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Ren J, Yang F, Ding N, Mo J, Guo J. Transcriptomic responses to cytotoxic drug cisplatin in water flea Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103964. [PMID: 36028164 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic drugs have been recognized by the European Union as the potential threat in the aquatic environment. As a typical cytotoxic drug, effects of long-term exposure to cisplatin at the environmentally relevant concentrations on the crustacean health and its molecular mechanism remain undetermined. In this study, the growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna resulting from cisplatin exposure were initially assessed. While the phenotypes were not altered in 2 μg L-1, 20 μg L-1, and 200 μg L-1 treatment groups, cisplatin at 500 µg L-1 significantly reduced the offspring number to 8-13 neonates in each brood, which was lower than 13-27 neonates in the control group. In addition to the delay in the time of first pregnancy, the body length was decreased by approximate 12.13% at day 7. Meanwhile, all daphnids died after exposure to 500 µg L-1 cisplatin for 17 days. Transcriptome profiling bioassays were performed for 10 days to explore the alternation at the molecular level. Briefly, 980 (257 up- and 723 down-regulated), 429 (182 up- and 247 down-regulated) and 1984 (616 up-regulated and 1368 down-regulated) genes were differentially expressed (adj p < 0.05) in low (2 μg L-1), medium (200 μg L-1) and high (500 μg L-1) cisplatin treatment groups, respectively. Differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in the digestion and absorption, nerve conduction, endocrine interference, and circulatory related pathways. Specifically, the down-regulated digestive secretion and nutrient absorption and neuronal conduction pathways may lead to insufficient energy supply involved in growth and reproduction, and hinder ovarian development and cell growth. Down-regulation of ovarian steroids and relaxin signaling pathways may be related to the reduction of offspring number and delayed pregnancy, and reduced body length of D. magna may attribute to the enrichment of insulin secretion pathway. In addition, the death of D. magna may result from the reduced expression of genes in cardiomyocyte contraction and apoptosome processes. Taken together, this study revealed the potential toxic mechanism of cisplatin in a model water flea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Fangshe Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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Higarza SG, Arboleya S, Arias JL, Gueimonde M, Arias N. Akkermansia muciniphila and environmental enrichment reverse cognitive impairment associated with high-fat high-cholesterol consumption in rats. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33678110 PMCID: PMC7946069 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1880240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most prevalent diseases globally. A high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet leads to an early NASH model. It has been suggested that gut microbiota mediates the effects of diet through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, modifying the host's brain metabolism and disrupting cognition. Here, we target NASH-induced cognitive damage by testing the impact of environmental enrichment (EE) and the administration of either Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or Akkermansia muciniphila CIP107961 (AKK). EE and AKK, but not LGG, reverse the HFHC-induced cognitive dysfunction, including impaired spatial working memory and novel object recognition; however, whereas AKK restores brain metabolism, EE results in an overall decrease. Moreover, AKK and LGG did not induce major rearrangements in the intestinal microbiota, with only slight changes in bacterial composition and diversity, whereas EE led to an increase in Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia members. Our findings illustrate the interplay between gut microbiota, the host's brain energy metabolism, and cognition. In addition, the findings suggest intervention strategies, such as the administration of AKK, for the management of the cognitive dysfunction related to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. Higarza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,Instituto De Neurociencias Del Principado De Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto De Productos Lácteos De Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,Instituto De Neurociencias Del Principado De Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto De Productos Lácteos De Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain,Miguel Gueimonde Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto De Productos Lácteos De Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias 33300, Spain
| | - Natalia Arias
- Instituto De Neurociencias Del Principado De Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain,UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,CONTACT Natalia Arias Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
