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Merrick BA, Martin NP, Brooks AM, Foley JF, Dunlap PE, Ramaiahgari S, Fannin RD, Gerrish KE. Insights into Repeated Renal Injury Using RNA-Seq with Two New RPTEC Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14228. [PMID: 37762531 PMCID: PMC10531624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) are a primary site for kidney injury. We created two RPTEC lines from CD-1 mice immortalized with hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) or SV40 LgT antigen (Simian Virus 40 Large T antigen). Our hypothesis was that low-level, repeated exposure to subcytotoxic levels of 0.25-2.5 μM cisplatin (CisPt) or 12.5-100 μM aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) would activate distinctive genes and pathways in these two differently immortalized cell lines. RNA-seq showed only LgT cells responded to AFB1 with 1139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 72 h. The data suggested that AFB1 had direct nephrotoxic properties on the LgT cells. However, both the cell lines responded to 2.5 μM CisPt from 3 to 96 h expressing 2000-5000 total DEGs. For CisPt, the findings indicated a coordinated transcriptional program of injury signals and repair from the expression of immune receptors with cytokine and chemokine secretion for leukocyte recruitment; robust expression of synaptic and substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs) facilitating the expression of neural and hormonal receptors, ion channels/transporters, and trophic factors; and the expression of nephrogenesis transcription factors. Pathway analysis supported the concept of a renal repair transcriptome. In summary, these cell lines provide in vitro models for the improved understanding of repeated renal injury and repair mechanisms. High-throughput screening against toxicant libraries should provide a wider perspective of their capabilities in nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Alex Merrick
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Negin P. Martin
- Viral Vector Core, Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Ashley M. Brooks
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Julie F. Foley
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Paul E. Dunlap
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Sreenivasa Ramaiahgari
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Rick D. Fannin
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (R.D.F.)
| | - Kevin E. Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (R.D.F.)
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Bray AW, Duan R, Malalur P, Drusbosky LM, Gourdin TS, Hill EG, Lilly MB. Elevated serum CEA is associated with liver metastasis and distinctive circulating tumor DNA alterations in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2022; 82:1264-1272. [PMID: 35766303 PMCID: PMC9388585 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is used to identify "treatment emergent" forms of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) such as aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC). However, its individual utility as a prognostic marker and the genetic alterations associated with its expression have not been extensively studied in CRPC. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed clinical outcomes and circulating tumor DNA profiles in 163 patients with CRPC and elevated or normal serum CEA. These same patients were then classified as AVPC or non-AVPC and compared to determine the uniqueness of CEA-associated gene alterations. RESULTS Patients with elevated CEA demonstrated higher rates of liver metastasis (37.5% vs. 19.1%, p = 0.02) and decreased median overall survival from CRPC diagnosis (28.7 vs. 73.2 mo, p < 0.0001). In addition, patients with elevated CEA were more likely to harbor copy number amplifications (CNAs) in AR, PIK3CA, MYC, BRAF, CDK6, MET, CCNE1, KIT, RAF1, and KRAS. Based on variant allele frequency we also defined "clonal" single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) thought to be driving disease progression in each patient and found that CEA expression was negatively correlated with clonal AR SNVs and positively correlated with clonal TP53 SNVs. Of these genetic associations, only the increases in clonal TP53 SNVs and KRAS amplifications were recapitulated among patients with AVPC when compared to patients without AVPC. CONCLUSIONS Together these findings suggest that CEA expression in CRPC is associated with aggressive clinical behavior and gene alterations distinct from those in AVPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Bray
- Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rong Duan
- Department of Public Health SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
- Hollings Cancer CenterMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Pannaga Malalur
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Theodore S. Gourdin
- Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
- Hollings Cancer CenterMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Elizabeth G. Hill
- Department of Public Health SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
- Hollings Cancer CenterMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Michael B. Lilly
- Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
- Hollings Cancer CenterMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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Sodium Arsenite does not Affect Prostate Carcinogenesis in a Chemically-Hormonally-Induced Rat Model. Toxicology 2022; 474:153212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Kim HJ, Lee HN, Jeong MS, Jang SB. Oncogenic KRAS: Signaling and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225599. [PMID: 34830757 PMCID: PMC8616169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins play a role in many physiological signals transduction processes, including cell growth, division, and survival. The Ras protein has amino acids 188-189 and functions as GTPase. These proteins are switch molecules that cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). KRAS is one of the Ras superfamily isoforms (N-RAS, H-RAS, and K-RAS) that frequently mutate in cancer. The mutation of KRAS is essentially performing the transformation in humans. Since most RAS proteins belong to GTPase, mutated and GTP-bound active RAS is found in many cancers. Despite KRAS being an important molecule in mostly human cancer, including pancreatic and breast, numerous efforts in years past have persisted in cancer therapy targeting KRAS mutant. This review summarizes the biological characteristics of these proteins and the recent progress in the exploration of KRAS-targeted anticancer, leading to new insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.K.); (H.N.L.)
