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Ren H, Zhang L, Zhang X, Yi C, Wu L. Specific lipid magnetic sphere sorted CD146-positive bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can better promote articular cartilage damage repair. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:253. [PMID: 38561728 PMCID: PMC10983655 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics and therapeutic potential of subtypes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are largely unknown. Also, the application of subpopulations of BMSCs in cartilage regeneration remains poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to explore the regenerative capacity of CD146-positive subpopulations of BMSCs for repairing cartilage defects. METHODS CD146-positive BMSCs (CD146 + BMSCs) were sorted by self-developed CD146-specific lipid magnetic spheres (CD146-LMS). Cell surface markers, viability, and proliferation were evaluated in vitro. CD146 + BMSCs were subjected to in vitro chondrogenic induction and evaluated for chondrogenic properties by detecting mRNA and protein expression. The role of the CD146 subpopulation of BMSCs in cartilage damage repair was assessed by injecting CD146 + BMSCs complexed with sodium alginate gel in the joints of a mouse cartilage defect model. RESULTS The prepared CD146-LMS had an average particle size of 193.7 ± 5.24 nm, an average potential of 41.9 ± 6.21 mv, and a saturation magnetization intensity of 27.2 Am2/kg, which showed good stability and low cytotoxicity. The sorted CD146 + BMSCs highly expressed stem cell and pericyte markers with good cellular activity and cellular value-added capacity. Cartilage markers Sox9, Collagen II, and Aggrecan were expressed at both protein and mRNA levels in CD146 + BMSCs cells after chondrogenic induction in vitro. In a mouse cartilage injury model, CD146 + BMSCs showed better function in promoting the repair of articular cartilage injury. CONCLUSION The prepared CD146-LMS was able to sort out CD146 + BMSCs efficiently, and the sorted subpopulation of CD146 + BMSCs had good chondrogenic differentiation potential, which could efficiently promote the repair of articular cartilage injury, suggesting that the sorted CD146 + BMSCs subpopulation is a promising seed cell for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanru Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chengqing Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Lianghao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800, Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Ling X, Yan W, Yang F, Jiang S, Chen F, Li N. Research progress of chlorogenic acid in improving inflammatory diseases. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:1611-1620. [PMID: 38432890 PMCID: PMC10929889 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Long-term inflammation will develop into chronic inflammation and become inflammatory diseases. Antibiotics are commonly used in clinical practice to treat inflammatory diseases. But patients are prone to drug resistance. So we need to find new treatment. Chlorogenic acid is an organic compound extracted from honeysuckle and other plants. Its anti-inflammatory activity is strong, and it has a significant anti-inflammatory effect on inflammatory diseases in various systems. It has been shown that chlorogenic acid can regulate inflammation-related signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) canonical signaling pathway, NF-κB atypical signaling pathway, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) canonical signaling pathway, and Nrf2 atypical signaling pathway, etc. It can up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-13 and down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. Although chlorogenic acid has a strong anti-inflammatory effect, but clinical trials and application still face many difficulties. In the future, the anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism of chlorogenic acid should be further studied to explore its clinical application value and improve new ideas for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Ling
- Nursing School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006.
| | - Wei Yan
- Nursing School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006
| | - Fen Yang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Shuling Jiang
- Nursing School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006
| | - Fuqing Chen
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China.