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Elsayed HRH, El-Nablaway M, Khattab BA, Sherif RN, Elkashef WF, Abdalla AM, El Nashar EM, Abd-Elmonem MM, El-Gamal R. Independent of Calorie Intake, Short-term Alternate-day Fasting Alleviates NASH, With Modulation of Markers of Lipogenesis, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Rats. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:575-596. [PMID: 34448436 PMCID: PMC8427931 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211041607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a worldwide health problem. Alternate-day fasting (ADF), although thought to be aggressive, has proven safety and efficacy. We aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term ADF against already established high-fat-fructose (HFF)-induced NASH, independent of the amount of calorie intake, and to study the effect of ADF on lipogenesis, apoptosis, and hepatic inflammation. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: (1) negative control and (2) NASH group fed on HFF for 9 weeks, and then randomized into two subgroups of either HFF alone or with ADF protocol for 3 weeks. The ADF could improve HFF-related elevation in serum lactate dehydrogenase and could decrease the mRNA expression of lipogenesis genes; acetyl CoA carboxylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; apoptotic genes caspase-3, p53, and inflammatory cyclo-oxygenase 2; and immunohistochemical staining for their proteins in liver with upregulation of LC3 and downregulation of P62 immunoexpression. Moreover, ADF ameliorated HFF-induced steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis through hematoxylin and eosin, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red staining, confirmed by morphometric analysis, without significant weight loss. Significant correlation of morphometric parameters with levels of gene expression was found. These findings suggest ADF to be a safe effective therapeutic agent in the management of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rania N. Sherif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology
- Department of Anatomy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Wagdi Fawzy Elkashef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asim Mohammed Abdalla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Mohammad El Nashar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
- Department of Pathology and Medical Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Bai Y, Yin S, Gbordzor V, Guo Y, Bai Q, Wang S, Wei X, Chen N, Zhang Y, Li W. Increase in plasma Niemann-Pick disease type C2 protein is associated with poor prognosis of sepsis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5907. [PMID: 33723331 PMCID: PMC7961030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of extracellular Niemann-Pick disease type C2 protein (NPC2) is poorly defined. It is not known whether there is an association between plasma NPC2 and sepsis. Our exploratory, quantitative proteomic analysis showed a significant increase in the level of plasma NPC2 in moribund sepsis patients. Thus, we subsequently determined NPC2 concentration in plasma from healthy subjects, pneumonia patients and sepsis patients with comorbid pneumonia; and analyzed the association of plasma NPC2 with organ dysfunction and prognosis of sepsis patients. Our data shows that plasma NPC2 concentration was significantly higher in pneumonia and sepsis patients than healthy subjects, and was further increased in sepsis patients when the SOFA score reached 14. In addition, NPC2 concentration was significantly higher in patients that subsequently developed septic shock or died within 30 days. Moreover, NPC2 level showed the strongest association with the degree of renal dysfunction in sepsis patients. In moribund sepsis patients, however, NPC2 had highest correlation coefficient with indicators of coagulation anomaly. Based on these results, we conclude that the increase in plasma NPC2 in sepsis patients is associated with multiple organ failure, possibly results from a deficiency in renal clearance, and may serve as a prognostic marker for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shuangyi Yin
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Vivian Gbordzor
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Qing Bai
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiwei Wang
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xiangyan Wei
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Sepsis Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Xi Men Blvd, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
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Du J, Ji Y, Qiao L, Liu Y, Lin J. Cellular endo-lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2020; 40:271-280. [PMID: 31765080 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an increasingly devastating human disorder, is characterized by intrahepatic fat accumulation. Although important progress has been made in understanding NAFLD, the fundamental mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD have not been fully explained. The endo-lysosomal trafficking network is central to lipid metabolism, protein degradation and signal transduction, which are involved in a variety of diseases. In recent years, many genes and pathways in the endo-lysosomal trafficking network and involved in lysosomal biogenesis have been associated with the development and progression of NAFLD. Mutations of these genes and impaired signalling lead to dysfunction in multiple steps of the endo-lysosomal network (endocytic trafficking, membrane fusion and lysosomal degradation), resulting in the accumulation of pathogenic proteins. In this review, we will focus on how alterations in these genes and pathways affect endo-lysosomal trafficking as well as the pathophysiology of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Du
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu Ji
