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Wang H, Zong Y, Zhu L, Wang W, Han Y. Chemokines in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1047810. [PMID: 36967827 PMCID: PMC10033959 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1047810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in elderly people. Many researches have reported that neuroinflammation is related to AD. Chemokines are a class of small cytokines that play important roles in cell migration and cell communication, which involved in neuroinflammation. Up to now there is no meta-analysis to explore the difference of chemokines between AD patients and healthy elderly individuals.MethodWe searched PubMed, Web of science, Cochrane library, EMBASE and Scopus databases from inception to January 2022. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and the Review Manager 5.3 was used for the meta-analysis.ResultThirty-two articles were included and analyzed. The total number of participants in the included study was 3,331. We found that the levels of CCL5 (SMD = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.91–3.21), CCL15 (SMD = 3.30, 95% CI: 1.48–5.13) and IP-10 (SMD = 3.88, 95% CI: 1.84–5.91) in the plasma of AD patients were higher than healthy people. MCP-1 protein (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.29–1.05) in the AD patients' CSF was higher than healthy controls.ConclusionThese results suggested that chemokines may play an important role in AD. These findings could provide evidences for the diagnosis and treatment of AD.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021278736, identifier: CRD42021278736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecheng Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yu Zong
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiyi Wang
| | - Yanshuo Han
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
- Yanshuo Han
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Implications of fractalkine on glial function, ablation and glial proteins/receptors/markers—understanding its therapeutic usefulness in neurological settings: a narrative review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine predominantly released by neurons. As a signaling molecule, CX3CL1 facilitates talk between neurons and glia. CX3CL1 is considered as a potential target which could alleviate neuroinflammation. However, certain controversial results and ambiguous role of CX3CL1 make it inexorable to decipher the overall effects of CX3CL1 on the physiopathology of glial cells.
Main body of the abstract
Implications of cross-talk between CX3CL1 and different glial proteins/receptors/markers will give a bird eye view of the therapeutic significance of CX3CL1. Keeping with the need, this review identifies the effects of CX3CL1 on glial physiopathology, glial ablation, and gives a wide coverage on the effects of CX3CL1 on certain glial proteins/receptors/markers.
Short conclusion
Pinpoint prediction of the therapeutic effect of CX3CL1 on neuroinflammation needs further research. This is owing to certain obscure roles and implications of CX3CL1 on different glial proteins/receptors/markers, which are crucial under neurological settings. Further challenges are imposed due to the dichotomous roles played by CX3CL1. The age-old chemokine shows many newer scopes of research in near future. Thus, overall assessment of the effect of CX3CL1 becomes crucial prior to its administration in neuroinflammation.
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Koca S, Kiris I, Sahin S, Cinar N, Karsidag S, Hanagasi HA, Yildiz GB, Tarik Baykal A. Decreased levels of cytokines implicate altered immune response in plasma of moderate-stage Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136799. [PMID: 35842208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, increasing evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of the disease is associated with peripheral inflammation. Here, we aimed to determine plasma concentrations of multiple cytokines and chemokines from moderate-stage AD and age-matched controls. Changes in a total of 20 cytokines and chemokines in plasma of moderate-stage AD were evaluated by using quantitative microarray. Six of them, namely MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MMP-9, RANTES, and VEGF, were found to be significantly reduced in moderate-stage AD patients (n = 25) in comparison to age-matched and non-demented controls (n = 25). However, GM-CSF, GRO-α/β/γ, IFN- γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IL-13, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α showed no significant differences between the patient and control groups. On the contrary to previous early-stage AD studies that show increased plasma cytokine/chemokine levels, our results indicate that inflammatory plasma molecules are reduced in moderate-stage AD. This finding points out the reduced immune responsiveness, which is known to be directly correlated to the degree of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebile Koca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Kiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevki Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cinar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Karsidag
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet A Hanagasi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen B Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Feng L, Li J, Zhang R. Current research status of blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Diagnosis and prognosis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101492. [PMID: 34673262 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which mainly occurs in the elderly, is a neurodegenerative disease with a hidden onset, which leads to progressive cognitive and behavioral changes. The annually increasing prevalence rate and number of patients with AD exert great pressure on the society. No effective disease-modifying drug treatments are available; thus, there is no cure yet. The disease progression can only be delayed through early detection and drug assistance. Therefore, the importance of exploring associated biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prediction of the disease progress is highlighted. The National Institute on Aging- Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) proposed A/T/N diagnostic criteria in 2018, including Aβ42, p-tau, t-tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and positron emission tomography (PET). However, the invasiveness of lumbar puncture for CSF assessment and non-popularity of PET have prompted researchers to look for minimally invasive, easy to collect, and cost-effective biomarkers. Therefore, studies have largely focused on some novel molecules in the peripheral blood. This is an emerging research field, facing many obstacles and challenges while achieving some promising results.