| | - Han Na Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.K.); (H.N.L.)
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials and Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (S.B.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2523 (S.B.J.); Fax: +82-51-581-2544 (S.B.J.)
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.K.); (H.N.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (S.B.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2523 (S.B.J.); Fax: +82-51-581-2544 (S.B.J.)
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5
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Martinez VD, Lam WL. Health Effects Associated With Pre- and Perinatal Exposure to Arsenic. Front Genet 2021; 12:664717. [PMID: 34659330 PMCID: PMC8511415 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.664717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen, able to induce genetic and epigenetic alterations. More than 200 million people worldwide are exposed to arsenic concentrations in drinking water exceeding the recommended WHO threshold (10μg/l). Additionally, chronic exposure to levels below this threshold is known to result in long-term health effects in humans. The arsenic-related health effects in humans are associated with its biotransformation process, whereby the resulting metabolites can induce molecular damage that accumulates over time. The effects derived from these alterations include genomic instability associated with oxidative damage, alteration of gene expression (including coding and non-coding RNAs), global and localized epigenetic reprogramming, and histone posttranslational modifications. These alterations directly affect molecular pathways involved in the onset and progression of many conditions that can arise even decades after the exposure occurs. Importantly, arsenic metabolites generated during its biotransformation can also pass through the placental barrier, resulting in fetal exposure to this carcinogen at similar levels to those of the mother. As such, more immediate effects of the arsenic-induced molecular damage can be observed as detrimental effects on fetal development, pregnancy, and birth outcomes. In this review, we focus on the genetic and epigenetic damage associated with exposure to low levels of arsenic, particularly those affecting early developmental stages. We also present how these alterations occurring during early life can impact the development of certain diseases in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D. Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- The Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wan L. Lam
- The Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Püschel J, Dubrovska A, Gorodetska I. The Multifaceted Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4703. [PMID: 34572930 PMCID: PMC8472046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the only tumor cells possessing self-renewal and differentiation properties, making them an engine of tumor progression and a source of tumor regrowth after treatment. Conventional therapies eliminate most non-CSCs, while CSCs often remain radiation and drug resistant, leading to tumor relapse and metastases. Thus, targeting CSCs might be a powerful tool to overcome tumor resistance and increase the efficiency of current cancer treatment strategies. The identification and isolation of the CSC population based on its high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) is widely accepted for prostate cancer (PCa) and many other solid tumors. In PCa, several ALDH genes contribute to the ALDH activity, which can be measured in the enzymatic assay by converting 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA) into the fluorescent product BODIPY-aminoacetate (BAA). Although each ALDH isoform plays an individual role in PCa biology, their mutual functional interplay also contributes to PCa progression. Thus, ALDH proteins are markers and functional regulators of CSC properties, representing an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the current state of research regarding the role of individual ALDH isoforms in PCa development and progression, their possible therapeutic targeting, and provide an outlook for the future advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Püschel
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ielizaveta Gorodetska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
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7
