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Pillai S, Munguia-Lopez JG, Tran SD. Bioengineered Salivary Gland Microtissues─A Review of 3D Cellular Models and their Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2620-2636. [PMID: 38591955 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Salivary glands (SGs) play a vital role in maintaining oral health through the production and release of saliva. Injury to SGs can lead to gland hypofunction and a decrease in saliva secretion manifesting as xerostomia. While symptomatic treatments for xerostomia exist, effective permanent solutions are still lacking, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches. Significant progress has been made in the field of three-dimensional (3D) SG bioengineering for applications in gland regeneration. This has been achieved through a major focus on cell culture techniques, including soluble cues and biomaterial components of the 3D niche. Cells derived from both adult and embryonic SGs have highlighted key in vitro characteristics of SG 3D models. While still in its first decade of exploration, SG spheroids and organoids have so far served as crucial tools to study SG pathophysiology. This review, based on a literature search over the past decade, covers the importance of SG cell types in the realm of their isolation, sourcing, and culture conditions that modulate the 3D microenvironment. We discuss different biomaterials employed for SG culture and the current advances made in bioengineering SG models using them. The success of these 3D cellular models are further evaluated in the context of their applications in organ transplantation and in vitro disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeth Pillai
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Jose G Munguia-Lopez
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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Wrynn T, Min S, Horeth E, Osinski J, Sinha S, Romano RA. ΔNp63 regulates Sfrp1 expression to direct salivary gland branching morphogenesis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301082. [PMID: 38722977 PMCID: PMC11081224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a complex process shared by many organs including the lungs, kidney, prostate, as well as several exocrine organs including the salivary, mammary and lacrimal glands. This critical developmental program ensures the expansion of an organ's surface area thereby maximizing processes of cellular secretion or absorption. It is guided by reciprocal signaling from the epithelial and mesenchymal cells. While signaling pathways driving salivary gland branching morphogenesis have been relatively well-studied, our understanding of the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms directing this program, is limited. Here, we performed in vivo and ex vivo studies of the embryonic mouse submandibular gland to determine the function of the transcription factor ΔNp63, in directing branching morphogenesis. Our studies show that loss of ΔNp63 results in alterations in the differentiation program of the ductal cells which is accompanied by a dramatic reduction in branching morphogenesis that is mediated by dysregulation of WNT signaling. We show that ΔNp63 modulates WNT signaling to promote branching morphogenesis by directly regulating Sfrp1 expression. Collectively, our findings have revealed a novel role for ΔNp63 in the regulation of this critical process and offers a better understanding of the transcriptional networks involved in branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Wrynn
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sangwon Min
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erich Horeth
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Osinski
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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Viswanathan V, Cao H, Saiki J, Jiang D, Mattingly A, Nambiar D, Bloomstein J, Li Y, Jiang S, Chamoli M, Sirjani D, Kaplan M, Holsinger FC, Liang R, Von Eyben R, Jiang H, Guan L, Lagory E, Feng Z, Nolan G, Ye J, Denko N, Knox S, Rosen DM, Le QT. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and impacts salivary gland stem cell phenotype. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac056. [PMID: 35707206 PMCID: PMC9186046 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adult salivary stem/progenitor cells (SSPC) have an intrinsic property to self-renew in order to maintain tissue architecture and homeostasis. Adult salivary glands have been documented to harbor SSPC, which have been shown to play a vital role in the regeneration of the glandular structures postradiation damage. We have previously demonstrated that activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) after radiation reduced aldehyde accumulation in SSPC, leading to less apoptosis and improved salivary function. We subsequently found that sustained pharmacological ALDH3A1 activation is critical to enhance regeneration of murine submandibular gland after radiation damage. Further investigation shows that ALDH3A1 function is crucial for SSPC self-renewal and survival even in the absence of radiation stress. Salivary glands from Aldh3a1 -/- mice have fewer acinar structures than wildtype mice. ALDH3A1 deletion or pharmacological inhibition in SSPC leads to a decrease in mitochondrial DNA copy number, lower expression of mitochondrial specific genes and proteins, structural abnormalities, lower membrane potential, and reduced cellular respiration. Loss or inhibition of ALDH3A1 also elevates ROS levels, depletes glutathione pool, and accumulates ALDH3A1 substrate 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE, a lipid peroxidation product), leading to decreased survival of murine SSPC that can be rescued by treatment with 4-HNE specific carbonyl scavengers. Our data indicate that ALDH3A1 activity protects mitochondrial function and is important for the regeneration activity of SSPC. This knowledge will help to guide our translational strategy of applying ALDH3A1 activators in the clinic to prevent radiation-related hyposalivation in head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Viswanathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Saiki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dhanya Nambiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joshua Bloomstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manish Chamoli
