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Treves A, Fergus AR, Hermanstorfer SJ, Louchouarn NX, Ohrens O, Pineda-Guerrero A. Gold-standard experiments to deter predators from attacking farm animals. Anim Front 2024; 14:40-52. [PMID: 38369996 PMCID: PMC10873015 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Treves
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, 30A Science Hall Science Hall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A R Fergus
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, 30A Science Hall Science Hall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S J Hermanstorfer
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, 30A Science Hall Science Hall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - N X Louchouarn
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, 30A Science Hall Science Hall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - O Ohrens
- Panthera, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - A Pineda-Guerrero
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, 30A Science Hall Science Hall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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2
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Duvall ES, Schwabe EK, Steensma KMM. A win–win between farmers and an apex predator: investigating the relationship between bald eagles and dairy farms. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S. Duvall
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Emily K. Schwabe
- College of the Environment University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Karen M. M. Steensma
- Department of Biology Trinity Western University Langley British Columbia Canada
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3
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Louchouarn NX, Treves A. Low-stress livestock handling protects cattle in a five-predator habitat. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14788. [PMID: 36793893 PMCID: PMC9924134 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the ecological importance of top predators, societies are turning to non-lethal methods for coexistence. Coexistence is challenging when livestock graze within wild predator habitats. We report a randomized, controlled experiment to evaluate low-stress livestock handling (L-SLH), a form of range riding, to deter grizzly (brown) bears, gray wolves, cougars, black bears, and coyotes in Southwestern Alberta. The treatment condition was supervision by two newly hired and trained range riders and an experienced L-SLH-practicing range rider. This treatment was compared against a baseline pseudo-control condition of the experienced range rider working alone. Cattle experienced zero injuries or deaths in either condition. We infer that inexperienced range riders trained and supervised by an experienced rider did not raise or lower the risk to cattle. Also, predators did not shift to the cattle herds protected by fewer range riders. We found a correlation suggesting grizzly bears avoided herds visited more frequently by range riders practicing L-SLH. More research is required to compare different forms of range riding. However, pending experimental evaluation of other designs, we recommend use of L-SLH. We discuss the cobenefits of this husbandry method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi X. Louchouarn
- Nelson Insitute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Adrian Treves
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America
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4
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Kareiva P, Attwood SK, Bean K, Felix D, Marvier M, Miketa ML, Tate‐Pulliam E. A new era of wolf management demands better data and a more inclusive process. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kareiva
- Aquarium of the Pacific Long Beach California United States
| | | | - Kim Bean
- Wolves of the Rockies Stevensville Montana United States
| | - Desiree Felix
- Aquarium of the Pacific Long Beach California United States
| | - Michelle Marvier
- Environmental Studies and Science Santa Clara University Santa Clara California United States
| | - Madison L. Miketa
- The Humane Society of the United States Washington, DC United States
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5
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Khorozyan I. Defining practical and robust study designs for interventions targeted at terrestrial mammalian predators. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13805. [PMID: 34231934 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conflicts between humans and mammalian predators are globally widespread and increasing, creating a long-lasting challenge for conservation and local livelihoods. Protection interventions, which are essential to conflict mitigation, should be based on solid evidence of effectiveness produced by robust study designs. Yet, it is unclear what study designs have been used in predator-targeted interventions and how they can be improved to provide best practices for replications. I examined how applications of five study designs (before-after, before-after-control-impact, control-impact, crossover [i.e., the same randomly assigned study units acting as treatments and controls during alternating trials], and randomized controlled trial) have changed over time and how these changes are related to authors, predator species, countries, and intervention types (aversion, husbandry, mixed interventions, invasive management, lethal control, and noninvasive management). I applied multinomial regression modeling to 434 cases (28 predator species and 45 countries) from 244 studies published from 1955 to 2020. Study design was related only to intervention type. Less reliable before-after and control-impact studies were the most common (47.7% and 38.2% of cases, respectively), and their use increased over years as did all interventions. The contribution of the most robust before-after-control-impact (7.4%), randomized controlled trial (5.3%), and crossover designs (1.4%) remained minor over time. Crossover is suitable for aversion, most husbandry techniques, and a few other interventions, but crossover interventions also have the most limitations in terms of applicability. Randomized controlled trial is generally applicable, but impractical or inappropriate for some interventions, and before-after-control-impact appears to be the most widely applicable study design for predator-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khorozyan
- Department of Conservation Biology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Oliveira T, Treves A, López-Bao JV, Krofel M. The contribution of the LIFE program to mitigating damages caused by large carnivores in Europe. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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7
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Kareiva P, Estes JA, Marvier M. Restore protected status for gray wolves. Science 2021; 373:632. [PMID: 34353943 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Kareiva
- Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA 90802, USA.