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Mishchenko O, Yanovska A, Kosinov O, Maksymov D, Moskalenko R, Ramanavicius A, Pogorielov M. Synthetic Calcium-Phosphate Materials for Bone Grafting. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3822. [PMID: 37765676 PMCID: PMC10536599 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic bone grafting materials play a significant role in various medical applications involving bone regeneration and repair. Their ability to mimic the properties of natural bone and promote the healing process has contributed to their growing relevance. While calcium-phosphates and their composites with various polymers and biopolymers are widely used in clinical and experimental research, the diverse range of available polymer-based materials poses challenges in selecting the most suitable grafts for successful bone repair. This review aims to address the fundamental issues of bone biology and regeneration while providing a clear perspective on the principles guiding the development of synthetic materials. In this study, we delve into the basic principles underlying the creation of synthetic bone composites and explore the mechanisms of formation for biologically important complexes and structures associated with the various constituent parts of these materials. Additionally, we offer comprehensive information on the application of biologically active substances to enhance the properties and bioactivity of synthetic bone grafting materials. By presenting these insights, our review enables a deeper understanding of the regeneration processes facilitated by the application of synthetic bone composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Mishchenko
- Department of Surgical and Propaedeutic Dentistry, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 26, Prosp. Mayakovskogo, 69035 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (O.M.); (O.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Anna Yanovska
- Theoretical and Applied Chemistry Department, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Oleksii Kosinov
- Department of Surgical and Propaedeutic Dentistry, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 26, Prosp. Mayakovskogo, 69035 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (O.M.); (O.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Denys Maksymov
- Department of Surgical and Propaedeutic Dentistry, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 26, Prosp. Mayakovskogo, 69035 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (O.M.); (O.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Roman Moskalenko
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine;
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maksym Pogorielov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine;
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Catauro M, D'Angelo A, Viola V, Cimmino G, Pacifico S. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Silica-Polycaprolactone-Chlorogenic Acid Hybrids by Sol-Gel Route. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083486. [PMID: 37110721 PMCID: PMC10146286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid materials were synthesized by a sol-gel route, using silicon alkoxide together with low molecular weight polycaprolactone and caffetannic acid. The synthesized hybrids were characterized by scanning Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their surface morphology was acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The hybrids were investigated for their antiradical capacity using the DPPH and ABTS tests, while the Kirby-Bauer test was used to evaluate their effects on the growth of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, a biologically active hydroxyapatite layer has been observed to form on the surface of intelligently synthesized materials. The MTT direct test showed that the hybrid materials are biocompatible with NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells, while they were cytotoxic towards colon, prostate, and brain tumor cell lines. These results shed new light on the suitability of the synthesized hybrids in the medical field, thus affording knowledge on the features of the bioactive silica-polycaprolactone-chlorogenic acid hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Catauro
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, I-81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Angelo
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, I-81031 Aversa, Italy
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Veronica Viola
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, I-81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cimmino
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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Sang S, Mao X, Cao Y, Liu Z, Shen Z, Li M, Jia W, Guo Z, Wang Z, Xiang C, Sun L. 3D Bioprinting Using Synovium-Derived MSC-Laden Photo-Cross-Linked ECM Bioink for Cartilage Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8895-8913. [PMID: 36779653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, inspired by the components of cartilage matrix, a photo-cross-linked extracellular matrix (ECM) bioink composed of modified proteins and polysaccharides was presented, including gelatin methacrylate, hyaluronic acid methacrylate, and chondroitin sulfate methacrylate. The systematic experiments were performed, including morphology, swelling, degradation, mechanical and rheological tests, printability analysis, biocompatibility and chondrogenic differentiation characterization, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The results indicated that the photo-cross-linked ECM hydrogels possessed suitable degradation rate and excellent mechanical properties, and the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted ECM scaffolds obtained favorable shape fidelity and improved the basic properties, biological properties, and chondrogenesis of synovium-derived MSCs (SMSCs). The strong stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) enhanced the aggregation, proliferation, and differentiation of SMSCs, thereby enhancing chondrogenic ECM deposition. In vivo animal experiments and gait analysis further confirmed that the ECM scaffold combined with TGF-β1 could effectively promote cartilage regeneration and functional recovery of injured joints. To sum up, the photo-cross-linked ECM bioink for 3D printing of functional cartilage tissue may become an attractive strategy for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xingjia Mao
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanyan Cao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zixian Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhizhong Shen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Meng Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Wendan Jia
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Chuan Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Recent Developments and Current Applications of Organic Nanomaterials in Cartilage Repair. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080390. [PMID: 36004915 PMCID: PMC9405275 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of cartilage is difficult due to the unique microstructure, unique multizone organization, and avascular nature of cartilage tissue. The development of nanomaterials and nanofabrication technologies holds great promise for the repair and regeneration of injured or degenerated cartilage tissue. Nanomaterials have structural components smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension and exhibit unique properties due to their nanoscale structure and high specific surface area. The unique properties of nanomaterials include, but are not limited to, increased chemical reactivity, mechanical strength, degradability, and biocompatibility. As an emerging nanomaterial, organic nanocomposites can mimic natural cartilage in terms of microstructure, physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. The integration of organic nanomaterials is expected to develop scaffolds that better mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment of cartilage to enhance scaffold-cell interactions and improve the functionality of engineered tissue constructs. Next-generation hydrogel technology and bioprinting can be used not only for healing cartilage injury areas but also for extensive osteoarthritic degenerative changes within the joint. Although more challenges need to be solved before they can be translated into full-fledged commercial products, nano-organic composites remain very promising candidates for the future development of cartilage tissue engineering.
