) resulting in 15,523 polymorphic markers. Additionally, a subpanel of 183 genotypes was analyzed with a novel 135k Affymetrix marker array resulting in 28,710 polymorphic SNPs for high-resolution mapping of the potential genomic regions. The mean grain Zn concentration of the genotypes ranged from 25.05-52.67 μg g-1 dry weight across years with a moderate heritability value. Notably, 40 marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected in the complete panel of varieties on chromosomes 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4D, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6D, 7A, 7B, and 7D. The number of MTAs in the subpanel was increased to 161 MTAs whereas the most significant and consistent associations were located on chromosomes 3B (723,504,241-723,611,488 bp) and 5A (462,763,758-466,582,184 bp) having major effects. These genomic regions include newly identified putative candidate genes, which are related to Zn uptake and transport or represent bZIP and mitogen-activated protein kinase genes. These findings provide the basis for understanding the genetic background of Zn concentration in wheat grains that in turn may help breeders to select high Zn-containing genotypes to improve human health and grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Z Alomari
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Kai Eggert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ahmad M Alqudah
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Pillen
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marion S Röder
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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