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La Rosa F, Mancuso R, Agostini S, Piancone F, Marventano I, Saresella M, Hernis A, Fenoglio C, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, Clerici M. Pharmacological and Epigenetic Regulators of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111187. [PMID: 34832969 PMCID: PMC8623160 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex results in the production of IL-18, Caspase-1 and IL-1β. These cytokines have a beneficial role in promoting inflammation, but an excessive activation of the inflammasome and the consequent constitutive inflammatory status is a negative factor in human pathologies including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). MicroRNAs (miR-NAs) target the 3′UTR region of NLRP3, preventing the activation of the inflammasome and inhibiting cytokine production. Because Stavudine (D4T), an antiretroviral drug, was recently shown to reduce inflammasome activation, we verified whether its effect is mediated by miR-7-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-30e-5p and miR-223-3p: miRNAs that bind the NLRP3-mRNA-UTR region and interfere with protein translation, reducing NLRP3 activation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of twenty AD patients and ten sex-matched Healthy Controls (HC) were stimulated with Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)+Amyloid-beta (Aβ42) in the absence/presence of D4T. Expression of genes within the inflammasome complex and of miRNAs was evaluated by RT-PCR; cytokines and caspase-1 production was measured by ELISA. Results have shown that: NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β and IL-18 expression, as well as IL-18, IL-1β and caspase-1 production, were significantly augmented (p < 0.05) in LPS+Aβ42-stimulated PBMCs of AD patients compared to HC. D4T reduced the expression of inflammasome genes and cytokine production (p < 0.005). miR-7-5p and miR-223-3p expression was significantly increased in LPS+Aβ42-stimulated PBMCs of AD patients (p < 0.05), and it was reduced by D4T in AD alone. In conclusion: miR-223-3p and mir-7-5p expression is increased in AD, but this does not result in down-regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome expression and of IL-1β and IL-18 production. D4T increased miRNA expression in HC but had an opposite effect in AD, suggesting that miRNA regulatory mechanisms are altered in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca La Rosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Simone Agostini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Ivana Marventano
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Ambra Hernis
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.G.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.G.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (S.A.); (F.P.); (I.M.); (M.S.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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Vacinova G, Vejražkova D, Rusina R, Holmerová I, Vaňková H, Jarolímová E, Včelák J, Bendlová B, Vaňková M. Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels in the peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:796-800. [PMID: 33063745 PMCID: PMC8067920 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.295340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, but it is very difficult to diagnose with certainty, so many AD studies have attempted to find early and relevant diagnostic markers. Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES, also known as C-C chemokine ligand) is a chemokine involved in the migration of T cells and other lymphoid cells. Changes in RANTES levels and its expression in blood or in cerebrospinal fluid have been reported in some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis, but also in metabolic diseases in which inflammation plays a role. The aim of this observational study was to assess RANTES levels in peripheral blood as clinical indicators of AD. Plasma levels of RANTES were investigated in 85 AD patients in a relatively early phase of AD (median 8.5 months after diagnosis; 39 men and 46 women; average age 75.7 years), and in 78 control subjects (24 men and 54 women; average age 66 years). We found much higher plasma levels of RANTES in AD patients compared to controls. A negative correlation of RANTES levels with age, disease duration, Fazekas scale score, and the medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) score (Scheltens’s scale) was found in AD patients, i.e., the higher levels corresponded to earlier stages of the disease. Plasma RANTES levels were not correlated with cognitive scores. In AD patients, RANTES levels were positively correlated with the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, which is consistent with the well-known fact that AD is associated with inflammatory processes. RANTES levels were also positively correlated with insulin levels in AD patients, with insulin resistance (HOMA-R) and pancreatic beta cell function (HOMA-F). This study evaluated several clinical and metabolic factors that may affect plasma levels of RANTES, but these factors could not explain the increases in RANTES levels observed in AD patients. Plasma levels of RANTES appear to be an interesting peripheral marker for early stages of AD. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic on July 22, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Vacinova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology; Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Vejražkova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Rusina
