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Sundar RDV, Arunachalam S. Xenomyrothecium tongaense PTS8: a rare endophyte of Polianthes tuberosa with salient antagonism against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1327190. [PMID: 38435697 PMCID: PMC10906109 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1327190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endophytes refer to microorganisms residing within the endosphere of plants, particularly perennials, without inflicting noticeable injury or inducing obvious morphological variations to their host plant or host organism. Endophytic fungi, although often overlooked microorganisms, have garnered interest due to their significant biological diversity and ability to produce novel pharmacological substances. Methods In this study, fourteen endophytic fungi retrieved were from the stem of the perennial plant Polianthes tuberosa of the Asparagaceae family. These fungal crude metabolites were tested for antagonistic susceptibility to Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) pathogens using agar well diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays. The chequerboard test was used to assess the synergistic impact of active extract. Results and discussion In early antibacterial screening using the Agar plug diffusion test, three of fourteen endophytes demonstrated antagonism against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Three isolates were grown in liquid medium and their secondary metabolites were recovered using various organic solvents. Eight extracts from three endophytic fungi displayed antagonism against one or more human pathogens with diameters ranging from 11 to 24 mm. The highest antagonistic effect was obtained in ethyl acetate extract for PTS8 isolate against two MRSA (ATCC 43300, 700699) with 20 ± 0.27 and 22 ± 0.47 mm zones of inhibition, respectively, among different solvent extracts. The extract had MICs of 3.12 ± 0.05 and 1.56 ± 0.05 μg/mL, and MBCs of 50 ± 0.01 and 12.5 ± 0.04 μg/mL, respectively. Antagonism against VRE was 18 ± 0.23 mm Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) with MIC and MBC of 6.25 ± 0.25 and 25 ± 0.01 μg/mL. When ethyl acetate extract was coupled with antibiotics, the chequerboard assay demonstrated a synergistic impact against MDR bacteria. In an antioxidant test, it had an inhibitory impact of 87 ± 0.5% and 88.5 ± 0.5% in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl and reducing power assay, respectively, at 150 μg/mL concentration. PTS8 was identified as a Xenomyrothecium tongaense strain by 18S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. To our insight, it is the foremost study to demonstrate the presence of an X. tongaense endophyte in the stem of P. tuberosa and the first report to study the antibacterial efficacy of X. tongaense which might serve as a powerful antibacterial source against antibiotic-resistant human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjitha Dhevi V. Sundar
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agriculture Microbiology, VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sathiavelu Arunachalam
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agriculture Microbiology, VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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MacNeill BN, Ortiz-Brunel JP, Rodríguez A, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Navarro-Moreno J, Hofford NP, McKain MR. Floral Diversity and Pollination Syndromes in Agave subgenus Manfreda. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1376-1390. [PMID: 37673672 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Agave is an ecological keystone of American deserts and both culturally and economically important in Mexico. Agave is a large genus of about 250 species. The radiation of Agave is marked by an initial adaptation to desert environments and then a secondary diversification of species associated with pollinator groups, such as hummingbirds and nocturnal moths. Phylogenetic analyses place Agave subgenus Manfreda, or the "herbaceous agaves," in a monophyletic clade that likely evolved in part as an adaptation to novel pollination vectors. Here, we present a morphological and observational study assessing the evolution of floral form in response to pollinator specialization within this understudied group. We found significant visitation by hummingbirds and nocturnal moths to several species within the Agave subgenus Manfreda. These observations also align with our morphological analyses of floral organs and support the evolution of distinct pollination syndromes. We found that not all floral morphology is consistent within a pollination syndrome, suggesting hidden diversity in the evolution of floral phenotypes in Agave. We also characterize the morphological variation between herbarium and live specimens, demonstrating that special consideration needs to be made when combining these types of data. This work identifies the potential for studying the functional evolution of diverse floral forms within Agave and demonstrates the need to further explore ecological and evolutionary relationships to understand pollinator influence on diversification in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan N MacNeill
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | | | - Aarón Rodríguez
