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Gamalo LE, Ilham K, Jones-Engel L, Gill M, Sweet R, Aldrich B, Phiapalath P, Van Bang T, Ahmed T, Kite S, Paramasivam S, Seiha H, Zainol MZ, Nielsen DRK, Ruppert N, Fuentes A, Hansen MF. Removal from the wild endangers the once widespread long-tailed macaque. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23547. [PMID: 37667504 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2022, long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), a once ubiquitous primate species, was elevated to Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. In 2023, recognizing that the long-tailed macaque is threatened by multiple factors: (1) declining native habitats across Southeast Asia; (2) overutilization for scientific, commercial, and recreational purposes; (3) inadequate regulatory mechanisms; and (4) culling due to human-macaque conflicts, a petition for rulemaking was submitted to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to add the species to the US Endangered Species Act, the nation's most effective law to protect at risk species. The long-tailed macaque remains unprotected across much of its geographical range despite the documented continual decline of the species and related sub-species and the recent IUCN reassessment. This commentary presents a review of the factors that have contributed to the dramatic decline of this keystone species and makes a case for raising the level of protection they receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lief Erikson Gamalo
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for Human-Primate Interactions, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Kurnia Ilham
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for Human-Primate Interactions, Gland, Switzerland
- Museum Zoology, Department of Biology, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Mike Gill
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- Technological Primates Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebecca Sweet
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- Animal Management Department, East Durham College, Peterlee, UK
| | - Brooke Aldrich
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for Human-Primate Interactions, Gland, Switzerland
- Asia for Animals Coalition, Torpoint, UK
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, Torpoint, UK
| | - Phaivanh Phiapalath
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for South and South East Asia, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Tran Van Bang
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Tanvir Ahmed
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for Human-Primate Interactions, Gland, Switzerland
- Nature Conservation Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Kite
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- Action for Primates, London, UK
| | - Sharmini Paramasivam
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for Human-Primate Interactions, Gland, Switzerland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Hun Seiha
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- Conservation International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Muhammad Z Zainol
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Malaysian Primatological Society, Kulim, Malaysia
| | | | - Nadine Ruppert
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for South and South East Asia, Gland, Switzerland
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Malaysian Primatological Society, Kulim, Malaysia
| | - Agustin Fuentes
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Malene F Hansen
- The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Broerup, Denmark
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for Human-Primate Interactions, Gland, Switzerland
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Section for South and South East Asia, Gland, Switzerland
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Behavioural Ecology Group, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Capuchin monkey (Sapajus spp.) diet: current knowledge, gaps, and future directions. Primates 2023; 64:305-317. [PMID: 36847940 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the feeding habits of primate species is important for an understanding of their natural history and ecological interactions between their groups, and their interactions with their environments. Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) present significant diet flexibility and are a good model for investigating diet diversity between species. We undertook a systematic literature review of publications on the diet of free-living Sapajus spp. groups by using the Web of Science platform. We performed scientometric analyses of the objectives and hypotheses of the reviewed works, identified knowledge gaps, and evaluated the composition of each group's diet. Our results indicate geographic and taxonomic biases among the 59 published studies that we examined. The studies were focused on Sapajus nigritus, Sapajus libidinosus, and Sapajus apella, and undertaken in long-term study sites. Foraging and behavioral aspects of how food is processed were recurring themes. Capuchin monkeys increase their consumption of anthropogenic food according to its supply. Despite the similar objectives of these studies, standardized data collection protocols were not employed. Although Sapajus spp. are widely distributed and are used for cognitive studies, basic aspects of their natural history, such as their diet, remain unknown. We emphasize the importance of undertaking studies on this genus to fill the identified knowledge gaps, and propose that investigations should be carried out on the effects of dietary changes on individuals and groups. We stress that, as the Neotropical region is one of those most affected by anthropogenic impacts, opportunities to study these primates in their natural environments are diminishing daily.
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Godard R, Holtzman S. The Multidimensional Lexicon of Emojis: A New Tool to Assess the Emotional Content of Emojis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:921388. [PMID: 35756218 PMCID: PMC9231464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.921388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies suggest that emojis can make important contributions to the emotional content and meaning of digital messages. Yet researchers currently lack adequate tools to incorporate emojis into their analyses. To address this gap, we used over 3 million Twitter posts from a period of 17 months and emotion ratings provided by 2,230 human raters to develop and validate the Multidimensional Lexicon of Emojis (MLE). This new lexicon consists of 359 common emojis rated on ten emotion and sentiment dimensions. The MLE is an open-access tool that holds promise for those interested in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the emotional content of digital communication that incorporates emojis and goes beyond the dimensions of negativity and positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Godard
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Susan Holtzman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Cronin KA, Leahy M, Ross SR, Wilder Schook M, Ferrie GM, Alba AC. Younger generations are more interested than older generations in having non-domesticated animals as pets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262208. [PMID: 35081132 PMCID: PMC8791465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade and private ownership of non-domesticated animals has detrimental effects on individual animals and their wild populations. Therefore, there is a need to understand the conditions that motivate and dissuade interest in non-domesticated pet ownership. Past research has demonstrated that the way in which non-domesticated animals are portrayed in images influences the public’s perception that they are suitable as pets. We conducted an online survey of people residing in the United States to investigate how viewing images that could be realistically captured in the zoo and broader tourism industries impact the degree to which people report interest in having that animal as a pet. We focused on two species, reticulated pythons (Malayopython reticulatus) and two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni), and presented each species in six different visual contexts. After viewing an image, respondents reported interest in pet ownership on a four-point Likert scale. Each species was studied separately in a between-subjects design and results were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression models. Thirty-nine percent of respondents reported interest in sloth pet ownership, and 21% reported interest in python pet ownership. However, contrary to our hypotheses, we found that viewing these species in different visual contexts did not significantly affect survey respondents’ reported interest in having either species as a pet. Generation was a significant predictor of interest in both sloth and python pet ownership, with younger generations reporting more interest in having these species as pets. Male respondents reported more interest in python pet ownership, whereas there were no significant differences between genders regarding interest in sloth ownership. We consider how modern media exposure to animals in unnatural contexts may relate to the generational effect and discuss priorities for future research to better understand the development of individual interests in non-domesticated pet ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Cronin
- Animal Welfare Science Program, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maureen Leahy
- Animal Welfare Science Program, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Ross
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mandi Wilder Schook
- Animals, Science and Environment, Disney’s Animal Kingdom®, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gina M. Ferrie
- Animals, Science and Environment, Disney’s Animal Kingdom®, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Alba
- Animals, Science and Environment, Disney’s Animal Kingdom®, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States of America
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