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Panzer E, Boch L, Cosquer B, Grgurina I, Boutillier AL, de Vasconcelos AP, Stephan A, Cassel JC. Disconnecting prefrontal cortical neurons from the ventral midline thalamus: Loss of specificity due to progressive neural toxicity of an AAV-Cre in the rat thalamus. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 405:110080. [PMID: 38369027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamic reuniens (Re) and rhomboid (Rh) nuclei are bidirectionally connected with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus (Hip). Fiber-sparing N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the ReRh disrupt cognitive functions, including persistence of certain memories. Because such lesions irremediably damage neurons interconnecting the ReRh with the mPFC and the Hip, it is impossible to know if one or both pathways contribute to memory persistence. Addressing such an issue requires selective, pathway-restricted and direction-specific disconnections. NEW METHOD A recent method associates a retrograde adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing Cre recombinase with an anterograde AAV expressing a Cre-dependent caspase, making such disconnection feasible by caspase-triggered apoptosis when both constructs meet intracellularly. We injected an AAVrg-Cre-GFP into the ReRh and an AAV5-taCasp into the mPFC. As expected, part of mPFC neurons died, but massive neurotoxicity of the AAVrg-Cre-GFP was found in ReRh, contrasting with normal density of DAPI staining. Other stainings demonstrated increasing density of reactive astrocytes and microglia in the neurodegeneration site. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Reducing the viral titer (by a 4-fold dilution) and injection volume (to half) attenuated toxicity substantially, still with evidence for partial disconnection between mPFC and ReRh. CONCLUSIONS There is an imperative need to verify potential collateral damage inherent in this type of approach, which is likely to distort interpretation of experimental data. Therefore, controls allowing to distinguish collateral phenotypic effects from those linked to the desired disconnection is essential. It is also crucial to know for how long neurons expressing the Cre-GFP protein remain operational post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Panzer
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Laurine Boch
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Brigitte Cosquer
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Iris Grgurina
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Anne-Laurence Boutillier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Anne Pereira de Vasconcelos
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Aline Stephan
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, Strasbourg F-67000, France.
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2
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Mercaldo V, Vidimova B, Gastaldo D, Fernández E, Lo AC, Cencelli G, Pedini G, De Rubeis S, Longo F, Klann E, Smit AB, Grant SGN, Achsel T, Bagni C. Altered striatal actin dynamics drives behavioral inflexibility in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Neuron 2023; 111:1760-1775.e8. [PMID: 36996810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The proteome of glutamatergic synapses is diverse across the mammalian brain and involved in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Among those is fragile X syndrome (FXS), an NDD caused by the absence of the functional RNA-binding protein FMRP. Here, we demonstrate how the brain region-specific composition of postsynaptic density (PSD) contributes to FXS. In the striatum, the FXS mouse model shows an altered association of the PSD with the actin cytoskeleton, reflecting immature dendritic spine morphology and reduced synaptic actin dynamics. Enhancing actin turnover with constitutively active RAC1 ameliorates these deficits. At the behavioral level, the FXS model displays striatal-driven inflexibility, a typical feature of FXS individuals, which is rescued by exogenous RAC1. Striatal ablation of Fmr1 is sufficient to recapitulate behavioral impairments observed in the FXS model. These results indicate that dysregulation of synaptic actin dynamics in the striatum, a region largely unexplored in FXS, contributes to the manifestation of FXS behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mercaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbora Vidimova
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denise Gastaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esperanza Fernández
- VIB & UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adrian C Lo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Cencelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pedini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Francesco Longo
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - August B Smit
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Center for the Clinical Brain Sciences and Simons Initiatives for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
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3
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Evans R. Dendritic involvement in inhibition and disinhibition of vulnerable dopaminergic neurons in healthy and pathological conditions. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105815. [PMID: 35820645 PMCID: PMC9851599 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) differentially degenerate in Parkinson's Disease, with the ventral region degenerating more severely than the dorsal region. Compared with the dorsal neurons, the ventral neurons in the SNc have distinct dendritic morphology, electrophysiological characteristics, and circuit connections with the basal ganglia. These characteristics shape information processing in the ventral SNc and structure the balance of inhibition and disinhibition in the striatonigral circuitry. In this paper, I review foundational studies and recent work comparing the circuitry of the ventral and dorsal SNc neurons and discuss how loss of the ventral neurons early in Parkinson's Disease could affect the overall balance of inhibition and disinhibition of dopamine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Evans
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, United States of America
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4
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Cannabidiol (CBD) drives sex-dependent impairments in omission, but has no effect on reinforcer devaluation. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114023. [PMID: 35901956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Habits are inflexible behaviors that persist despite changes in outcome value. While habits allow for efficient responding, neuropsychiatric diseases such as drug addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder are characterized by overreliance on habits. Recently, the commercially popular drug cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a potential treatment for addictive behaviors, though it is not entirely clear how it exerts this therapeutic effect. As brain endocannabinoids play a key role in habit formation, we sought to determine how CBD modifies goal-directed behaviors and habit formation. To explore this, mice were administered CBD (20mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle as a control and trained on random interval (RI30/60) or random ratio (RR10/20) schedules designed to elicit habitual or goal-directed lever pressing, respectively. Mice were tested for habitual responding using probe trials following reinforcer-specific devaluation as well as omission trials, where mice had to withhold responding to earn rewards. We found that while CBD had little effect on operant behaviors or reward devaluation, CBD inhibited goal-directed behavior in a sex-specific and contextdependent manner during the omission task. Beyond drug treatment, we found an effect of sex throughout training, reward devaluation, and omission. This work provides evidence that CBD has no effect on habit formation in a reward devaluation paradigm. However, the omission results suggest that CBD may slow learning of novel actionoutcome contingencies or decrease goal-directed behavior. This work calls for further examination of sex-dependent outcomes of CBD treatment and highlights the importance of investigating sex effects in habit-related experiments.
