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Gerace E, Baldi S, Salimova M, Di Gloria L, Curini L, Cimino V, Nannini G, Russo E, Pallecchi M, Ramazzotti M, Bartolucci G, Occupati B, Lanzi C, Scarpino M, Lanzo G, Grippo A, Lolli F, Mannaioni G, Amedei A. Oral and fecal microbiota perturbance in cocaine users: Can rTMS-induced cocaine abstinence support eubiosis restoration? iScience 2023; 26:106627. [PMID: 37250301 PMCID: PMC10214473 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of cocaine on microbiota have been scarcely explored. Here, we investigated the gut (GM) and oral (OM) microbiota composition of cocaine use disorder (CUD) patients and the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize GM and OM, whereas PICRUST2 assessed functional changes in microbial communities, and gas-chromatography was used to evaluate fecal short and medium chain fatty acids. CUD patients reported a significant decrease in alpha diversity and modification of the abundances of several taxa in both GM and OM. Furthermore, many predicted metabolic pathways were differentially expressed in CUD patients' stool and saliva samples, as well as reduced levels of butyric acid that appear restored to normal amounts after rTMS treatment. In conclusion, CUD patients showed a profound dysbiotic fecal and oral microbiota composition and function and rTMS-induced cocaine abstinence determined the restoration of eubiotic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maya Salimova
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Leandro Di Gloria
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lavinia Curini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Virginia Cimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pallecchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Brunella Occupati
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maenia Scarpino
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Neurophysiology Unit, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanzo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Neurophysiology Unit, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonello Grippo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Neurophysiology Unit, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Lolli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Marcos A, León C, Moreno-Fernández M, Castro-Rubio F, Garrido-Matilla L, Nozal L, Ambrosio E, Crego AL. Untargeted metabolomic study by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in brain tissues on the effects of combined cocaine and ethanol self-administration in male and female young rats. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464047. [PMID: 37172540 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of ethanol and cocaine is frequent among drug-abuse users and leads to further exacerbation of health consequences compared to individual consumption and this is of special concern during the transition to adulthood. Despite its high prevalence, the effect of combined consumption of cocaine and ethanol has been scarcely studied. In this work, we report the first untargeted metabolomic study in brain tissues to contribute to the advancement in the knowledge of the possible neurobiological effects of this polysubstance dependence. Liquid Chromatography coupled to high resolution Mass Spectrometry was employed to analyze three different brain tissues samples, prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus, from male and female young rats exposed intravenously to a self-administration of these drugs. After optimizing the best sample treatment and selecting the chromatographic and detection conditions to find the maximum number of significant features (possible biomarker metabolites), the high resolution of the Orbitrap analyzer used in this work has made it possible to find up to 761 significant features with assigned molecular formula, of which up to 190 were tentatively identified and 44 unequivocally confirmed. The results demonstrated that the altered metabolic pathways are involved in multiple functions: receptor systems, such as the Glutamine-Glutamic acid-GABA axis or the catecholamine pathway, purinergic and pyrimidine pathways, fatty acids or oxidative stress, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Marcos
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National University for Distance Learning, Madrid E-28040, Spain.
| | - Carlos León
- Department of Bioengineering, Carlos III University, Madrid E-28911, Spain
| | - Mario Moreno-Fernández
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National University for Distance Learning, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Florentina Castro-Rubio
- Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Alcalá University and General Foundation of Alcalá University, Madrid E-28871, Spain
| | - Lucia Garrido-Matilla
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National University for Distance Learning, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Alcalá University and General Foundation of Alcalá University, Madrid E-28871, Spain
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National University for Distance Learning, Madrid E-28040, Spain.
| | - Antonio L Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Alcala University, Madrid E-28871, Spain.
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The interactions of alcohol and cocaine regulate the expression of genes involved in the GABAergic, glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems of male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108937. [PMID: 34965406 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the pharmacological and behavioural interactions between cocaine and alcohol are well established, less is known about how polyconsumption of these drugs affects the neurotransmitter systems involved in their psychoactive effects and in particular, in the process of addiction. Here, rats of both sexes at two stages of development were studied under a chronic regime of intravenous cocaine and/or alcohol administration. Brain samples from the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and amygdala were extracted to analyse the mRNA expression of genes encoding subunits of the GABA, NMDA and AMPA receptors, as well as the expression of the CB1 receptor, and that of enzymes related to the biosynthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids. Moreover, two synaptic scaffold proteins related to GABA and NMDA receptors, gephyrin and PSD-95, were quantified in Western blots. Significant interactions between cocaine and alcohol were common, affecting the GABAergic and endocannabinoid systems in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala of young adults, whereas such interactions were evident in the glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems in adults, as well as a more pronounced sex effect. Significant interactions between these drugs affecting the scaffold proteins were evident in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of young adults, and in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala of adults, but not in the hippocampus. These results highlight the importance of considering the interactions between cocaine and alcohol on neurotransmitter systems in the context of polyconsumption, specifically when treating problems of abuse of these two substances.
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Evaluation of Cocaine Effect on Endogenous Metabolites of HepG2 Cells Using Targeted Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154610. [PMID: 34361761 PMCID: PMC8347943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine toxicity has been a subject of study because cocaine is one of the most common and potent drugs of abuse. In the current study the effect of cocaine on human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was assessed. Cocaine toxicity (IC50) on HepG2 cells was experimentally calculated using an XTT assay at 2.428 mM. The metabolic profile of HepG2 cells was further evaluated to investigate the cytotoxic activity of cocaine at 2 mM at three different time points. Cell medium and intracellular material samples were analyzed with a validated HILIC-MS/MS method for targeted metabolomics on an ACQUITY Amide column in gradient mode with detection on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring. About 106 hydrophilic metabolites from different metabolic pathways were monitored. Multivariate analysis clearly separated the studied groups (cocaine-treated and control samples) and revealed potential biomarkers in the extracellular and intracellular samples. A predominant effect of cocaine administration on alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathway was observed. Moreover, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were found to be affected in cocaine-treated cells. Targeted metabolomics managed to reveal metabolic changes upon cocaine administration, however deciphering the exact cocaine cytotoxic mechanism is still challenging.
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