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7
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Wang L, Pan X, Jiang L, Chu Y, Gao S, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Luo S, Peng C. The Biological Activity Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Applications in Food Industry: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:943911. [PMID: 35845802 PMCID: PMC9278960 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.943911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), also known as coffee tannic acid and 3-caffeoylquinic acid, is a water-soluble polyphenolic phenylacrylate compound produced by plants through the shikimic acid pathway during aerobic respiration. CGA is widely found in higher dicotyledonous plants, ferns, and many Chinese medicine plants, which enjoy the reputation of “plant gold.” We have summarized the biological activities of CGA, which are mainly shown as anti-oxidant, liver and kidney protection, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, regulation of glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory, protection of the nervous system, and action on blood vessels. We further determined the main applications of CGA in the food industry, including food additives, food storage, food composition modification, food packaging materials, functional food materials, and prebiotics. With a view to the theoretical improvement of CGA, biological activity mechanism, and subsequent development and utilization provide reference and scientific basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Pan
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyue Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Chen
| | - Shajie Luo
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Shajie Luo
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Cheng Peng
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8
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Application of Alginate Hydrogels for Next-Generation Articular Cartilage Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031147. [PMID: 35163071 PMCID: PMC8835677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The articular cartilage has insufficient intrinsic healing abilities, and articular cartilage injuries often progress to osteoarthritis. Alginate-based scaffolds are attractive biomaterials for cartilage repair and regeneration, allowing for the delivery of cells and therapeutic drugs and gene sequences. In light of the heterogeneity of findings reporting the benefits of using alginate for cartilage regeneration, a better understanding of alginate-based systems is needed in order to improve the approaches aiming to enhance cartilage regeneration with this compound. This review provides an in-depth evaluation of the literature, focusing on the manipulation of alginate as a tool to support the processes involved in cartilage healing in order to demonstrate how such a material, used as a direct compound or combined with cell and gene therapy and with scaffold-guided gene transfer procedures, may assist cartilage regeneration in an optimal manner for future applications in patients.
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Metabolic and Anti-Inflammatory Protective Properties of Human Enriched Serum Following Artichoke Leaf Extract Absorption: Results from an Innovative Ex Vivo Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082653. [PMID: 34444810 PMCID: PMC8398945 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of our population is accompanied by an increased prevalence of chronic diseases. Among those, liver, joint and adipose tissue-related pathologies have a major socio-economic impact. They share common origins as they result from a dysregulation of the inflammatory and metabolic status. Plant-derived nutrients and especially polyphenols, exert a large range of beneficial effects in the prevention of chronic diseases but require clinically validated approaches for optimized care management. In this study, we designed an innovative clinical approach considering the metabolites produced by the digestive tract following the ingestion of an artichoke leaf extract. Human serum, enriched with metabolites deriving from the extract, was collected and incubated with human hepatocytes, human primary chondrocytes and adipocytes to determine the biological activity of the extract. Changes in cellular behavior demonstrated that the artichoke leaf extract protects hepatocytes from lipotoxic stress, prevents adipocytes differentiation and hyperplasia, and exerts chondroprotective properties in an inflammatory context. These data validate the beneficial health properties of an artichoke leaf extract at the clinical level and provide both insights and further evidence that plant-derived nutrients and especially polyphenols from artichoke may represent a relevant alternative for nutritional strategies addressing chronic disease issues.