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5
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Jiang Y, Qin L, Lu A, Chen J, Wang J, Zhang Q, Lu Y, Gong Q, Gao J, Ma H, Tan D, He Y. CYP3A1 metabolism-based neurotoxicity of strychnine in rat. Toxicology 2022; 471:153156. [PMID: 35358606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Strychnine is one of the main bioactive and toxic constituents of Semen Strychni. In the present study, the neurotoxic effects of strychnine, and the role of individual differences in metabolism on susceptibility to neurotoxicity of strychnine were investigated. The acute toxicity was observed by a single dose of strychnine (2.92 mg/kg, i.g.) in rats, the epileptic stages of rats were scored according to Racine's scale. The neurotoxicity of strychnine was evaluated by the levels of ROS, MDA, SOD and GSH in hippocampus, striatum, and cortex tissues measurements and histopathological analysis. The concentrations of strychnine in the plasma, hippocampus, striatum, and cortex tissues were determined using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The expressions of the cytochrome P450, which is the most critical protein family involved in drugs metabolism, were detected by proteomics. The mechanism of susceptibility to neurotoxicity of strychnine was elucidated by correlation analysis among above indicators. The results indicated that striatum and cortex were the main toxic targets of strychnine, and the CYP3A1 might be a susceptible biomarker to neurotoxicity of strychnine. These results provide valuable insights into the neurotoxic susceptibility of strychnine that will aid in the rational clinical use of strychnine (possibly including Semen Strychni).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Lin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Anjing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yanliu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jianmei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
| | - Yuqi He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
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6
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Waugh JL, Hassan A, Kuster JK, Levenstein JM, Warfield SK, Makris N, Brüggemann N, Sharma N, Breiter HC, Blood AJ. An MRI method for parcellating the human striatum into matrix and striosome compartments in vivo. Neuroimage 2021; 246:118714. [PMID: 34800665 PMCID: PMC9142299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian striatum is comprised of intermingled tissue compartments, matrix and striosome. Though indistinguishable by routine histological techniques, matrix and striosome have distinct embryologic origins, afferent/efferent connections, surface protein expression, intra-striatal location, susceptibilities to injury, and functional roles in a range of animal behaviors. Distinguishing the compartments previously required post-mortem tissue and/or genetic manipulation; we aimed to identify matrix/striosome non-invasively in living humans. We used diffusion MRI (probabilistic tractography) to identify human striatal voxels with connectivity biased towards matrix-favoring or striosome-favoring regions (determined by prior animal tract-tracing studies). Segmented striatal compartments replicated the topological segregation and somatotopic organization identified in animal matrix/striosome studies. Of brain regions mapped in prior studies, our human brain data confirmed 93% of the compartment-selective structural connectivity demonstrated in animals. Test-retest assessment on repeat scans found a voxel classification error rate of 0.14%. Fractional anisotropy was significantly higher in matrix-like voxels, while mean diffusivity did not differ between the compartments. As mapped by the Talairach human brain atlas, 460 regions were significantly biased towards either matrix or striosome. Our method allows the study of striatal compartments in human health and disease, in vivo, for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Waugh
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Division of Child Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - Aao Hassan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J K Kuster
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - J M Levenstein
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, United States; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - S K Warfield
- Department of Radiology, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - N Makris
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Morphometric Analysis, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - N Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - N Sharma
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - H C Breiter
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - A J Blood
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Charlestown, MA, United States.