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Li B, Qin S, Cai Y, Zheng K, Wang B, Li R, Huang H, Zeng M, Xiao F, Xu X. Proteomic characteristics of PM 2.5 -induced differentially expressed proteins in human renal tubular epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103658. [PMID: 33862201 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human renal epithelial (HK-2) cells were treated with PM2.5 (50 μg/mL) from Shenzhen and Taiyuan, proteomics and bioinformatics were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). A total of 577 DEPs were screened after HK-2 cells exposed to Shenzhen PM2.5, of which 426 were up-regulated and 151 were down-regulated. A total of 1250 DEPs were screened in HK-2 cells after exposure to Taiyuan PM2.5, of which 488 were up-regulated and 185 were down-regulated. The top 10 proteins with the highest number of nodes were screened using the interaction network map of DEPs. HK-2 cells exposed to Shenzhen PM2.5 contained CYR61, CTGF, and THBS1 proteins, while HK-2 cells exposed to Taiyuan PM2.5 contained ALB, FN1, and CYR61 proteins. Additionally, PM2.5 components were detected, PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen and Taiyuan induced obvious changes in DEPs expression, the difference in DEPs between the two cities was probably associated with the different PM2.5 components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boru Li
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shuangjian Qin
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Bingyu Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Runbing Li
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Xinyun Xu
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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Targeting KRAS in Cancer: Promising Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061204. [PMID: 33801965 PMCID: PMC7999304 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is mutated in about 25% of all human cancers and is at the center of pathways involved in tumorigenesis, it is necessary to compile and highlight the novel therapeutic strategies behind targeting this oncoprotein in cancer. Over the years, many have studied various methods to directly target KRAS with no success. Fortunately, there has been more success in targeting other proteins along the RAS pathway to yield a therapeutic response. However, some recent findings show promising results indicating that we are one step closer to developing an effective inhibitor that directly targets KRAS. The review presented here summarizes these recent findings and emphasizes the need to continue the search for the most optimal KRAS inhibitor that can be used to treat and potentially even cure certain tumor types. Abstract The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is mutated in approximately 25% of all human cancers and is known to be a major player promoting and maintaining tumorigenesis through the RAS/MAPK pathway. Over the years, a large number of studies have identified strategies at different regulatory levels to tackle this ‘difficult-to-target’ oncoprotein. Yet, the most ideal strategy to overcome KRAS and its downstream effects has yet to be uncovered. This review summarizes the role of KRAS activating mutations in multiple cancer types as well as the key findings for potential strategies inhibiting its oncogenic behavior. A comprehensive analysis of the different pathways and mechanisms associated with KRAS activity in tumors will ultimately pave the way for promising future work that will identify optimum therapeutic strategies.
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9
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Kasuga A, Semba T, Sato R, Nobusue H, Sugihara E, Takaishi H, Kanai T, Saya H, Arima Y. Oncogenic KRAS-expressing organoids with biliary epithelial stem cell properties give rise to biliary tract cancer in mice. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1822-1838. [PMID: 33068050 PMCID: PMC8088913 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) arises from biliary epithelial cells (BECs) and includes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), gallbladder cancer (GC), and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC). Although frequent KRAS mutations and epigenetic changes at the INK4A/ARF locus have been identified, the molecular pathogenesis of BTC is unclear and the development of corresponding anticancer agents remains inadequate. We isolated epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)–positive BECs from the mouse intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, and extrahepatic bile duct, and established organoids derived from these cells. Introduction of activated KRAS and homozygous deletion of Ink4a/Arf in the cells of each organoid type conferred the ability to form lethal metastatic adenocarcinoma with differentiated components and a pronounced desmoplastic reaction on cell transplantation into syngeneic mice, indicating that the manipulated cells correspond to BTC–initiating cells. The syngeneic mouse models recapitulate the pathological features of human IHCC, GC, and EHCC, and they should therefore prove useful for the investigation of BTC carcinogenesis and the development of new therapeutic strategies. Tumor cells isolated from primary tumors formed organoids in three‐dimensional culture, and serial syngeneic transplantation of these cells revealed that their cancer stem cell properties were supported by organoid culture, but not by adherent culture. Adherent culture thus attenuated tumorigenic activity as well as the expression of both epithelial and stem cell markers, whereas the expression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)–related transcription factor genes and mesenchymal cell markers was induced. Our data show that organoid culture is important for maintenance of epithelial cell characteristics, stemness, and tumorigenic activity of BTC–initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Kasuga