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Tamay DG, Hasirci N. Bioinks-materials used in printing cells in designed 3D forms. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:1072-1106. [PMID: 33720806 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1892470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Use of materials to activate non-functional or damaged organs and tissues goes back to early ages. The first materials used for this purpose were metals, and in time, novel materials such as ceramics, polymers and composites were introduced to the field to serve in medical applications. In the last decade, the advances in material sciences, cell biology, technology and engineering made 3D printing of living tissues or organ models in the designed structure and geometry possible by using cells alone or together with hydrogels through additive manufacturing. This review aims to give a brief information about the chemical structures and properties of bioink materials and their applications in the production of 3D tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Goksu Tamay
- BIOMATEN - Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- BIOMATEN - Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Tissue Engineering and Biomaterial Research Center, Near East University, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
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11
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Wu KC, Weng HK, Hsu YS, Huang PJ, Wang YK. Aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. root (burdock) enhances chondrogenesis in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:364. [PMID: 33228629 PMCID: PMC7686739 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arctium lappa L. root (burdock root) has long been recommended for the treatment of different diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Burdock root possesses anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial activities. The aim of the study was to elucidate whether aqueous extract of burdock root regulates mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. METHODS Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in 2D high density culture and in 3D micromass pellets were treated with chondrogenic induction medium and chondral basal medium in the absence or presence of aqueous extract of burdock root. The chondrogenic differentiation was accessed by staining glucosaminoglycans, immunostaining SOX9 and type II collagen and immuonblotting of SOX9, aggrecan and type II collagen. RESULTS Treatment of aqueous extract of burdock root increased the cell proliferation of hMSCs. It did not have significant effect on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, but significantly enhanced chondrogenic induction medium-induced chondrogenesis. The increment was dose dependent, as examined by staining glucosaminoglycans, SOX9, and type II collagen and immunobloting of SOX9, aggrecan and type II collagen in 2D and 3D cultures. In the presence of supplemental materials, burdock root aqueous extract showed equivalent chondrogenic induction capability to that of TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. root promotes chondrogenic medium-induced chondrogenic differentiation. The aqueous extract of burdock root can even be used alone to stimulate chondrogenic differentiation. The study suggests that the aqueous extract of burdock root can be used as an alternative strategy for treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Chuen Wu
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi County, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Weng
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shang Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jia Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Kao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Dadgar N, Ghiaseddin A, Irani S, Rabbani S, Tafti SHA, Soufizomorrod M, Soleimani M. Cartilage tissue engineering using injectable functionalized Demineralized Bone Matrix scaffold with glucosamine in PVA carrier, cultured in microbioreactor prior to study in rabbit model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 120:111677. [PMID: 33545839 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using 3D model of injectable scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering is one of the challenges that should be addressed to avoid invasive surgery for treatment. For this purpose, chondrocytes on Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) scaffolds functionalized with glucosamine in 20% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a carrier was applied to the micro-bioreactor in-vitro, then the study was continued on in-vivo stage. Scaffold biocompatibility tests were performed and the mechanical and physicochemical properties were studied showing the fact that DBM was functionalized by Glucosamine, scaffold degradation rate was 53% after 720 h and swelling ratio was 2.5 times after 16 h, injectable scaffold demonstrated better mechanical characteristics (P < 0.05) than other concentrations of PVA. Consequently, in-vitro tests, including live-dead imaging resulting in 99% viability after 14 days (P < 0.001), DAPI staining and scanning electron microscope imaging were performed to determine the number and viability of the cells on the scaffold, showing a cells proliferation property of this group compared with the control after 14 days (P < 0.0001), then relative gene expression was evaluated and protein expression was assessed. The overall chondrogenic gene expression improved (P < 0.05) compared to the control (2D culture). Subsequently, the scaffold were loaded with chondrocytes and injected into the cartilage lesion part After 24 weeks of surgery, MRI and immunocytochemistry were performed. Then all outputs proved that the scaffold plus cell group had a significantly higher topological score (P < 0.0001) than other groups compared to normal cartilage. Finally, studies have shown that transplantation of chondrocytes in DBM, polyvinyl alcohol and glucosamine scaffold through one surgical stage improves cartilage lesion and it can be considered as a breakthrough in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Dadgar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghiaseddin