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Higarza SG, Arboleya S, Gueimonde M, Gómez-Lázaro E, Arias JL, Arias N. Neurobehavioral dysfunction in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with hyperammonemia, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic and functional brain regional deficits. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223019. [PMID: 31539420 PMCID: PMC6754158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. While it has been suggested to cause nervous impairment, its neurophysiological basis remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to unravel the effects of NASH, through the interrelationship of liver, gut microbiota, and nervous system, on the brain and human behavior. To this end, 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group that received normal chow and a NASH group that received a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Our results show that 14 weeks of the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet induced clinical conditions such as NASH, including steatosis and increased levels of ammonia. Rats in the NASH group also demonstrated evidence of gut dysbiosis and decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. This may explain the deficits in cognitive ability observed in the NASH group, including their depressive-like behavior and short-term memory impairment characterized in part by deficits in social recognition and prefrontal cortex-dependent spatial working memory. We also reported the impact of this NASH-like condition on metabolic and functional processes. Brain tissue demonstrated lower levels of metabolic brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and mammillary bodies, accompanied by a decrease in dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum and a decrease in noradrenalin in the striatum. In this article, we emphasize the important role of ammonia and gut-derived bacterial toxins in liver-gut-brain neurodegeneration and discuss the metabolic and functional brain regional deficits and behavioral impairments in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. Higarza
- Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Institute of Dairy Products of the Principality of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Institute of Dairy Products of the Principality of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Eneritz Gómez-Lázaro
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Basque Country University, San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Natalia Arias
- Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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7
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Yang JM, Sun Y, Wang M, Zhang XL, Zhang SJ, Gao YS, Chen L, Wu MY, Zhou L, Zhou YM, Wang Y, Zheng FJ, Li YH. Regulatory effect of a Chinese herbal medicine formula on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5105-5119. [PMID: 31558860 PMCID: PMC6747291 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i34.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major cause of chronic liver disease. The Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) Dachaihu decoction (DCHD) has been proved to treat NAFLD with good efficacy in previous studies. Based on the TCM principle of formula formation, we divided DCHD into soothing liver part, invigorating spleen part, and dredging intestine part. Marshall officially proposed the concept of “intestinal-hepatic axis”, which systematically explains the interactions between the intestine and liver. We hypothesized that the effect of CHM on NAFLD is achieved by regulating the liver and intestine. Thus, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of a CHM formula on NAFLD in a rat model.
AIM To investigate the effects of a CHM formula (a decoction of Chinese thorowax root, scutellaria root, and white peony root) on NAFLD and its regulatory effect on the “intestinal-liver” axis.
METHODS Sixty rats were randomly divided into control, model, pioglitazone hydrochloride (PH), and CHM (a decoction of Chinese thorowax root, scutellaria root, and white peony root) groups. An NAFLD rat model was established using a high-fat high-fructose diet for 16 wk. From the 13th week, rats were administered with PH or a decoction of Chinese thorowax, scutellaria, and white peony root (CHM group) for 4 wk. Rats in the control group and model group were administered with an equal volume of distilled water. At the end of the study, blood was collected via the abdominal aorta. Liver tissues were harvested and any morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Oil red O staining, and Masson staining. In addition, blood lipids, liver function markers, and triglyceride (TG) in liver tissues were analyzed. The levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB) in liver tissues and secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in intestinal tissues were analyzed by ELISA, and protein and mRNA expression of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the intestine were measured using Western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The endotoxin level in plasma was detected by endpoint chromogenic assay.
RESULTS Compared to the normal control group, the liver coefficient, serum TG, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood glucose, plasma endotoxin, and the levels of TG, TNF-α, TGF-β, NF-kB, and TLR4 in liver tissues increased significantly in the model group, while serum high density lipoprotein (HDL), intestinal sIgA, and protein and mRNA expression of occludin and ZO-1 decreased significantly in the model group (P < 0.01). PH and CHM attenuated the elevated liver coefficient, serum TG, TC, LDL, AST, and ALT, blood glucose, plasma endotoxin, and the levels of TG, TNF-α, TGF-β, NF-kB, and TLR4 in liver tissues and increased serum HDL levels compared to the model group (P < 0.01). Intestinal sIgA and the protein and mRNA expression of intestinal occludin and ZO-1 were significantly increased in the PH group compared to the model and CHM groups (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION The decoction of Chinese thorowax root, scutellaria root, and white peony root is beneficial in regulating lipid metabolism and liver function, which indicates that it has a good effect on the liver. To a certain extent, this CHM formula can affect both the liver and intestine, while its effect on the liver is superior to that on the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin-Lei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shu-Jing Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu-Shan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng-Jie Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu-Hang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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