1
|
Matuszkiewicz M, Grądzielewska A, Święcicka M, Ozturk A, Mokrzycka M, Igbari Aramide D, Song J, Kilian A, Rakoczy-Trojanowska M. Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with leaf rust resistance in rye by precision mapping. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:291. [PMID: 38632518 PMCID: PMC11022434 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf rust (LR) is among the most destructive fungal diseases of rye (Secale cereale L.). Despite intensive research using various analytical and methodological approaches, such as quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, candidate gene expression analysis, and transcriptome sequencing, the genetic basis of the rye immune response to LR remains unclear. RESULTS A genome-wide association study was employed to detect QTLs controlling the immune response to LR of rye. A mapping population, G38A, was constructed by crossing two inbred lines: 723 (susceptible to LR) and JKI-NIL-Pr3 (a donor of the LR resistance gene Pr3). For genotyping, SNP-DArT and silico-DArT markers were used. Resistance phenotyping was conducted by visual assessment of the infection severity in detached leaf segments inoculated with two isolates of Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis, namely, 60/17/2.1 (isolate S) in the main experiment and 86/n/2.1_5x (isolate N) in the validation experiment, at 10 and 17 days post-infection (dpi), respectively. In total, 42,773 SNP-DArT and 105,866 silico-DArT markers were included in the main analysis including isolate S, of which 129 and 140 SNP-DArTs and 767 and 776 silico-DArTs were significantly associated (p ≤ 0.001; - log10(p) ≥ 3.0) with the immune response to LR at 10 and 17 dpi, respectively. Most significant markers were mapped to chromosome 1R. The number of common markers from both systems and at both time points occupying common chromosomal positions was 37, of which 21 were positioned in genes, comprising 18 markers located in exons and three in introns. This gene pool included genes encoding proteins with a known function in response to LR (e.g., a NBS-LRR disease resistance protein-like protein and carboxyl-terminal peptidase). CONCLUSION This study has expanded and supplemented existing knowledge of the genetic basis of rye resistance to LR by (1) detecting two QTLs associated with the LR immune response of rye, of which one located on the long arm of chromosome 1R is newly detected, (2) assigning hundreds of markers significantly associated with the immune response to LR to genes in the 'Lo7' genome, and (3) predicting the potential translational effects of polymorphisms of SNP-DArT markers located within protein-coding genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alperen Ozturk
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Monika Mokrzycka
- Department of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dolapo Igbari Aramide
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Yaba, Nigeria
| | - Jie Song
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Monana Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Monana Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krępski T, Olechowski M, Samborska-Skutnik I, Święcicka M, Grądzielewska A, Rakoczy-Trojanowska M. Identification and characteristics of wheat Lr orthologs in three rye inbred lines. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288520. [PMID: 37440539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of the immune response of rye to leaf rust (LR), although extensively studied, is still not well understood. The recent publication of the genome of rye line Lo7 and the development of efficient transcriptomic methods has aided the search for genes that confer resistance to this disease. In this study, we investigated the potential role of rye orthologs of wheat Lr genes (Lr1, Lr10, Lr21, Lr22a, and RGA2/T10rga2-1A) in the LR seedling-stage resistance of inbred rye lines D33, D39, and L318. Bioinformatics analysis uncovered numerous Lr orthologs in the Lo7 genome, namely, 14 ScLr1, 15 ScRga2, and 2 ScLr21 paralogs, and 1 each of ScLr10 and ScLr22a genes. The paralogs of ScLr1, ScRga2, and ScLr21 were structurally different from one another and their wheat counterparts. According to an RNA sequencing analysis, only four wheat Lr gene orthologs identified in the Lo7 genome (ScLr1_3, ScLr1_4, ScLr1_8, and ScRga2_6) were differentially expressed; all four were downregulated after infection with compatible or incompatible isolates of Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis (Prs). Using a more precise tool, RT-qPCR, we found that two genes were upregulated at 20 h post-infection, namely, ScLr1_4 and ScLr1_8 in lines D33 and D39, respectively, both of which have been found to be resistant to LR under field conditions and after treatment with a semi-compatible Prs strain. We were unable to discern any universal pattern of gene expression after Prs infection; on the contrary, all detected relationships were plant genotype-, Prs isolate-, or time-specific. Nevertheless, at least some Lr orthologs in rye (namely, ScLr1_3 ScLr1_4, ScLr1_8, and ScRga2_6), even though mainly downregulated, may play an important role in the response of rye to LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Krępski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Biology, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Olechowski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Biology, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Samborska-Skutnik
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Biology, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Biology, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Biology, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Góralska M, Bińkowski J, Lenarczyk N, Bienias A, Grądzielewska A, Czyczyło-Mysza I, Kapłoniak K, Stojałowski S, Myśków B. How Machine Learning Methods Helped Find Putative Rye Wax Genes Among GBS Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7501. [PMID: 33053706 PMCID: PMC7593958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard approach to genetic mapping was supplemented by machine learning (ML) to establish the location of the rye gene associated with epicuticular wax formation (glaucous phenotype). Over 180 plants of the biparental F2 population were genotyped with the DArTseq (sequencing-based diversity array technology). A maximum likelihood (MLH) algorithm (JoinMap 5.0) and three ML algorithms: logistic regression (LR), random forest and extreme gradient boosted trees (XGBoost), were used to select markers closely linked to the gene encoding wax layer. The allele conditioning the nonglaucous appearance of plants, derived from the cultivar Karlikovaja Zelenostebelnaja, was mapped at the chromosome 2R, which is the first report on this localization. The DNA sequence of DArT-Silico 3585843, closely linked to wax segregation detected by using ML methods, was indicated as one of the candidates controlling the studied trait. The putative gene encodes the ABCG11 transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Góralska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Jan Bińkowski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Natalia Lenarczyk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna Bienias
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Grądzielewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka, 20–950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ilona Czyczyło-Mysza
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30–239 Kraków, Poland; (I.C.-M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamila Kapłoniak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30–239 Kraków, Poland; (I.C.-M.); (K.K.)
