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Amábile-Cuevas CF, Lund-Zaina S. Non-Canonical Aspects of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:565. [PMID: 38927231 PMCID: PMC11200725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The understanding of antibiotic resistance, one of the major health threats of our time, is mostly based on dated and incomplete notions, especially in clinical contexts. The "canonical" mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics, as well as the methods used to assess their activity upon bacteria, have not changed in decades; the same applies to the definition, acquisition, selective pressures, and drivers of resistance. As a consequence, the strategies to improve antibiotic usage and overcome resistance have ultimately failed. This review gathers most of the "non-canonical" notions on antibiotics and resistance: from the alternative mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the limitations of susceptibility testing to the wide variety of selective pressures, lateral gene transfer mechanisms, ubiquity, and societal factors maintaining resistance. Only by having a "big picture" view of the problem can adequate strategies to harness resistance be devised. These strategies must be global, addressing the many aspects that drive the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria aside from the clinical use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Lund-Zaina
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Poey ME, de los Santos E, Aznarez D, García-Laviña CX, Laviña M. Genetics of resistance to trimethoprim in cotrimoxazole resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli: integrons, transposons, and single gene cassettes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395953. [PMID: 38946902 PMCID: PMC11213556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cotrimoxazole, the combined formulation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, is one of the treatments of choice for several infectious diseases, particularly urinary tract infections. Both components of cotrimoxazole are synthetic antimicrobial drugs, and their combination was introduced into medical therapeutics about half a century ago. In Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to cotrimoxazole is widespread, being based on the acquisition of genes from the auxiliary genome that confer resistance to each of its antibacterial components. Starting from previous knowledge on the genotype of resistance to sulfamethoxazole in a collection of cotrimoxazole resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, this work focused on the identification of the genetic bases of the trimethoprim resistance of these same strains. Molecular techniques employed included PCR and Sanger sequencing of specific amplicons, conjugation experiments and NGS sequencing of the transferred plasmids. Mobile genetic elements conferring the trimethoprim resistance phenotype were identified and included integrons, transposons and single gene cassettes. Therefore, strains exhibited several ways to jointly resist both antibiotics, implying different levels of genetic linkage between genes conferring resistance to sulfamethoxazole (sul) and trimethoprim (dfrA). Two structures were particularly interesting because they represented a highly cohesive arrangements ensuring cotrimoxazole resistance. They both carried a single gene cassette, dfrA14 or dfrA1, integrated in two different points of a conserved cluster sul2-strA-strB, carried on transferable plasmids. The results suggest that the pressure exerted by cotrimoxazole on bacteria of our environment is still promoting the evolution toward increasingly compact gene arrangements, carried by mobile genetic elements that move them in the genome and also transfer them horizontally among bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eloísa Poey
- Sección Fisiología & Genética Bacterianas, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eliana de los Santos
- Sección Fisiología & Genética Bacterianas, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Aznarez
- Sección Fisiología & Genética Bacterianas, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Magela Laviña
- Sección Fisiología & Genética Bacterianas, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Rodrigues RDS, Araujo NFD, Viana C, Yamatogi RS, Nero LA. In Silico Detection of Integrons and Their Relationship with Resistance Phenotype of Salmonella Isolates from a Brazilian Pork Production Chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:395-402. [PMID: 38917456 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The pork production chain is an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study identified and characterized integrons in Salmonella isolates from a Brazilian pork production chain and associate them with their antibiotic resistance pattern. A total of 41 whole-genome sequencing data of nontyphoidal Salmonella were analyzed using PlasmidSPAdes and IntegronFinder software. Nine isolates (21.9%) had some integrons identified (complete and/or incomplete). Six complete class 1 integrons were found, with streptomycin resistance genes (aadA1, aadA2) alone or downstream of a trimethoprim resistance gene (dfrA1, dfrA12), and some also containing resistance genes for sulfonamides (sul1, sul3) and chloramphenicol (cmlA1). Class 2 integron was detected in only one isolate, containing dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 gene cassettes. Five isolates harbored CALINs-clusters attC but lacking integrases-with antimicrobial resistance genes typically found in integron structures. In all, integrons were observed among four serotypes: Derby, Bredeney, Panama, and monophasic var. Typhimurium I 4,[5],12:i:-. The association of integrons with antibiotic resistance phenotype showed that these elements were predominantly identified in multidrug resistance isolates, and six of the seven gentamicin-resistant isolates had integrons. So, surveillance of integrons in Salmonella should be performed to identify the potential for the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela da Silva Rodrigues