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. 45200 , Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sánchez
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. 45200 , Mexico
| | - Jesús Navarro-Moreno
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. 45200 , Mexico
| | - Nathaniel P Hofford
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Michael R McKain
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Jia Y, Yin X, Yang H, Xiang Y, Ding K, Pan Y, Jiang B, Yong X. Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Aroma Terpeniods Biosynthesis Pathways of Primula forbesii Franch. and the Functional Characterization of the PfDXS2 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12730. [PMID: 37628910 PMCID: PMC10454305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primula forbesii Franch. is a unique biennial herb with a strong floral fragrance, making it an excellent material for studying the aroma characteristics of the genus Primula. The floral scent is an important ornamental trait that facilitates fertilization. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the floral scent in Primula is unknown. In order to better understand the biological mechanisms of floral scents in this species, this study used RNA sequencing analysis to discuss the first transcriptome sequence of four flowering stages of P. forbesii, which generated 12 P. forbesii cDNA libraries with 79.64 Gb of clean data that formed 51,849 unigenes. Moreover, 53.26% of the unigenes were annotated using public databases. P. forbesii contained 44 candidate genes covering all known enzymatic steps for the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes, the major contributor to the flower's scent. Finally, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase gene of P. forbesii (PfDXS2, MK370094), the first key enzyme gene in the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of terpenoids, was cloned and functionally verified using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGs). The results showed that PfDXS2-silencing significantly reduced the relative concentrations of main volatile terpenes. This report is the first to present molecular data related to aroma metabolites biosynthesis pathways and the functional characterization of any P. forbesii gene. The data on RNA sequencing provide comprehensive information for further analysis of other plants of the genus Primula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.Y.); (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (K.D.); (Y.P.); (B.J.); (X.Y.)
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4
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Liu H, Chai Y, Chen H, Chen W, Li Y, Liu W, Guo S, Sun L, Zhou X, Huang C, Tang X, Luo C, Chen D, Cheng X. Analysis of terpenoids and their gene regulatory networks on the basis of the transcriptome and metabolome of Opisthopappus longilobus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015942. [PMID: 36212386 PMCID: PMC9533026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Opisthopappus longilobus, which is a unique wild plant resource in China, produces leaves and flowers with distinct aromas. However, there have been relatively few molecular studies on its floral aroma, which has hindered the research on this plant species at the molecular level and the breeding of novel varieties. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed using O. longilobus leaves, buds, and inflorescences at the exposure, initial opening, and blooming stages. Using high-quality reads and assembly software, a total of 45,674 unigenes were annotated according to the Nr, Swiss-Prot, KOG, and KEGG databases. Additionally, a GC-MS system and a self-built database were used to detect 1,371 metabolites in the leaves, buds, and inflorescences. Terpene metabolites were the most common compounds (308 in total). We analyzed the gene network regulating terpenoid accumulation in O. longilobus and identified 56 candidate genes related to terpenoid synthesis. The expression of OlPMK2, OlMVK1, OlTPS1, and OlTPS3 may lead to the accumulation of 11 different terpenoids specifically in the inflorescences at the exposure, initial opening, and blooming stages. The generated data may be useful for future research on O. longilobus genetic resources and the molecular mechanism regulating aroma formation in this plant species. The findings of this study may be used to accelerate the breeding of new O. longilobus varieties with enhanced aromatic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Chai
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wendan Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushu Li
- Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Beijing Liu Wenchao Institute of Summer Chrysanthemum Breeding Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mostafa S, Wang Y, Zeng W, Jin B. Floral Scents and Fruit Aromas: Functions, Compositions, Biosynthesis, and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860157. [PMID: 35360336 PMCID: PMC8961363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Floral scents and fruit aromas are crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants. They are used in defense mechanisms, along with mechanisms to attract pollinators and seed dispersers. In addition, they are economically important for the quality of crops, as well as quality in the perfume, cosmetics, food, drink, and pharmaceutical industries. Floral scents and fruit aromas share many volatile organic compounds in flowers and fruits. Volatile compounds are classified as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives, and amino acid derivatives. Many genes and transcription factors regulating the synthesis of volatiles have been discovered. In this review, we summarize recent progress in volatile function, composition, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolism regulation. We also discuss unresolved issues and research perspectives, providing insight into improvements and applications of plant VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mostafa
