1
|
Badran G, Grare C, Masson JD, David MO, Achour D, Guidice JML, Garçon G, Crépeaux G. Difference in the cellular response following THP-1 derived phagocytic monocyte cells exposure to commercial aluminum-based adjuvants and aluminum-containing vaccines. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127394. [PMID: 38262194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum-based adjuvants (ABAs) enhance the immune response following vaccine injection. Their mechanisms of action are not fully understood, and their bio-persistency have been described associated with long-term adverse effects. METHODS We evaluated and compared the cellular effects of the two main ABAs and whole vaccines on ATP production, ROS generation and cytokines production (IL-6 and IL-10), using THP-1 cells. RESULTS ABAs altered the cell energy metabolism by increasing ROS production after 24 h and reducing ATP production after 48 h. In addition, both ABAs and whole vaccines induced different kinetics of IL-6 production, whereas only ABAs induced IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSION This study showed clearly, for a first time, a difference in cellular response to the ABAs and whole vaccines which should be taken into consideration in future studies focusing on the effect of ABA in vaccines. Future studies on ABAs should also pay attention to mitochondrial function alterations following exposure to ABA-containing vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghidaa Badran
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Céline Grare
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie-Odile David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Univ Evry, Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, U1204, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Djamal Achour
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lo Guidice
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin YJ, Zimmermann J, Schülke S. Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348305. [PMID: 38464539 PMCID: PMC10920236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I hypersensitivity, or so-called type I allergy, is caused by Th2-mediated immune responses directed against otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment with the potential to re-establish clinical tolerance towards the corresponding allergen(s). However, conventional AIT has certain drawbacks, including long treatment durations, the risk of inducing allergic side effects, and the fact that allergens by themselves have a rather low immunogenicity. To improve AIT, adjuvants can be a powerful tool not only to increase the immunogenicity of co-applied allergens but also to induce the desired immune activation, such as promoting allergen-specific Th1- or regulatory responses. This review summarizes the knowledge on adjuvants currently approved for use in human AIT: aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline tyrosine, and MPLA, as well as novel adjuvants that have been studied in recent years: oil-in-water emulsions, virus-like particles, viral components, carbohydrate-based adjuvants (QS-21, glucans, and mannan) and TLR-ligands (flagellin and CpG-ODN). The investigated adjuvants show distinct properties, such as prolonging allergen release at the injection site, inducing allergen-specific IgG production while also reducing IgE levels, as well as promoting differentiation and activation of different immune cells. In the future, better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the effects of these adjuvants in clinical settings may help us to improve AIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Lin
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schülke
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- Section Research Allergology (ALG 5), Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants will continue to be a key component of currently approved and next generation vaccines, including important combination vaccines. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants is due to their excellent safety profile, which has been established through the use of hundreds of millions of doses in humans over many years. In addition, they are inexpensive, readily available, and are well known and generally accepted by regulatory agencies. Moreover, they offer a very flexible platform, to which many vaccine components can be adsorbed, enabling the preparation of liquid formulations, which typically have a long shelf life under refrigerated conditions. Nevertheless, despite their extensive use, they are perceived as relatively 'weak' vaccine adjuvants. Hence, there have been many attempts to improve their performance, which typically involves co-delivery of immune potentiators, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This approach has allowed for the development of improved aluminum adjuvants for inclusion in licensed vaccines against HPV, HBV, and COVID-19, with others likely to follow. This review summarizes the various aluminum salts that are used in vaccines and highlights how they are prepared. We focus on the analytical challenges that remain to allowing the creation of well-characterized formulations, particularly those involving multiple antigens. In addition, we highlight how aluminum is being used to create the next generation of improved adjuvants through the adsorption and delivery of various TLR agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatello Laera