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Semba
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nobusue
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugihara
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Takaishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Barguilla I, Peremartí J, Bach J, Marcos R, Hernández A. Role of As3mt and Mth1 in the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects induced by long-term exposures to arsenic in MEF cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Qin S, Li B, Wang X, Huang H, Zeng M, Xiao F, Xu X. Metal Element Detection and Carcinogenicity Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1273-1276. [PMID: 32323372 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to conduct metal element analysis and carcinogenicity risk assessment of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) from Shenzhen and Taiyuan. Samples of PM2.5 were collected in Shenzhen and Taiyuan during the yeas 2017 and 2018. Ten heavy metal elements were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Health risk was assessed using the recommended US Environmental Protection Agency model. Metal elements found in PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen included (in decreasing order of concentration) Al, Pb, Mn, Cr, Cu, V, As, Ni, Cd, and Co. Metal elements found in Taiyuan included (in decreasing order of concentration) Al, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cu, As, Ni, V, Cd, and Co. There were significant differences in Pb, Mn, Al, As, and Ni levels between Shenzhen and Taiyuan (p < 0.05); but the remaining element levels did not show significant differences between the 2 cities. Risk-assessment data showed higher total risk from 5 carcinogenic metal elements in Taiyuan (3.79 × 10-4 ) compared to Shenzhen (2.44 × 10-4 ): Cr had the highest carcinogenicity risk (>10-4 ), followed by As, Ni, and Cd (10-6 ~ 10-4 ), and Pb had the lowest risk (<10-6 ). The results indicated that some of the metal elements in PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen and Taiyuan pose a carcinogenicity risk; further research and measures for prevention and control should be considered. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1273-1276. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjian Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Boru Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Shenzhen Longgang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyun Xu
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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12
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Merrick BA, Phadke DP, Bostrom MA, Shah RR, Wright GM, Wang X, Gordon O, Pelch KE, Auerbach SS, Paules RS, DeVito MJ, Waalkes MP, Tokar EJ. KRAS-retroviral fusion transcripts and gene amplification in arsenic-transformed, human prostate CAsE-PE cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 397:115017. [PMID: 32344290 PMCID: PMC7606314 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CAsE-PE cells are an arsenic-transformed, human prostate epithelial line containing oncogenic mutations in KRAS compared to immortalized, normal KRAS parent cells, RWPE-1. We previously reported increased copy number of mutated KRAS in CAsE-PE cells, suggesting gene amplification. Here, KRAS flanking genomic and transcriptomic regions were sequenced in CAsE-PE cells for insight into KRAS amplification. Comparison of DNA-Seq and RNA-Seq showed increased reads from background aligning to all KRAS exons in CAsE-PE cells, while a uniform DNA-Seq read distribution occurred in RWPE-1 cells with normal transcript expression. We searched for KRAS fusions in DNA and RNA sequencing data finding a portion of reads aligning to KRAS and viral sequence. After generation of cDNA from total RNA, short and long KRAS probes were generated to hybridize cDNA and KRAS enriched fragments were PacBio sequenced. More KRAS reads were captured from CAsE-PE cDNA versus RWPE-1 by each probe set. Only CAsE-PE cDNA showed KRAS viral fusion transcripts, primarily mapping to LTR and endogenous retrovirus sequences on either 5'- or 3'-ends of KRAS. Most KRAS viral fusion transcripts contained 4 to 6 exons but some PacBio sequences were in unusual orientations, suggesting viral insertions within the gene body. Additionally, conditioned media was extracted for potential retroviral particles. RNA-Seq of culture media isolates identified KRAS retroviral fusion transcripts in CAsE-PE media only. Truncated KRAS transcripts suggested multiple retroviral integration sites occurred within the KRAS gene producing KRAS retroviral fusions of various lengths. Findings suggest activation of endogenous retroviruses in arsenic carcinogenesis should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States.