| | - J A Estes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 94060, USA
| | - M Marvier
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
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8
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Treves A, Paquet PC, Artelle KA, Cornman AM, Krofel M, Darimont CT. Transparency About Values and Assertions of Fact in Natural Resource Management. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.631998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, unsustainable use of nature threatens many ecosystems and the services they provide for a broad diversity of life, including humans. Yet, governments commonly claim that the best available science supports their policies governing extraction of natural resources. We confront this apparent paradox by assessing the complexity of the intersections among value judgments, fact claims, and scientifically verified facts. Science can only describe how nature works and predict the likely outcomes of our actions, whereas values influence which actions or objectives society ought to pursue. In the context of natural resource management, particularly of fisheries and wildlife, governments typically set population targets or use quotas. Although these are fundamentally value judgments about how much of a resource a group of people can extract, quotas are often justified as numerical guidance derived from abstracted, mathematical, or theoretical models of extraction. We confront such justifications by examining failures in transparency about value judgments, which may accompany unsupported assertions articulated as factual claims. We illustrate this with two examples. Our first case concerns protection and human use of habitats harboring the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), revealing how biologists and policy scholars have argued for divergent roles of scientists within policy debates, and how debates between scientists engaged in policy-relevant research reveal undisclosed value judgments about communication of science beyond its role as a source of description (observation, measurement, analysis, and inference). Our second case concerns protection and use of endangered gray wolves (Canis lupus) and shows how undisclosed value judgments distorted the science behind a government policy. Finally, we draw from the literature of multiple disciplines and wildlife systems to recommend several improvements to the standards of transparency in applied research in natural resource management. These recommendations will help to prevent value-based distortions of science that can result in unsustainable uses and eventual extinctions of populations. We describe methods for communicating about values that avoid commingling factual claims and discuss approaches to communicating science that do not perpetuate the misconception that science alone can dictate policy without consideration of values. Our remedies can improve transparency in both expert and public debate about preserving and using natural resources, and thereby help prevent non-human population declines worldwide.
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9
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Smith BR, Yarnell RW, Uzal A, Whitehouse-Tedd K. The ecological effects of livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) on target and non-target wildlife. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany R. Smith
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Richard W. Yarnell
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Antonio Uzal
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Katherine Whitehouse-Tedd
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
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10
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Shave JR, Cherry SG, Derocher AE, Fortin D. Seasonal and inter-annual variation in diet for gray wolves Canis lupus in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Shave
- J. R. Shave ✉ and A. E. Derocher, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Seth G. Cherry
- S. G. Cherry, Parks Canada Agency, Radium Hot Springs, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew E. Derocher
- J. R. Shave ✉ and A. E. Derocher, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Daniel Fortin
- D. Fortin, Dépt de biologie and Centre d'étude de la Foret; Univ. Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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11
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Jordan NR, Smith BP, Appleby RG, van Eeden LM, Webster HS. Addressing inequality and intolerance in human-wildlife coexistence. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:803-810. [PMID: 32406972 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Millennia of human conflict with wildlife have built a culture of intolerance toward wildlife among some stakeholders. We explored 2 key obstacles to improved human-wildlife coexistence: coexistence inequality (how the costs and benefits of coexisting with wildlife are unequally shared) and intolerance. The costs of coexisting with wildlife are often disproportionately borne by the so-called global south and rural communities, and the benefits often flow to the global north and urban dwellers. Attitudes and behaviors toward wildlife (tolerance versus intolerance) vary with social and cultural norms. We suggest more empathetic advocacy is needed that, for example, promotes conservation while appropriately considering those who bear the costs of conflict with wildlife. To achieve more equitable cost-sharing, we suggest limiting the costs incurred by those most affected or by sharing those costs more widely. For example, we advocate for the development of improved wildlife compensation schemes, increasing the scale of rewilding efforts, and preventing wildlife-derived revenue leaching out of the local communities bearing the costs of coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Jordan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of BEES, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, NSW, 2830, Australia
- Botswana Predator Conservation, Maun, Botswana
| | - Bradley P Smith
- Smith Human-Wildlife Coexistence Lab, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, QLD, 5034, Australia
| | - Robert G Appleby
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Lily M van Eeden
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Forest and Environmental Sciences, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, U.S.A
| | - Hugh S Webster
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, U.K
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12