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7
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Nadel JA, Pawelko SS, Scott JR, McLaughlin R, Fox M, Ghanem M, van der Merwe R, Hollon NG, Ramsson ES, Howard CD. Optogenetic stimulation of striatal patches modifies habit formation and inhibits dopamine release. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19847. [PMID: 34615966 PMCID: PMC8494762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Habits are inflexible behaviors that develop after extensive repetition, and overreliance on habits is a hallmark of many pathological states. The striatum is involved in the transition from flexible to inflexible responding, and interspersed throughout the striatum are patches, or striosomes, which make up ~15% of the volume of the striatum relative to the surrounding matrix compartment. Previous studies have suggested that patches are necessary for normal habit formation, but it remains unknown exactly how patches contribute to habit formation and expression. Here, using optogenetics, we stimulated striatal patches in Sepw1-NP67 mice during variable interval training (VI60), which is used to establish habitual responding. We found that activation of patches at reward retrieval resulted in elevated responding during VI60 training by modifying the pattern of head entry and pressing. Further, this optogenetic manipulation reduced subsequent responding following reinforcer devaluation, suggesting modified habit formation. However, patch stimulation did not generally increase extinction rates during a subsequent extinction probe, but did result in a small 'extinction burst', further suggesting goal-directed behavior. On the other hand, this manipulation had no effect in omission trials, where mice had to withhold responses to obtain rewards. Finally, we utilized fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to investigate how patch activation modifies evoked striatal dopamine release and found that optogenetic activation of patch projections to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is sufficient to suppress dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Overall, this work provides novel insight into the role of the patch compartment in habit formation, and provides a potential mechanism for how patches modify habitual behavior by exerting control over dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Nadel
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - S S Pawelko
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - J R Scott
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - R McLaughlin
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - M Fox
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - M Ghanem
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | | | - N G Hollon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E S Ramsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - C D Howard
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA.
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8
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A Role of BDNF in the Depression Pathogenesis and a Potential Target as Antidepressant: The Modulator of Stress Sensitivity "Shati/Nat8l-BDNF System" in the Dorsal Striatum. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090889. [PMID: 34577589 PMCID: PMC8469819 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental diseases, with increasing numbers of patients globally each year. In addition, approximately 30% of patients with depression are resistant to any treatment and do not show an expected response to first-line antidepressant drugs. Therefore, novel antidepressant agents and strategies are required. Although depression is triggered by post-birth stress, while some individuals show the pathology of depression, others remain resilient. The molecular mechanisms underlying stress sensitivity remain unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has both pro- and anti-depressant effects, dependent on brain region. Considering the strong region-specific contribution of BDNF to depression pathogenesis, the regulation of BDNF in the whole brain is not a beneficial strategy for the treatment of depression. We reviewed a novel finding of BDNF function in the dorsal striatum, which induces vulnerability to social stress, in addition to recent research progress regarding the brain regional functions of BDNF, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens. Striatal BDNF is regulated by Shati/Nat8l, an N-acetyltransferase through epigenetic regulation. Targeting of Shati/Nat8l would allow BDNF to be striatum-specifically regulated, and the striatal Shati/Nat8l-BDNF pathway could be a promising novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of depression by modulating sensitivity to stress.
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9
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Contemporary functional neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of dystonia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:499-508. [PMID: 33486625 PMCID: PMC8099808 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia is a disabling movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures or patterned and repetitive movements due to co-contraction of muscles in proximity to muscles desired for a certain movement. Important and well-established pathophysiological concepts are the impairment of sensorimotor integration, a loss of inhibitory control on several levels of the central nervous system and changes in synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms collectively contribute to an impairment of the gating function of the basal ganglia which results in an insufficient suppression of noisy activity and an excessive activation of cortical areas. In addition to this traditional view, a plethora of animal, genetic, imaging and electrophysiological studies highlight the role of the (1) cerebellum, (2) the cerebello-thalamic connection and (3) the functional interplay between basal ganglia and the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Another emerging topic is the better understanding of the microarchitecture of the striatum and its implications for dystonia. The striosomes are of particular interest as they likely control the dopamine release via inhibitory striato-nigral projections. Striosomal dysfunction has been implicated in hyperkinetic movement disorders including dystonia. This review will provide a comprehensive overview about the current understanding of the functional neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of dystonia and aims to move the traditional view of a ‘basal ganglia disorder’ to a network perspective with a dynamic interplay between cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellum.