- Technical Research & Development, Drug Product, GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Global Manufacturing Division, Corporate Industrial Analytics, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laera D, Scarpellini C, Tavarini S, Baudner B, Marcelli A, Pergola C, Meppen M, O'Hagan DT. Maturation of Aluminium Adsorbed Antigens Contributes to the Creation of Homogeneous Vaccine Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36680000 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aluminium-based vaccines have been used for almost over a century, their mechanism of action remains unclear. It is established that antigen adsorption to the adjuvant facilitates delivery of the antigen to immune cells at the injection site. To further increase our understanding of aluminium-based vaccines, it is important to gain additional insights on the interactions between the aluminium and antigens, including antigen distribution over the adjuvant particles. Immuno-assays can further help in this regard. In this paper, we evaluated how established formulation strategies (i.e., sequential, competitive, and separate antigen addition) applied to four different antigens and aluminium oxyhydroxide, lead to formulation changes over time. Results showed that all formulation samples were stable, and that no significant changes were observed in terms of physical-chemical properties. Antigen distribution across the bulk aluminium population, however, did show a maturation effect, with some initial dependence on the formulation approach and the antigen adsorption strength. Sequential and competitive approaches displayed similar results in terms of the homogeneity of antigen distribution across aluminium particles, while separately adsorbed antigens were initially more highly poly-dispersed. Nevertheless, the formulation sample prepared via separate adsorption also reached homogeneity according to each antigen adsorption strength. This study indicated that antigen distribution across aluminium particles is a dynamic feature that evolves over time, which is initially influenced by the formulation approach and the specific adsorption strength, but ultimately leads to homogeneous formulations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vandebriel RJ, Stalpers CAL, Vermeulen JP, Remkes M, Schmelter M, Broere F, Hoefnagel MHN. Development of a cell line-based in vitro assay for assessment of Diphtheria, Tetanus and acellular Pertussis (DTaP)-induced inflammasome activation. Vaccine 2022:S0264-410X(22)01001-5. [PMID: 35999078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Safety and potency assessment for batch release testing of established vaccines still relies partly on animal tests. An important avenue to move to batch release without animal testing is the consistency approach. This approach is based on thorough characterization of the vaccine to identify critical quality attributes that inform the use of a comprehensive set of non-animal tests to release the vaccine, together with the principle that the quality of subsequent batches follows from their consistent production. Many vaccine antigens are by themselves not able to induce a protective immune response. The antigens are therefore administered together with adjuvant, most often by adsorption to aluminium salts. Adjuvant function is an important component of vaccine potency, and an important quality attribute of the final product. Aluminium adjuvants are capable of inducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an in vitro assay for NLRP3 inflammasome activation by aluminium-adjuvanted vaccines. We evaluated the effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis combination vaccines from two manufacturers and their respective adjuvants, aluminium phosphate (AP) and aluminium hydroxide (AH), in an in vitro assay for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. All vaccines and adjuvants tested showed a dose-dependent increase in IL-1β production and a concomitant decrease in cell viability, suggesting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The results were analysed by benchmark dose modelling, showing a similar 50% effective dose (ED50) for the two vaccine batches and corresponding adjuvant of manufacturer A (AP), and a similar ED50 for the two vaccine batches and corresponding adjuvant of manufacturer B (AH). This suggests that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is determined by the adjuvant only. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles reduced the adjuvant biological activity of AH, but not AP. Inflammasome activation may be used to measure adjuvant biological activity as an important quality attribute for control or characterization of the adjuvant.
Collapse
|
6
|
Raponi A, Brewer JM, Garside P, Laera D. Nanoalum adjuvanted vaccines: small details make a big difference. Semin Immunol 2021;:101544. [PMID: 34895823 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purified vaccine antigens offer important safety and reactogenicity advantages compared with live attenuated or whole killed virus and bacterial vaccines. However, they require the addition of adjuvants to induce the magnitude, duration and quality of immune response required to achieve protective immunity. Aluminium salts have been used as adjuvants in vaccines for almost a century. In the literature, they are often referred to as aluminium-based adjuvants (ABAs), or aluminium salt-containing adjuvants or more simply "alum". All these terms are used to group aluminium suspensions that are very different in terms of atomic composition, size, and shape. They differ also in stability, antigen-adsorption, and antigen-release kinetics. Critically, these parameters also have a profound effect on the character and magnitude of the immune response elicited. Recent findings suggest that, by reducing the size of aluminium from micro to nanometers, a more effective adjuvant is obtained, together with the ability to sterile filter the vaccine product. However, the behaviour of aluminium nanoparticles in vaccine formulations is different from microparticles, requiring specific formulation strategies, as well as a more detailed understanding of how formulation influences the immune response generated. Here we review the current state of art of aluminium nanoparticles as adjuvants, with a focus on their immunobiology, preparation methods, formulation optimisation and stabilisation.