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Zhu L, Liao J, Liu Y, Zhou C, Wang X, Hu Z, Huang B, Zhang J. Integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal the molecular mechanism underlying variation in floral scent during flower development of Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:919151. [PMID: 36733600 PMCID: PMC9889088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum (CIA) is an endemic plant that occurs only in the high mountain areas of the Shennongjia Forest District in China. The whole plant, in particular the flowers of CIA, have intense fragrance, making it a novel resource plant for agricultural, medicinal, and industrial applications. However, the volatile metabolite emissions in relation to CIA flower development and the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of floral scent remain poorly understood. Here, integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses were performed to investigate floral scent-related volatile compounds and genes in CIA flowers at three different developmental stages. A total of 370 volatile metabolites, mainly terpenoids and esters, were identified, of which 89 key differential metabolites exhibited variable emitting profiles during flower development. Transcriptome analysis further identified 8,945 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these samples derived from different flower developmental stages and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that 45, 93, and 101 candidate DEGs associated with the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, esters, and terpenes, respectively. Interestingly, significant DEGs involved into the volatile terpenes are only present in the MEP and its downstream pathways, including those genes encoding ISPE, ISPG, FPPS, GPPS, GERD, ND and TPS14 enzymes. Further analysis showed that 20 transcription factors from MYB, bHLH, AP2/EFR, and WRKY families were potentially key regulators affecting the expressions of floral scent-related genes during the CIA flower development. These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of plant floral scent metabolite biosynthesis and serve as an important data resources for molecular breeding and utilization of CIA plants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiahao Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunmiao Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bisheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Bisheng Huang,
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Jingjing Zhang,
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7
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Kutty NN, Ghissing U, Mitra A. Revealing floral metabolite network in tuberose that underpins scent volatiles synthesis, storage and emission. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:533-554. [PMID: 34263437 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of central carbon metabolism in the synthesis and emission of scent volatiles in tuberose flowers was revealed through measurement of changes in transcripts and metabolites levels. Tuberose or Agave amica (Medikus) Thiede & Govaerts is a widely cultivated ornamental plant in several subtropical countries. Little is known about metabolite networking involved in biosynthesis of specialized metabolites utilizing primary metabolites. In this study, metabolite profiling and gene expression analyses were carried out from six stages of maturation throughout floral lifespan. Multivariate analysis indicated distinction between early and late maturation stages. Further, the roles of sugars viz. sucrose, glucose and fructose in synthesis, glycosylation and emission of floral scent volatiles were studied. Transcript levels of an ABC G family transporter (picked up from the floral transcriptome) was in synchronization with terpene volatiles emission during the anthesis stage. A diversion from phenylpropanoid/benzenoid to flavonoid metabolism was observed as flowers mature. Further, it was suggested that this metabolic shift could be mediated by isoforms of 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase along with Myb308 transcription factor. Maximum glycosylation of floral scent volatiles was shown to occur at the late mature stage when emission declined, facilitating both storage and export from the floral tissues. Thus, this study provides an insight into floral scent volatiles synthesis, storage and emission by measuring changes at transcripts and metabolites levels in tuberose throughout floral lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya N Kutty
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Upashana Ghissing
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Adinpunya Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India.