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Holmerová
- II. Internal Medicine Clinic, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague; Faculty of Humanitites, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vaňková
- II. Internal Medicine Clinic, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jarolímová
- II. Internal Medicine Clinic, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Včelák
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Běla Bendlová
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vaňková
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Słowik A, Mroczko P, Borawski B, Groblewska M, Borawska R, Mroczko B. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood CX3CL1 as a Potential Biomarker in Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:709-721. [PMID: 33167838 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666201109095657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence highlights the crucial role of neuroinflammation and chemokine involvement in cognitive impairment pathophysiology. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) appears to be a relevant causative factor in the development of dementia, particularly at the early stages of the disease. However, limited data are available on the levels of CX3CL1 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Additionally, to date, its utility as a biomarker for MCI or AD has not been studied. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical utility of CX3CL1 in the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment. We also compared the diagnostic usefulness of CX3CL1 with other biomarkers associated with neuroinflammation. METHODS A total of 60 patients with cognitive impairment, including 42 patients with AD and 18 subjects with MCI, as well as 20 cognitively healthy controls were enrolled in the study. CSF and blood concentrations of CX3CL1, CCL-2, and YKL-40 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Significantly higher CSF and blood concentrations of CX3CL1 were observed in MCI and AD patients compared to older individuals without cognitive impairment. The increase in the levels of CX3CL1 and YKL-40 in non-demented subjects was associated with MCI. The area under the ROC curve for CX3CL1 in MCI subjects was larger in comparison to classical AD markers. CONCLUSION Presented results indicate a crucial role of CX3CL1 in the pathology of cognitive impairment and the potential usefulness of this protein in the early diagnosis of MCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Słowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Mroczko
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Borawski
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Borawska
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Giuli C, Paoloni C, Santillo E, Balietti M, Fabbietti P, Postacchini D, Piacenza F. Study of the effects of adapted Tango and multidimensional intervention in pREvention of dementia in agiNG: developing healTHy lifestyle programs (STRENGTH Project)-the experimental protocol of a prospective randomised controlled trial. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:2529-2537. [PMID: 32124422 PMCID: PMC7680307 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Dementia represents a key health issue for older adults, with negative consequences on psycho-social and functional status. Treatments that counteract cognitive deficits in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are needed to prevent or delay it. Aim To describe the experimental protocol of the STRENGTH Project. This study investigates a multimodal intervention in older adults with MCI to improve cognitive, functional, biochemical and psycho-social aspects. Methods The prospective randomised controlled trial will enrol 300 subjects with MCI (age ≥ 60 years). Participants will be randomly assigned to: (a) the experimental group, which will undergo sessions of adapted tango, music therapy, engagement in social activities, cognitive intervention and psycho-education for 6 months or (b) the control group, which will receive psycho-education and advice on healthy lifestyle for 6 months. All outcomes will be analysed before intervention (baseline), immediately after termination (follow-up 1), after 6 months (follow-up 2) and after 2 years (follow-up 3). Discussion We expect that the findings of this multidisciplinary study will be useful to optimize clinical and psycho-social interventions for improving cognitive and functional status of subjects with MCI. Conclusions This project could have a meaningful impact on National Health Systems by providing clues on multidisciplinary management of older adults affected by cognitive decline to prevent dementia.
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