| | - Dhiral P Phadke
- Sciome, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Meredith A Bostrom
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ruchir R Shah
- Sciome, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Garron M Wright
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Xinguo Wang
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Oksana Gordon
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Katherine E Pelch
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael P Waalkes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Erik J Tokar
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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13
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Chandrasekaran B, Dahiya NR, Tyagi A, Kolluru V, Saran U, Baby BV, States JC, Haddad AQ, Ankem MK, Damodaran C. Chronic exposure to cadmium induces a malignant transformation of benign prostate epithelial cells. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:23. [PMID: 32066655 PMCID: PMC7026396 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that cadmium (Cd) is one of the causative factors of prostate cancer, but the effect of Cd on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether Cd exposure could malignantly transform BPH1 cells and, if so, to dissect the mechanism of action. We deciphered the molecular signaling responsible for BPH1 transformation via RNA-sequencing and determined that Cd induced the expression of zinc finger of the cerebellum 2 (ZIC2) in BPH1 cells. We noted Cd exposure increased ZIC2 expression in the Cd-transformed BPH1 cells that in turn promoted anchorage-independent spheroids and increased expression of stem cell drivers, indicating their role in stem cell renewal. Subsequent silencing of ZIC2 expression in transformed cells inhibited spheroid formation, stem cell marker expression, and tumor growth in nude mice. At the molecular level, ZIC2 interacts with the glioma-associated oncogene family (GLI) zinc finger 1 (GLI1), which activates prosurvival factors (nuclear factor NFκB, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), as well as an X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)) signaling in Cd-exposed BPH1 cells. Conversely, overexpression of ZIC2 in BPH1 cells caused spheroid formation confirming the oncogenic function of ZIC2. ZIC2 activation and GLI1 signaling induction by Cd exposure in primary BPH cells confirmed the clinical significance of this oncogenic function. Finally, human BPH specimens had increased ZIC2 versus adjacent healthy tissues. Thus, we report direct evidence that Cd exposure induces malignant transformation of BPH via activation of ZIC2 and GLI1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisha R Dahiya
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ashish Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Venkatesh Kolluru
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Uttara Saran
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Becca V Baby
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Ahmed Q Haddad
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Murali K Ankem
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chendil Damodaran
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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14
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Lim JT, Tan YQ, Valeri L, Lee J, Geok PP, Chia SE, Ong CN, Seow WJ. Association between serum heavy metals and prostate cancer risk - A multiple metal analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105109. [PMID: 31491608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Exposure to heavy metals and their association with prostate cancer risk has been studied extensively, but combined effects remain largely inconclusive. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the association between serum concentrations of heavy metals and prostate cancer risk. METHODS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentrations of a panel of 10 heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sb, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb) in serum samples of 141 cases and 114 controls in the Singapore Prostate Cancer Study. Linear probit regression models were used to estimate risk differences (RDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between log-centered serum metal concentrations and prostate cancer risk with adjustment for potential confounders. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to account for nonlinear, interactive, and joint metal effects. RESULTS Using probit regression, four heavy metals (As, Zn, Mn, Sb) were significantly and positively associated with prostate cancer risk in the unadjusted models. Using BKMR analysis, both As and Zn had positive risk differences on prostate cancer risk when all other metals were held fixed at the 25th and 50th percentiles (RD, 25th percentile: As: 0.15, Zn: 0.19, RD, 50th percentile: As: 0.45, Zn: 0.37). In addition, the overall mixture risk difference was positive and the 95% credible intervals did not include 0 when all metals in the mixture were jointly above their 55th percentile, as compared to when all metals were below their median values. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we found positive associations between the serum levels of As and Zn and prostate cancer risk on the risk difference scale using BKMR models. The overall mixture effect was also associated with increased prostate cancer risk. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Tao Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yue Qian Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Linda Valeri
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingyi Lee
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Per Poh Geok
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sin Eng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.
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