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Srinivasa Suryakoppa K, Appadurai R, Byrappa K, Khan MHM. Phytochemical analysis of UV active and inactive bioactive compounds present in Polianthes tuberosa (Linn.) flower. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3376-3385. [PMID: 34297876 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polianthes tuberosa (Linn.) is traditionally considered an ornamental and medicinal plant worldwide. However, extensive studies on its phytochemical composition are very limited. Hence the present work aims to identify the total phytochemical ingredients present in different crude extracts of tuberosa. Phytochemical analysis has been carried out for differential cold solvent extracts of various parts of tuberosa such as petals, stamens, and ovary by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and evaporative light scattering detector analyzers for the identification of bioactive components. Among the various solvents used for the extraction, diethyl ether is found to be the most suitable and efficient solvent, as its total differential recovery from the crude extract is about 0.24% as compared to 0.04% obtained by using n-hexane or petroleum ether. Numerous phytochemicals have been identified by the chromatography and MS techniques, which demonstrate the presence of essential fatty acids along with other pharmacological importance phytoconstituents. Identification of additional phytochemicals present in the crude extract of tuberosa flower further enhances its biological and pharmacological significance. The present work lays a foundation for further research and development of phytoconstituents of the tuberosa flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveesha Srinivasa Suryakoppa
- Discovery Chemistry-Analytical Research and Development, Syngene International Ltd, Bengaluru, India.,Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Shivamogga, India
| | - Ramesh Appadurai
- Discovery Chemistry-Analytical Research and Development, Syngene International Ltd, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kullaiah Byrappa
- Adichunchanagiri University-Center for Research and Innovation, Adichunchunagiri University, BGSIT Campus, Mandya, Karnataka, 571448, India.,Center for Material Science and Technology, Vijnana Bhavan, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Srinivasan A, Ahn MS, Jo GS, Suh JN, Seo KH, Kim WH, Kang YI, Lee YR, Choi YJ. Analysis of Relative Scent Intensity, Volatile Compounds and Gene Expression in Freesia "Shiny Gold". PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111597. [PMID: 33213113 PMCID: PMC7698779 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scent is one of the most important economic traits in Freesia hybrida. "Shiny Gold", a popular cultivar in South Korea, is widely cultivated for its scent. The relative scent intensity of "Shiny Gold" was approximately 16% higher in full-bloomed flower when compared to the yellow bud stage, while tissue-specifically, tepals showed higher intensity in electronic-nose (e-nose) analysis. E-nose analysis also showed that the scent intensity of "Shiny Gold" was higher and lower than "10C3-424" and "10C3-894", respectively, and was similar to "Yvonne". These results correlated to those of the olfactory tests. In total, 19 volatile compounds, including linalool, β-ocimene, D-limonene, trans-β-ionone were detected in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Among these, linalool was the major volatile compound, accounting for 38.7% in "Shiny Gold". Linalool synthase and TPS gene expression corresponded to the scent intensity of the four cultivars, with the lowest expression in the "10C3-424". TPS 2, TPS 3, TPS 5, TPS 6 and TPS 8 were highly expressed in both bud and flower in "Shiny Gold", while the expression of TPS 4 was lower, relative to other TPS genes in both the flowering stages. These results may aid in enhancing scent composition in Freesia cultivars using marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Srinivasan
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
| | - Myung Suk Ahn
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
| | - Gyeong Suk Jo
- Environment-Friendly Agricultural Reasearch Institute, Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Najusi, Jeollanamdo 58213, Korea;
| | - Jung Nam Suh
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
| | - Kyung Hye Seo
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
| | - Won Hee Kim
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
| | - Yun Im Kang
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
| | - Young Ran Lee
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (A.S.); (M.S.A.); (J.N.S.); (K.H.S.); (W.H.K.); (Y.I.K.); (Y.R.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-6823
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Bouwmeester H, Schuurink RC, Bleeker PM, Schiestl F. The role of volatiles in plant communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:892-907. [PMID: 31410886 PMCID: PMC6899487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles mediate the interaction of plants with pollinators, herbivores and their natural enemies, other plants and micro-organisms. With increasing knowledge about these interactions the underlying mechanisms turn out to be increasingly complex. The mechanisms of biosynthesis and perception of volatiles are slowly being uncovered. The increasing scientific knowledge can be used to design and apply volatile-based agricultural strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harro Bouwmeester
- University of AmsterdamSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesGreen Life Science research clusterScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- University of AmsterdamSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesGreen Life Science research clusterScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Petra M. Bleeker
- University of AmsterdamSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesGreen Life Science research clusterScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 107CH‐8008ZürichSwitzerland
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