- InsPOA - Laboratory of Food Inspection, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira de Araujo
- InsPOA - Laboratory of Food Inspection, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Cibeli Viana
- InsPOA - Laboratory of Food Inspection, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- InsPOA - Laboratory of Food Inspection, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- InsPOA - Laboratory of Food Inspection, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Brazil
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Herraiz-Carboné M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, Sainz de Baranda C, Riquelme E, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Sáez C. A review on disinfection technologies for controlling the antibiotic resistance spread. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149150. [PMID: 34303979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in water bodies poses a sanitary and environmental risk. These ARB and other mobile genetic elements can be easily spread from hospital facilities, the point in which, for sure, they are more concentrated. For this reason, novel clean and efficient technologies are being developed for allowing to remove these ARB and other mobile genetic elements before their uncontrolled spread. In this paper, a review on the recent knowledge about the state of the art of the main disinfection technologies to control the antibiotic resistance spread from natural water, wastewater, and hospital wastewater (including urine matrices) is reported. These technologies involve not only conventional processes, but also the recent advances on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs). This review summarizes the state of the art on the applicability of these technologies and also focuses on the description of the disinfection mechanisms by each technology, highlighting the promising impact of EAOPs on the remediation of this important environmental and health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herraiz-Carboné
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Infante Don Juan Manuel, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Salvador Cotillas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Infante Don Juan Manuel, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Engracia Lacasa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Infante Don Juan Manuel, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Caridad Sainz de Baranda
- Clinical Parasitology and Microbiology Area, University Hospital Complex of Albacete, C/Hermanos Falcó 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Eva Riquelme
- Clinical Parasitology and Microbiology Area, University Hospital Complex of Albacete, C/Hermanos Falcó 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Ghaly TM, Gillings MR, Penesyan A, Qi Q, Rajabal V, Tetu SG. The Natural History of Integrons. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2212. [PMID: 34835338 PMCID: PMC8618304 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrons were first identified because of their central role in assembling and disseminating antibiotic resistance genes in commensal and pathogenic bacteria. However, these clinically relevant integrons represent only a small proportion of integron diversity. Integrons are now known to be ancient genetic elements that are hotspots for genomic diversity, helping to generate adaptive phenotypes. This perspective examines the diversity, functions, and activities of integrons within both natural and clinical environments. We show how the fundamental properties of integrons exquisitely pre-adapted them to respond to the selection pressures imposed by the human use of antimicrobial compounds. We then follow the extraordinary increase in abundance of one class of integrons (class 1) that has resulted from its acquisition by multiple mobile genetic elements, and subsequent colonisation of diverse bacterial species, and a wide range of animal hosts. Consequently, this class of integrons has become a significant pollutant in its own right, to the extent that it can now be detected in most ecosystems. As human activities continue to drive environmental instability, integrons will likely continue to play key roles in bacterial adaptation in both natural and clinical settings. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of integrons can help us predict and shape these outcomes that have direct relevance to human and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Ghaly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (T.M.G.); (A.P.); (Q.Q.); (V.R.)
| | - Michael R. Gillings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (T.M.G.); (A.P.); (Q.Q.); (V.R.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Anahit Penesyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (T.M.G.); (A.P.); (Q.Q.); (V.R.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Qin Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (T.M.G.); (A.P.); (Q.Q.); (V.R.)
| | - Vaheesan Rajabal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (T.M.G.); (A.P.); (Q.Q.); (V.R.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Sasha G. Tetu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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