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Allen BL, Hampton JO. Minimizing animal welfare harms associated with predation management in agro-ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1097-1108. [PMID: 32302055 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of wild predators on livestock are a common source of human-wildlife conflict globally, and predators are subject to population control for this reason in many situations. Animal welfare is one of many important considerations affecting decisions about predation management. Recent studies discussing animal welfare in this context have presented arguments emphasizing the importance of avoiding intentional harm to predators, but they have not usually considered harms imposed by predators on livestock and other animals. Efforts to mitigate predation impacts (including 'no control' approaches) cause a variety of harms to predators, livestock and other wildlife. Successfully minimizing the overall frequency and magnitude of harms requires consideration of the direct, indirect, intentional and unintentional harms imposed on all animals inhabiting agricultural landscapes. We review the harms resulting from the management of dingoes and other wild dogs in the extensive beef cattle grazing systems of Australia to illustrate how these negative impacts can be minimized across both wild and domestic species present on a farm or in a free-ranging livestock grazing context. Similar to many other predator-livestock conflicts, wild dogs impose intermittent harms on beef cattle (especially calves) including fatal predation, non-fatal attack (mauling and biting), pathogen transmission, and fear- or stress-related effects. Wild dog control tools and strategies impose harms on dingoes and other wildlife including stress, pain and death as a consequence of both lethal and non-lethal control approaches. To balance these various sources of harm, we argue that the tactical use of lethal predator control approaches can result in harming the least number of individual animals, given certain conditions. This conclusion conflicts with both traditional (e.g. continuous or ongoing lethal control) and contemporary (e.g. predator-friendly or no-control) predation management approaches. The general and transferable issues, approaches and principles we describe have broad applicability to many other human-wildlife conflicts around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Allen
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6034, South Africa
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13
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Yravedra J, Maté-González MÁ, Courtenay LA, González-Aguilera D, Fernández MF. The use of canid tooth marks on bone for the identification of livestock predation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16301. [PMID: 31705057 PMCID: PMC6841930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically wolves and humans have had a conflictive relationship which has driven the wolf to extinction in some areas across Northern America and Europe. The last decades have seen a rise of multiple government programs to protect wolf populations. Nevertheless, these programs have been controversial in rural areas, product of the predation of livestock by carnivores. As a response to such issues, governments have presented large scale economic plans to compensate the respected owners. The current issue lies in the lack of reliable techniques that can be used to detect the predator responsible for livestock predation. This has led to complications when obtaining subsidies, creating conflict between landowners and government officials. The objectives of this study therefore are to provide a new alternative approach to differentiating between tooth marks of different predators responsible for livestock predation. Here we present the use of geometric morphometrics and Machine Learning algorithms to discern between different carnivores through in depth analysis of the tooth marks they leave on bone. These results present high classification rates with up to 100% accuracy in some cases, successfully differentiating between wolves, dogs and fox tooth marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Yravedra
- Department of Prehistory, Ancien History and Archaeology, Complutense University, Prof. Aranguren s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,C.A.I. Arqueometría, Complutense University, Prof. Aranguren s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Maté-González
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Avila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003, Avila, Spain.,Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001, Ávila, Spain
| | - Lloyd A Courtenay
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Avila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003, Avila, Spain.,Department of Prehistory, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES). Zona educacional, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3) E3, 43700, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Diego González-Aguilera
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Avila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003, Avila, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Fernández Fernández
- Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001, Ávila, Spain.,Department Sciences of Communication and Sociology, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Camino del Molino, s/n, 28943, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Büssing AG, Jannink N, Scholz G, Halbe J. An adapted concept mapping technique to help conservation implementation – Exemplified for wolves returning to Lower Saxony in Germany. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Santiago-Avila FJ, Cornman AM, Treves A. Correction: Killing wolves to prevent predation on livestock may protect one farm but harm neighbors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209716. [PMID: 30566489 PMCID: PMC6300252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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Naves J, Ordiz A, Fernández-Gil A, Penteriani V, Delgado MDM, López-Bao JV, Revilla E, Delibes M. Patterns of brown bear damages on apiaries and management recommendations in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206733. [PMID: 30485290 PMCID: PMC6261554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores are often persecuted due to conflict with human activities, making their conservation in human-modified landscapes very challenging. Conflict-related scenarios are increasing worldwide, due to the expansion of human activities or to the recovery of carnivore populations. In general, brown bears Ursus arctos avoid humans