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Rabbani
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular diseases Research institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Ahmadi Tafti
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular diseases Research institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufizomorrod
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Silva J, Vanat P, Marques-da-Silva D, Rodrigues JR, Lagoa R. Metal alginates for polyphenol delivery systems: Studies on crosslinking ions and easy-to-use patches for release of protective flavonoids in skin. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:447-457. [PMID: 32280834 PMCID: PMC7139165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of bioactive natural compounds like polyphenols is an attractive approach for enhanced functionalities of biomaterials. In particular flavonoids have important pharmacological activities, and controlled release systems may be instrumental to realize the full potential of these phytochemicals. Alginate presents interesting attributes for dermal and other biomaterial applications, and studies were carried here to support the development of polyphenol-loaded alginate systems. Studies of capillary viscosity indicated that ionic medium is an effective strategy to modulate the polyelectrolyte effect and viscosity properties of alginates. On gelation, considerable differences were observed between alginate gels produced with Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ as crosslinkers, especially concerning shrinkage and morphological regularity. Stability assays with different polyphenols in the presence of alginate-gelling cations pointed to the choice of calcium, barium and zinc as safer crosslinkers. Alginate-based films loaded with epicatechin were prepared and the kinetics of release of the flavonoid investigated. The results with calcium, barium and zinc alginate matrices indicated that the release dynamics is dependent on film thicknesses, but also on the crosslinking metal used. On these grounds, an alginate-based system of convenient use was devised, so that flavonoids can be easily loaded at simple point-of-care conditions before dermal application. This epicatechin-loaded patch was tested on an ex-vivo skin model and demonstrated capacity to deliver therapeutically relevant concentrations on skin surface. Moreover, the flavonoid released was not modified and retained full antioxidant bioactivity. The alginate-based system proposed offers a multifunctional approach for flavonoid controllable delivery and protection of skin injured or under risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Silva
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Pavlo Vanat
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
| | | | - Joaquim Rui Rodrigues
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado LSRE-LCM, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Wang J, Guo J, Li S, Zhang M, He B. Protective effect of ethyl acetate fraction from Semen sojae germinatum, the processed sprout of Chinese black soybean, on rat experimental osteoarthritis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:117. [PMID: 32306945 PMCID: PMC7168892 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous in vitro study reported that the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of Semen sojae germinatum (SSG), the processed sprout of Chinese black soybean, possessed the potent anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties. The aim of the present work was to verify the in vivo antiosteoarthritic effect of EAF from SSG on a rat osteoarthritis (OA) model . METHODS A classical rat OA model was surgically induced by anterior cruciate ligament transaction (ACLT). The OA rats were intra-articularly administered EAF from SSG for 8 weeks. The cartilage and synovial tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the histopathological changes. Safranin O/fast green staining was used to assess the glycosaminoglycan content in cartilage tissue sections. The expression of type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 in cartilage was measured by immunohistochemistry. The apoptotic chondrocytes in the cartilage sections were detected using TUNEL assay. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ in synovial fluid were determined using ELISA. RESULTS Intra-articular administration of EAF from SSG well retained the structure and superficial layer of cartilage tissues, ameliorated cartilage lesion and the degradation of cartilage matrix, including proteoglycan and type II collagen, induced by ACLT operation. The ACLT-induced upregulation of MMP-13 expression in the cartilage tissues was resisted by EAF from SSG. Moreover, EAF from SSG inhibited the ACLT-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Compared to OA model group, the inflammatory status of synovial membrane was improved, the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in synovial fluid were decreased in rats administrated with EAF from SSG. CONCLUSION These data suggested that EAF from SSG displayed in vivo protective effect on OA development via preventing the degeneration of articular cartilage, inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis and suppressing synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Jie Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Shulan Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Bingshu He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hubei Provincial Women and Children’s Hospital, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Wang T, Jia Q, Chen T, Yin H, Tian X, Lin X, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Shi Q, Huang C, Xu H, Liang Q. Alleviation of Synovial Inflammation of Juanbi-Tang on Collagen-Induced Arthritis and TNF-Tg Mice Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:45. [PMID: 32116720 PMCID: PMC7033619 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is primarily characterized by synovial inflammation. In this study, we found that a traditional Chinese decoction, Juanbi-Tang (JBT), JBT attenuated the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and in tumor necrosis factor transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice by attenuating the arthritis index and hind paw thickness. According to histopathological staining of ankle sections, JBT significantly decreased the area of inflammation and reduced bone destruction of ankle joints in both these two types of mice. Moreover, decreased tartaric acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts were observed in the JBT group compared with those found in the control group. We also revealed that JBT suppressed monocytes and T cells as well as the production of CCL2, CCR6, and CXCR3 ligands. We next used high-performance liquid chromatography to investigate the components and pharmacological properties of this classical herbal medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. Based on network pharmacology, we performed computational prediction simulation of the potential targets of JBT, which indicated the NF-kappa B pathway as its target, which was confirmed in vitro. JBT suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, and inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived from RA patients (MH7A cells). Furthermore, JBT also suppressed the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and p65 in TNF-α-treated MH7A cells. In summary, this study proved that JBT could inhibit synovial inflammation and bone destruction, possibly by blocking the phosphorylation of NF-kappa B pathway-mediated production of proinflammatory effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyun Jia
- Second Ward of Trauma Surgery Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Catauro M, Barrino F, Poggetto GD, Pacifico F, Piccolella S, Pacifico S. Chlorogenic acid/PEG-based organic-inorganic hybrids: A versatile sol-gel synthesis route for new bioactive materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:837-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Farokhi M, Jonidi Shariatzadeh F, Solouk A, Mirzadeh H. Alginate Based Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: A Review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1562924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farokhi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Solouk
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mirzadeh
- Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Geskovski N, Sazdovska SD, Goracinova K. Macroalgal Polysaccharides in Biomimetic Nanodelivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1265-1289. [PMID: 31020934 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190423155116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imitating nature in the design of bio-inspired drug delivery systems resulted in several success stories. However, the practical application of biomimicry is still largely unrealized owing to the fact that we tend to copy the shape more often than the whole biology. Interesting chemistry of polysaccharides provides endless possibilities for drug complex formation and creation of delivery systems with diverse morphological and surface properties. However, the type of biological response, which may be induced by these systems, remains largely unexploited. METHODS Considering the most current research for the given topic, in this review, we will try to present the integrative approaches for the design of biomimetic DDS's with improved therapeutic or theranostic effects based on different algal polysaccharides that exert multiple biological functions. RESULTS Algal polysaccharides may provide building blocks for bioinspired drug delivery systems capable of supporting the mechanical properties of nanomedicines and mimicking various biological processes by molecular interactions at the nanoscale. Numerous research studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of multifunctional nanoparticles integrating several functions in one delivery system, composed of alginate, carrageenan, ulvan, fucoidan and their derivatives, intended to be used as bioartificial microenvironment or for diagnosis and therapy of different diseases. CONCLUSION Nanodimensional structure of polysaccharide DDS's shows substantial influence on the bioactive motifs potential availability for interaction with a variety of biomolecules and cells. Evaluation of the nano dimensional structure-activity relationship is crucial for unlocking the full potential of the future application of polysaccharide bio-mimicking DDS in modern diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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