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Thongphok CE, Gyampo AO, Fioraso E, Ramolins AO, Hills EG, Coates CE, Ives SJ. Unilateral Exercise and Bilateral Vascular Health in Female Tennis Players and Active Controls. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:107. [PMID: 40278733 PMCID: PMC12031559 DOI: 10.3390/sports13040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2025] [Revised: 03/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP), interarm differences (IAD) in BP, and arterial stiffness (AS) are related to cardiovascular disease risk and are attenuated by exercise training. While active, tennis players (TP) experience bilateral differences in shear stress, and thus vascular function due to the unilateral nature of the sport. However, it is unknown if this translates into attenuated bilateral differences in peripheral blood pressure (pBP), estimated central blood pressure (cBP), and AS, which could provide insight into the local versus systemic effects of exercise training on BP in women. PURPOSE to evaluate bilateral differences in pBP, cBP, and AS in Division III female college TP and healthy recreationally active (RA) age- and sex-matched controls. METHODS In a parallel design, TP (n = 10) and RA controls (n = 10) were assessed for anthropometrics, body composition, and bilateral BP measurements using oscillometric cuff technique. RESULTS TP and RA were well-matched for body weight, body fat percentage, and BMI (all, p > 0.69). Interaction of arm and group, and effects of arm, or group were insignificant for pSBP and pDBP (all, p > 0.137). IAD in pSBP tended lower in TP (p = 0.096, d = 0.8), but IAD in cSBP was lower (p = 0.040, d = 0.8). Augmentation pressure and index were different between arms (p = 0.02), but no interactions (group by arm) were observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In groups well-matched for age and body composition, TP tended to have lower BP and IAD in pSBP, but cSBP revealed ~50% lower IAD in TP. Thus, measurement site and exercise training matter when assessing arterial stiffness and interarm differences in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhtel E. Thongphok
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (C.E.T.); (A.O.G.); (E.F.); (A.O.R.); (E.G.H.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Abena O. Gyampo
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (C.E.T.); (A.O.G.); (E.F.); (A.O.R.); (E.G.H.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Elisa Fioraso
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (C.E.T.); (A.O.G.); (E.F.); (A.O.R.); (E.G.H.); (C.E.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Anneli O. Ramolins
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (C.E.T.); (A.O.G.); (E.F.); (A.O.R.); (E.G.H.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Elianna G. Hills
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (C.E.T.); (A.O.G.); (E.F.); (A.O.R.); (E.G.H.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Claire E. Coates
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (C.E.T.); (A.O.G.); (E.F.); (A.O.R.); (E.G.H.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Stephen J. Ives
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (C.E.T.); (A.O.G.); (E.F.); (A.O.R.); (E.G.H.); (C.E.C.)
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Tóth PJ, Trzaskoma-Bicsérdy G, Trzaskoma Ł, Négyesi J, Dobos K, Havanecz K, Sáfár S, Ökrös C. Comparison of External and Internal Training Loads in Elite Junior Male Tennis Players During Offensive vs. Defensive Strategy Conditions: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:101. [PMID: 40278727 PMCID: PMC12031333 DOI: 10.3390/sports13040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2025] [Revised: 03/14/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
The aim of our pilot study was to investigate the effects of offensive and defensive strategy conditions on external and internal training load factors in male tennis players. This study included six elite junior male tennis players (chronological age: 15.7 ± 1.0; body height: 180.7 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 71.0 ± 10.8 kg) who had to play two simulated matches. Among the external training load variables, running activities were measured with a GPS sensor operating at 10 Hz and a 100 Hz tri-axial piezoelectric linear accelerometer integrated into it; furthermore, tennis shot activities were measured with a tennis racket-mounted smart sensor. Internal training load was measured subjectively using the RPE method. The results show that players scored significantly higher on the PlayerLoad (p = 0.031; r = 0.90) and IMA CoD low right (p = 0.031; r = 0.90) running variables and on the forehand spin (p = 0.031; r = 0.90) and backhand spin (p = 0.031; r = 0.90) when using a defensive strategy. There were no significant differences between the two strategy conditions in all other external and internal training load parameters. The defensive strategy has more acceleration in all three planes of motion, suggesting that conditioning training should be placed in the intermittent endurance capacities for players who predominantly use this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter János Tóth
- Department of Sport Games, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (K.D.); (C.Ö.)
| | | | - Łukasz Trzaskoma
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - János Négyesi
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Károly Dobos
- Department of Sport Games, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (K.D.); (C.Ö.)
| | - Krisztián Havanecz
- Training Theory and Methodology Research Center, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sándor Sáfár
- Training Theory and Methodology Research Center, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Csaba Ökrös
- Department of Sport Games, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (K.D.); (C.Ö.)