and their settlements, but they may use some areas close to people or human infrastructures. Bear damages in human-modified landscapes may be related to the availability of food resources of human origin, such as beehives. However, the association of damage events with factors that may predispose bears to cause damages has rarely been investigated. We investigated bear damages to apiaries in the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), an area with relatively high density of bears. We included spatial, temporal and environmental factors and damage prevention measures in our analyses, as factors that may influence the occurrence and intensity of damages. In 2006-2008, we located 61 apiaries, which included 435 beehives damaged in the study area (346 km2). The probability of an apiary being attacked was positively related to both the intensity of the damage suffered the year before and the distance to the nearest damaged apiary, and negatively related to the number of prevention measures employed as well as the intensity of the damage suffered by the nearest damage apiary. The intensity of damage to apiaries was positively related to the size of the apiary and to vegetation cover in the surroundings, and negatively related to the number of human settlements. Minimizing the occurrence of bear damages to apiaries seems feasible by applying and maintaining proper prevention measures, especially before an attack occurs and selecting appropriate locations for beehives (e.g. away from forest areas). This applies to areas currently occupied by bears, and to neighbouring areas where dispersing individuals may expand their range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Naves
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrés Ordiz
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Vincenzo Penteriani
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University—Campus Mieres, Mieres, Spain
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE), CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María del Mar Delgado
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University—Campus Mieres, Mieres, Spain
| | - José Vicente López-Bao
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University—Campus Mieres, Mieres, Spain
| | - Eloy Revilla
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Delibes
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain
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17
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van Eeden LM, Eklund A, Miller JRB, López-Bao JV, Chapron G, Cejtin MR, Crowther MS, Dickman CR, Frank J, Krofel M, Macdonald DW, McManus J, Meyer TK, Middleton AD, Newsome TM, Ripple WJ, Ritchie EG, Schmitz OJ, Stoner KJ, Tourani M, Treves A. Carnivore conservation needs evidence-based livestock protection. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005577. [PMID: 30226872 PMCID: PMC6143182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivore predation on livestock often leads people to retaliate. Persecution by humans has contributed strongly to global endangerment of carnivores. Preventing livestock losses would help to achieve three goals common to many human societies: preserve nature, protect animal welfare, and safeguard human livelihoods. Between 2016 and 2018, four independent reviews evaluated >40 years of research on lethal and nonlethal interventions for reducing predation on livestock. From 114 studies, we find a striking conclusion: scarce quantitative comparisons of interventions and scarce comparisons against experimental controls preclude strong inference about the effectiveness of methods. For wise investment of public resources in protecting livestock and carnivores, evidence of effectiveness should be a prerequisite to policy making or large-scale funding of any method or, at a minimum, should be measured during implementation. An appropriate evidence base is needed, and we recommend a coalition of scientists and managers be formed to establish and encourage use of consistent standards in future experimental evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M. van Eeden
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- * E-mail: (LMVE); (AE); (JRBM); (AT)
| | - Ann Eklund
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
- * E-mail: (LMVE); (AE); (JRBM); (AT)
| | - Jennifer R. B. Miller
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Conservation Innovation, Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LMVE); (AE); (JRBM); (AT)
| | - José Vicente López-Bao
- Research Unit of Biodiversity, Oviedo University, Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, Mieres, Spain
| | - Guillaume Chapron
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Mikael R. Cejtin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Paul Smith’s College, Paul Smiths, New York, United States of America
- Lake Placid Land Conservancy, Lake Placid, New York, United States of America
| | - Mathew S. Crowther
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jens Frank
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Miha Krofel
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine McManus
- Research Department, Landmark Foundation, Riversdale, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plants and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tara K. Meyer
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arthur D. Middleton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Newsome
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Global Trophic Cascades Program, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William J. Ripple
- Global Trophic Cascades Program, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oswald J. Schmitz
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kelly J. Stoner
- Wildlife Conservation Society Rocky Mountain Regional Program, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Mahdieh Tourani
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Adrian Treves
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LMVE); (AE); (JRBM); (AT)
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Hanley ZL, Cooley HS, Maletzke BT, Wielgus RB. Forecasting cattle depredation risk by recolonizing gray wolves. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L. Hanley
- Z. L. Hanley and R. B. Wielgus, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, USA. Present address for ZH: Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
| | | | | | - Robert B. Wielgus
- Z. L. Hanley and R. B. Wielgus, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, USA. Present address for ZH: Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
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