| | - Stefan Stojałowski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Beata Myśków
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bienias A, Góralska M, Masojć P, Milczarski P, Myśków B. The GAMYB gene in rye: sequence, polymorphisms, map location, allele-specific markers, and relationship with α-amylase activity. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:578. [PMID: 32831010 PMCID: PMC7444254 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription factor (TF) GAMYB, belonging to MYB family (named after the gene of the avian myeloblastosis virus) is a master gibberellin (GA)-induced regulatory protein that is crucial for development and germination of cereal grain and involved in anther formation. It activates many genes including high-molecular-weight glutenin and α-amylase gene families. This study presents the first attempt to characterize the rye gene encoding GAMYB in relation to its sequence, polymorphisms, and phenotypic effects. Results ScGAMYB was mapped on rye chromosome 3R using high-density Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT)/DArTseq-based maps developed in three mapping populations. The ScGAMYB sequences were identified in RNA-seq libraries of four rye inbred lines. The transcriptome used for the search contained almost 151,000 transcripts with a median contig length of 500 nt. The average amount of total base raw data was approximately 9 GB. Comparative analysis of the ScGAMYB sequence revealed its high level of homology to wheat and barley orthologues. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected among rye inbred lines allowed the development of allele specific-PCR (AS-PCR) markers for ScGAMYB that might be used to detect this gene in wide genetic stocks of rye and triticale. Segregation of the ScGAMYB alleles showed significant relationship with α-amylase activity (AMY). Conclusions The research showed the strong similarity of rye GAMYB sequence to its orthologues in other Graminae and confirmed the position in the genome consistent with the collinearity rule of cereal genomes. Concurrently, the ScGAMYB coding sequence (cds) showed stronger variability (24 SNPs) compared to the analogous region of wheat (5 SNPs) and barley (7 SNPs). The moderate regulatory effect of ScGAMYB on AMY was confirmed, therefore, ScGAMYB was identified as a candidate gene for partial control of α-amylase production in rye grain. The predicted structural protein change in the aa region 362–372, caused by a single SNP (C/G) at the 1100 position in ScGAMYB cds and single aa sequence change (S/C) at the 367 position, is the likely cause of the differences in the effectiveness of ScGAMYB regulatory function associated with AMY. The development of sequence-based, allele-specific (AS) PCR markers could be useful in research and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bienias
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin; ul, Słowackiego 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Góralska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin; ul, Słowackiego 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Masojć
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin; ul, Słowackiego 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł Milczarski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin; ul, Słowackiego 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Myśków
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin; ul, Słowackiego 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grądzielewska A, Milczarski P, Molik K, Pawłowska E. Identification and mapping of a new recessive dwarfing gene dw9 on the 6RL rye chromosome and its phenotypic effects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229564. [PMID: 32119688 PMCID: PMC7051059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties of wheat into cultivation has led to a "green revolution." This has required intensive research into various sources of dwarfism in wheat. However, there has been very little advancement in research on dwarfing genes in rye in comparison to wheat or barley. So far, three dominant dwarfing genes (Ddw1, Ddw3, and Ddw4) and three recessive genes (ct1, ct2, and np) have been characterized and precisely mapped in rye. There is no complete catalog of dwarfing genes available in rye. This paper presents an identification of the source of dwarfism and preliminary characterization of the new recessive gene dw9 from the BK-1 line. The gene was mapped on the long arm of the 6R chromosome and belongs to the GA-insensitive group. The initial characterization of the influence of this gene on morphological traits shows that it significantly affects the decrease of yielding trait parameters. A full evaluation can be performed after detailed breeding studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Grądzielewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Milczarski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Katarzyna Molik