Collapse
|
7
|
van den Biggelaar RHGA, van der Maas L, Meiring HD, Pennings JLA, van Eden W, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. Proteomic analysis of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in response to an inactivated IBV + NDV poultry vaccine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12666. [PMID: 34135356 PMCID: PMC8209092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivated poultry vaccines are subject to routine potency testing for batch release, requiring large numbers of animals. The replacement of in vivo tests for cell-based alternatives can be facilitated by the identification of biomarkers for vaccine-induced immune responses. In this study, chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with an inactivated vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus, as well as inactivated infectious bronchitis virus only, and lipopolysaccharides as positive control, or left unstimulated for comparison with the stimulated samples. Next, the cells were lysed and subjected to proteomic analysis. Stimulation with the vaccine resulted in 66 differentially expressed proteins associated with mRNA translation, immune responses, lipid metabolism and the proteasome. For the eight most significantly upregulated proteins, mRNA expression levels were assessed. Markers that showed increased expression at both mRNA and protein levels included PLIN2 and PSMB1. Stimulation with infectious bronchitis virus only resulted in 25 differentially expressed proteins, which were mostly proteins containing Src homology 2 domains. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharides resulted in 118 differentially expressed proteins associated with dendritic cell maturation and antimicrobial activity. This study provides leads to a better understanding of the activation of dendritic cells by an inactivated poultry vaccine, and identified PLIN2 and PSMB1 as potential biomarkers for cell-based potency testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vrieling H, Kooijman S, de Ridder JW, Thies-Weesie DME, Soema PC, Jiskoot W, van Riet E, Heck AJR, Philipse AP, Kersten GFA, Meiring HD, Pennings JL, Metz B. Activation of Human Monocytes by Colloidal Aluminum Salts. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:750-760. [PMID: 31449816 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines often contain colloidal aluminum salt-based adjuvants to activate the innate immune system. These aluminum salts consist of micrometer-sized aggregates. It is well-known that particle size affects the adjuvant effect of particulate adjuvants. In this study, the activation of human monocytes by hexagonal-shaped gibbsite (ø = 210 ± 40 nm) and rod-shaped boehmite (ø = 83 ± 827 nm) was compared with classical aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant (alum). To this end, human primary monocytes were cultured in the presence of alum, gibbsite, or boehmite. The transcriptome and proteome of the monocytes were investigated by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and mass spectrometry. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were used to investigate the effect of the particles on cellular maturation, differentiation, activation, and cytokine secretion, as measured by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each particle type resulted in a specific gene expression profile. IL-1ß and IL-6 secretion was significantly upregulated by boehmite and alum. Of the 7 surface markers investigated, only CD80 was significantly upregulated by alum and none by gibbsite or boehmite. Gibbsite hardly activated the monocytes. Boehmite activated human primary monocytes equally to alum, but induced a much milder stress-related response. Therefore, boehmite was identified as a promising adjuvant candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Vrieling
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sietske Kooijman
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Justin W de Ridder
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique M E Thies-Weesie
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Soema
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elly van Riet
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert P Philipse
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gillard J, van Schuppen E, Diavatopoulos DA. Functional Programming of Innate Immune Cells in Response to Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1183:53-80. [PMID: 31432398 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread vaccination, B. pertussis remains one of the least controlled vaccine-preventable diseases. Although it is well known that acellular and whole cell pertussis vaccines induce distinct immune functionalities in memory cells, much less is known about the role of innate immunity in this process. In this review, we provide an overview of the known differences and similarities in innate receptors, innate immune cells and inflammatory signalling pathways induced by the pertussis vaccines either licensed or in development and compare this to primary infection with B. pertussis. Despite the crucial role of innate immunity in driving memory responses to B. pertussis, it is clear that a significant knowledge gap remains in our understanding of the early innate immune response to vaccination and infection. Such knowledge is essential to develop the next generation of pertussis vaccines with improved host defense against B. pertussis.
Collapse
|