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10
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Prager EM, Dorman DB, Hobel ZB, Malgady JM, Blackwell KT, Plotkin JL. Dopamine Oppositely Modulates State Transitions in Striosome and Matrix Direct Pathway Striatal Spiny Neurons. Neuron 2020; 108:1091-1102.e5. [PMID: 33080228 PMCID: PMC7769890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Corticostriatal synaptic integration is partitioned among striosome (patch) and matrix compartments of the dorsal striatum, allowing compartmentalized control of discrete aspects of behavior. Despite the significance of such organization, it's unclear how compartment-specific striatal output is dynamically achieved, particularly considering new evidence that overlap of afferents is substantial. We show that dopamine oppositely shapes responses to convergent excitatory inputs in mouse striosome and matrix striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Activation of postsynaptic D1 dopamine receptors promoted the generation of long-lasting synaptically evoked "up-states" in matrix SPNs but opposed it in striosomes, which were more excitable under basal conditions. Differences in dopaminergic modulation were mediated, in part, by dendritic voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs): pharmacological manipulation of L-type VGCCs reversed compartment-specific responses to D1 receptor activation. These results support a novel mechanism for the selection of striatal circuit components, where fluctuating levels of dopamine shift the balance of compartment-specific striatal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Prager
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel B Dorman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Zachary B Hobel
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Malgady
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kim T Blackwell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Bioengineering Department, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Joshua L Plotkin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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11
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K369I Tau Mice Demonstrate a Shift Towards Striatal Neuron Burst Firing and Goal-directed Behaviour. Neuroscience 2020; 449:46-62. [PMID: 32949670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathological forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau are involved in a large group of neurodegenerative diseases named tauopathies, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-tau). K369I mutant tau transgenic mice (K3 mice) recapitulate neural and behavioural symptoms of FTLD, including tau aggregates in the cortex, alterations to nigrostriatum, memory deficits and parkinsonism. The aim of this study was to further characterise the K3 mouse model by examining functional alterations to the striatum. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was used to investigate the properties of striatal neurons in K3 mice and wildtype controls. Additionally, striatal-based instrumental learning tasks were conducted to assess goal-directed versus habitual behaviours (i.e., by examining sensitivity to outcome devaluation and progressive ratios). The K3 model demonstrated significant alterations in the discharge properties of striatal neurons relative to wildtype mice, which manifested as a shift in neuronal output towards a burst firing state. K3 mice acquired goal-directed responding faster than control mice and were goal-directed at test unlike wildtype mice, which is likely to indicate reduced capacity to develop habitual behaviour. The observed pattern of behaviour in K3 mice is suggestive of deficits in dorsal lateral striatal function and this was supported by our electrophysiological findings. Thus, both the electrophysiological and behavioural alterations indicate that K3 mice have early deficits in striatal function. This finding adds to the growing literature which indicate that the striatum is impacted in tau-related neuropathies such as FTLD, and further suggests that the K3 model is a unique mouse model for investigating FTLD especially with striatal involvement.
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Abstract
The survival of an organism depends on the ability to make adaptive decisions to achieve the needs of the organism: where to get food, who to mate with, and how to evade predators. Decision-making is a term used to describe a collection of behavioral and/or computational functions that guide the selection of an option amongst a set of alternatives. Some of these functions may include calculating the costs and benefits of a particular action, evaluating differences in value of each of the alternative outcomes and the likelihood of receiving a particular outcome, using past experiences to generate predictions or expectations about action-outcome associations, and/or integration of past experiences to make novel inferences that can be used in new environments. There is considerable interest in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate these decision-making functions and recent advances in behavioral approaches, neuroscience techniques, and neuroimaging measures have begun to develop mechanistic links between biology, reward, and decision making. This multidisciplinary work holds great promise for elucidating the biological mechanisms mediating decision-making deficits in normal and abnormal states. The multidisciplinary studies included in this Collection provide new insights into the neuroscience of decision making and reward.
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Evans RC, Twedell EL, Zhu M, Ascencio J, Zhang R, Khaliq ZM. Functional Dissection of Basal Ganglia Inhibitory Inputs onto Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108156. [PMID: 32937133 PMCID: PMC9887718 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantia nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons respond to aversive stimuli with inhibitory pauses in firing followed by transient rebound activation. We tested integration of inhibitory synaptic inputs onto SNc neurons from genetically defined populations in dorsal striatum (striosome and matrix) and external globus pallidus (GPe; parvalbumin- and Lhx6-positive), and examined their contribution to pause-rebound firing. Activation of striosome projections, which target "dendron bouquets" in the pars reticulata (SNr), consistently quiets firing and relief from striosome inhibition triggers rebound activity. Striosomal inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) display a prominent GABA-B receptor-mediated component that strengthens the impact of SNr dendrite synapses on somatic excitability and enables rebounding. By contrast, GPe projections activate GABA-A receptors on the soma and proximal dendrites but do not result in rebounding. Lastly, optical mapping shows that dorsal striatum selectively inhibits the ventral population of SNc neurons, which are intrinsically capable of rebounding. Therefore, we define a distinct striatonigral circuit for generating dopamine rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C. Evans
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily L. Twedell
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manhua Zhu
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jefferson Ascencio
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Renshu Zhang
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zayd M. Khaliq
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Lead Contact,Correspondence:
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