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Pawłowska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Assessing the genetic diversity and characterizing genomic regions conferring Tan Spot resistance in cultivated rye. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214519. [PMID: 30921415 PMCID: PMC6438500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is known for its wide adaptation due to its ability to tolerate harsh environments in semiarid areas. To assess the diversity in rye we genotyped a panel of 178 geographically diverse accessions of four Secale sp. from U.S. National Small Grains Collection using 4,037 high-quality SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) developed by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). PCA and STRUCTURE analysis revealed three major clusters that separate S. cereale L. from S. strictum and S. sylvestre, however, genetic clusters did not correlate with geographic origins and growth habit (spring/winter). The panel was evaluated for response to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis race 5 (PTR race 5) and nearly 59% accessions showed resistance or moderate resistance. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on S. cereale subsp. cereale using the 4,037 high-quality SNPs. Two QTLs (QTs.sdsu-5R and QTs.sdsu-2R) on chromosomes 5R and 2R were identified conferring resistance to PTR race 5 (p < 0.001) that explained 13.1% and 11.6% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Comparative analysis showed a high degree of synteny between rye and wheat with known rearrangements as expected. QTs.sdsu-2R was mapped in the genomic region corresponding to wheat chromosome group 2 and QTs.sdsu-5R was mapped to a small terminal region on chromosome 4BL. Based on the genetic diversity, a set of 32 accessions was identified to represents more than 99% of the allelic diversity with polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.25. This set can be utilized for genetic characterization of useful traits and genetic improvement of rye, triticale, and wheat.
Collapse
|
7
|
Newberry M, Zwart AB, Whan A, Mieog JC, Sun M, Leyne E, Pritchard J, Daneri-Castro SN, Ibrahim K, Diepeveen D, Howitt CA, Ral JPF. Does Late Maturity Alpha-Amylase Impact Wheat Baking Quality? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1356. [PMID: 30245701 PMCID: PMC6137811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Late maturity α-amylase (LMA) and pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) are both recognized as environmentally induced grain quality defects resulting from abnormally high levels of α-amylase. LMA is a more recently identified quality issue that is now receiving increasing attention worldwide and whose prevalence is now seen as impeding the development of superior quality wheat varieties. LMA is a genetic defect present in specific wheat genotypes and is characterized by elevated levels of the high pI TaAMY1 α-amylase, triggered by environmental stress during wheat grain development. TaAMY1 remains present in the aleurone through the harvest, lowering Falling Number (FN) at receival, causing a down-grading of the grain, often to feed grade, thus reducing the farmers' income. This downgrading is based on the assumption within the grain industry that, as for PHS, a low FN represents poor quality grain. Consequently any wheat line possessing low FN or high α-amylase levels is automatically considered a poor bread wheat despite there being no published evidence to date, to show that LMA is detrimental to end product quality. To evaluate the validity of this assumption a comprehensive evaluation of baking properties was performed from LMA prone lines using a subset of tall non-Rht lines from a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) wheat population grown at three different sites. LMA levels were determined along with quality parameters including end product functionality such as oven spring, bread loaf volume and weight, slice area and brightness, gas cell number and crumb firmness. No consistent or significant phenotypic correlation was found between LMA related FN and any of the quality traits. This manuscript provides for the first time, compelling evidence that LMA has limited impact on bread baking end product functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Newberry
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alexander B. Zwart
- Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alex Whan
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jos C. Mieog
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - May Sun
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emmett Leyne
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Kutty Ibrahim
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dean Diepeveen
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Crispin A. Howitt
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe F. Ral
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kantarek Z, Masojć P, Bienias A, Milczarski P. Identification of a novel, dominant dwarfing gene (Ddw4) and its effect on morphological traits of rye. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199335. [PMID: 29912949 PMCID: PMC6005562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortening rye stems to improve lodging resistance is among the major tasks awaiting breeders of this cereal. The most straightforward way to achieve this goal is the implementation of a dominant dwarfing gene into high yielding cultivars. The choice of dominant dwarfing genes in rye is limited to Ddw1 and Ddw3 loci, which are well characterized with respect to map position and tightly linked molecular markers on the long arms of chromosomes 5RL and 1RL, respectively. This paper reports on the identification and preliminary characterization of a novel dominant dwarfing gene, Ddw4, from line S44. This was mapped within the centromeric region of chromosome 3R. The Ddw4 gene is sensitive to exogenous gibberellin. Its introduction into the rye populational cultivar Dańkowskie Amber decreased plant height by c. 54% without any negative effects on spike length and number of kernels per spike. Further genetic studies are needed to determine the perspectives for application of the newly detected dwarfing gene into breeding programs for short-stem rye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kantarek
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, Poland
| | - Piotr Masojć
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, Poland
| | - Anna Bienias
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, Poland
| | - Paweł Milczarski
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|