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Davud Sirjani
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Kaplan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F Christopher Holsinger
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rie Von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward Lagory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhiping Feng
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Denko
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daria-Mochly Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Noll BD, Grdzelishvili A, Brennan MT, Mougeot FB, Mougeot JLC. Immortalization of Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells of Xerostomic Patients: Establishment and Characterization of Novel Cell Lines. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123820. [PMID: 33255850 PMCID: PMC7768371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting salivary and lacrimal glands. Previous pSS studies have relied on primary cell culture models or cancer cell lines with limited relevance to the disease. Our objective was to generate and characterize immortalized salivary gland epithelial cells (iSGECs) derived from labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsies of pSS patients (focus score > 1) and non-Sjögren’s Syndrome (nSS) xerostomic (i.e., sicca) female patients. To characterize iSGECs (n = 3), mRNA expression of specific epithelial and acinar cell markers was quantified by qRT-PCR. Protein expression of characterization markers was determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Secretion of α-amylase by iSGECs was confirmed through colorimetric activity assay. Spheroid formation and associated alterations in expression markers were determined using matrigel-coated cell culture plates. Consistent mRNA and protein expressions of both epithelial and pro-acinar cell markers were observed in all three iSGEC lines. When cultured on matrigel medium, iSGECs formed spheroids, secreted α-amylase after β-adrenergic stimulation, and expressed multiple acinar cell markers at late passages. One iSGEC line retained adequate cell morphology without a loss of SV40Lt expression and proliferation potential after over 100 passages. In conclusion, our established iSGEC lines represent a viable model for salivary research due to their passaging capacity and maintenance of pro-acinar cell characteristics.
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Tran EK, Juarez KO, Long JL. Stem cell treatments for oropharyngeal dysphagia: Rationale, benefits, and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1001-1012. [PMID: 33033560 PMCID: PMC7524699 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i9.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysphagia, defined as difficulty swallowing, is a common symptom negatively impacting millions of adults annually. Estimated prevalence ranges from 14 to 33 percent in those over age 65 to over 70 percent in a nursing home setting. The elderly, those with neurodegenerative diseases, head and neck cancer patients, and those with autoimmune conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome are disproportionately affected. Oropharyngeal dysphagia refers specifically to difficulty in initiating a swallow due to dysfunction at or above the upper esophageal sphincter, and represents a large proportion of dysphagia cases. Current treatments are limited and are often ineffective. Stem cell therapy is a new and novel advancement that may fill a much-needed role in our treatment regimen. Here, we review the current literature regarding stem cell treatments for oropharyngeal dysphagia. Topics discussed include tissue regeneration advancements as a whole and translation of these principles into research surrounding tongue dysfunction, xerostomia, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and finally an overview of the challenges and future directions for investigation. Although this field of study remains in its early stages, initial promising results show potential for the use of stem cell-based therapies to treat oropharyngeal dysphagia and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Tran
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kevin O Juarez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Jennifer L Long
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States
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DeSantis KA, Robilotto SL, Matson M, Kotb NM, Lapierre CM, Minhas Z, Leder AA, Abdul K, Facteau EM, Welsh J. VDR in salivary gland homeostasis and cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105600. [PMID: 31958633 PMCID: PMC7166159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its ligand 1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25D) impact differentiation and exert anti-tumor effects in many tissues, but its role in salivary gland has yet to be defined. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we have detected strong VDR expression in murine and human salivary gland ducts. Compared to normal gland, VDR protein expression was retained in differentiated human pleomorphic adenoma (PA) but was undetectable in undifferentiated PA and in carcinomas, suggesting deregulation of VDR during salivary cancer progression. To gain insight into the potential role of VDR in salivary cancer, we assessed the effects of vitamin D in vivo and in vitro. Despite the presence of VDR in salivary gland, chronic dietary vitamin D restriction did not alter morphology of the salivary epithelium in C57/Bl6 mice. The localization of VDR in ductal epithelium prompted us to examine the effects of 1,25D in an established cell line (mSGc) derived from normal murine submandibular gland (SMG). This previously characterized cell line consists of multiple stem, progenitor and differentiated cell types as determined by mutually exclusive cellular expression of basal, ductal and myoepithelial markers. We demonstrated VDR expression and regulation of VDR target genes Vdr and Postn by 1,25D in mSGc, indicating functional ligand-mediated transcriptional activity. The effect of VDR signaling on epithelial differentiation markers was assessed by qPCR and IHC in mSGc cells treated with 1,25D. We found that 1,25D reduced mRNA expression of the basal cell progenitor marker keratin 5 (K5) and increased expression of the differentiated ductal cell marker keratin 7 (K7). Further, we found that 1,25D significantly decreased the number of proliferating cells, including proliferating K5+ cells. Characterization of cell cycle by Muse cytometry indicated 1,25D treatment decreased cells in S, G2, and M phase. The inhibition of K5+ cell proliferation by 1,25D is of particular interest because K5+ basal cells contribute to a wide variety of salivary tumor types. Our studies suggest that 1,25D alters cancer-relevant progenitor and differentiation markers in the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A DeSantis
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Samantha L Robilotto
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mark Matson
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Noor M Kotb
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Cathryn M Lapierre
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Undergraduate Research Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Zenab Minhas
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Undergraduate Research Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Alana A Leder
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Undergraduate Research Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Khushbakht Abdul
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Undergraduate Research Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Emily M Facteau
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Undergraduate Research Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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Establishment of a Murine Pro-acinar Cell Line to Characterize Roles for FGF2 and α3β1 Integrins in Regulating Pro-acinar Characteristics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10984. [PMID: 31358811 PMCID: PMC6662831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers results in permanent damage to the saliva producing acinar compartment of the salivary gland. To date, a pure pro-acinar cell line to study underlying mechanisms of acinar cell differentiation in culture has not been described. Here, we report the establishment of a pro-acinar (mSG-PAC1) and ductal (mSG-DUC1) cell line, from the murine submandibular salivary gland (SMG), which recapitulate developmental milestones in differentiation. mSG-DUC1 cells express the ductal markers, keratin-7 and keratin-19, and form lumenized spheroids. mSG-PAC1 cells express the pro-acinar markers SOX10 and aquaporin-5. Using the mSG-PAC1 cell line, we demonstrate that FGF2 regulates specific steps during acinar cell maturation. FGF2 up-regulates aquaporin-5 and the expression of the α3 and α6 subunits of the α3β1 and α6β1 integrins that are known to promote SMG morphogenesis and differentiation. mSG-DUC1 and mSG-PAC1 cells were derived from genetically modified mice, homozygous for floxed alleles of the integrin α3 subunit. Similar to SMGs from α3-null mice, deletion of α3 alleles in mSG-PAC1 cells results in the up-regulation of E-cadherin and the down-regulation of CDC42. Our data indicate that mSG-DUC1 and mSG-PAC1 cells will serve as important tools to gain mechanistic insight into salivary gland morphogenesis and differentiation.
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Song EAC, Min S, Oyelakin A, Smalley K, Bard JE, Liao L, Xu J, Romano RA. Genetic and scRNA-seq Analysis Reveals Distinct Cell Populations that Contribute to Salivary Gland Development and Maintenance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14043. [PMID: 30232460 PMCID: PMC6145895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells of the submandibular salivary gland (SMG) give rise to, maintain, and regenerate the multiple lineages of mature epithelial cells including those belonging to the ductal, acinar, basal and myoepithelial subtypes. Here we have exploited single cell RNA-sequencing and in vivo genetic lineage tracing technologies to generate a detailed map of the cell fate trajectories and branch points of the basal and myoepithelial cell populations of the mouse SMG during embryonic development and in adults. Our studies show that the transcription factor p63 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) serve as faithful markers of the basal and myoepithelial cell lineages, respectively and that both cell types are endowed with progenitor cell properties. However, p63+ basal and SMA+ myoepithelial cells exhibit distinct cell fates by virtue of maintaining different cellular lineages during morphogenesis and in adults. Collectively, our results reveal the dynamic and complex nature of the diverse SMG cell populations and highlight the distinct differentiation potential of the p63 and SMA expressing subtypes in the stem and progenitor cell hierarchy. Long term these findings have profound implications towards a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that dictate lineage commitment and differentiation programs during development and adult gland maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Christine Song
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214 USA
| | - Sangwon Min
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214 USA
| | - Akinsola Oyelakin
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214 USA
| | - Kirsten Smalley
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203 USA
| | - Jonathan E. Bard
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14222 USA
| | - Lan Liao
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203 USA
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