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Winata B, Brochhagen J, Apriantono T, Hoppe MW. Match-play data according to playing categories in badminton: a systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2025; 7:1466778. [PMID: 40078442 PMCID: PMC11897274 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1466778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction This systematic review aimed to investigate differences in match-play data according to the five playing categories in badminton. Materials and methods The systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches were conducted on ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Studies assessing technical-tactical actions, activity profiles, or external and internal loads as match-play outcome measures according to the five playing categories in badminton were deemed eligible. Quality assessment was performed using a modified version of the AMSTAR-2 checklist to compare the outcome measures, effect sizes (ES) and associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Of the 12,967 studies that were identified, 34 met the eligibility criteria. Among these, 29 and five were rated as excellent and good quality, respectively. Some individual ESs of activity profiles showed up to large differences (ES ≤ 4.52) favouring the men's compared with the women's singles category. Some individual ESs of activity profiles showed up to large differences (ES ≤ -2.72) favouring the women's doubles category compared with other doubles categories. The overall ESs for the activity profiles were large (ES = -0.76 to -0.90), favouring the doubles over the singles categories in both sexes. Discussion There are up to large differences in match-play data according to the five playing categories in badminton, each category placing specific demands on the players. Thus, each category requires specific training and testing procedures, what should be considered by scientists and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagus Winata
- Department of Sports Science, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Exercise Science, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joana Brochhagen
- Department of Exercise Science, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tommy Apriantono
- Department of Sports Science, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Matthias Wilhelm Hoppe
- Department of Exercise Science, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Armstrong C, Reid M, Beale C, Girard O. A Comparison of Match Load Between Padel and Singles and Doubles Tennis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:512-522. [PMID: 36965486 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify match load associated with padel and compare responses with both singles and doubles tennis. METHODS On separate days, 12 participants (7 men and 5 women) played 60-minute padel (PADEL), singles tennis (SINGLES), and doubles tennis (DOUBLES) simulated games. Participants wore a 10-Hz GPS/100-Hz triaxial accelerometer unit and heart-rate monitor. Exercise-related sensations and blood lactate concentration were monitored every 20 minutes. Match-play characteristics (temporal structure) and shot selection were derived from video analysis. Vertical jump ability was assessed before and after each game. RESULTS Heart rate, exercise-related sensations (overall perceived exertion and limb discomfort), and physical load (total distance covered, PlayerLoad, acceleration density and load) for SINGLES were higher compared with DOUBLES and PADEL (all P ≤ .05). Blood lactate concentrations remained low (1-2 mmol·L-1) and did not differ between conditions. Effective playing time (P < .001) was lower in SINGLES and DOUBLES compared with PADEL. The number of forehands (P = .002) and backhands (P < .001) was greater for SINGLES than for DOUBLES and PADEL. The number of volleys/smashes and lobs (P < .05) was greater for PADEL compared with SINGLES and DOUBLES. Performance for squat, countermovement, and multirebound jumps was similarly reduced below baseline after match play (P < .05), independent of condition. CONCLUSION Padel imposes a unique match load on players that is different from singles tennis and more closely resembles that of doubles tennis. Cardiovascular stimulation and physical load are highest in singles tennis, while padel sees players hit a larger variety of shots with higher effective playing percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Armstrong
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
- Tennis Australia, Melbourne,Australia
| | - Machar Reid
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
- Tennis Australia, Melbourne,Australia
| | | | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
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Cádiz Gallardo MP, Pradas de la Fuente F, Moreno-Azze A, Carrasco Páez L. Physiological demands of racket sports: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1149295. [PMID: 37063547 PMCID: PMC10101231 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1149295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of racket sports has had an exponential growth in the last decade, along with it, the scientific interest in researching the different disciplines: badminton, padel, table tennis, tennis, and squash. However, most research has focused on the technical and tactical field. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze and compare the indicators of the internal load of each sport: heart rate (HR), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen consumption (VO2), and lactate (LA) in order to reset physiological references to adjust the training of the players and also use these references to propose the practice of these sports for healthy purposes to the general population. PRISMA Guidelines for Systematic Review were used to search for articles that met the inclusion criteria in three databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, and Sportdiscus. The search was performed between January 2010, and September 2022. Finally, a total 27 records were included for analysis in this study. The main findings were related to the differences in the intensity rates between sports. The highest lactate concentrations and heart values were found in badminton in the intensity of effort values (whose highest values were found in badminton) 10.11 (±4.99) mmol/L and 182.6 (±2.7) bpm respectively, whereas table tennis showed the lowest ones 1.2 (± 0.4) mmol/L, and 103.99 (±15.09) bpm, respectively. The highest mean VO2 was found in table tennis with a value of 36.8 (±13.2) ml/kg/min and the lowest in tennis with a value of 26.6 (±2.7) ml/kg/min. The highest VO2max was found in tennis players 58.0 (±4.6) ml/kg/min, and the lowest value was in table tennis with a value of 42.9 (±4.2) ml/kg/min. Since most of the studies were carried out on elite men players, future research should focus on amateur and women level players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Pradas de la Fuente
- Training, Physical Activity and Sports Performance Research Group (ENFYRED), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco Pradas de la Fuente,
| | | | - Luis Carrasco Páez
- , BIOFANEX Research Group (CTS-972), Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
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Grim C, Baumgart C, Schlarmann M, Hotfiel T, Javanmardi S, Hoffmann N, Kurz E, Freiwald J, Engelhardt M, Hoppe MW. Effects of Different Orthoses on Neuromuscular Activity of Superficial and Deep Shoulder Muscles during Activities of Daily Living and Physiotherapeutic Exercises in Healthy Participants. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122068. [PMID: 36556288 PMCID: PMC9786644 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effects of different shoulder orthoses on the neuromuscular activity of superficial and deep shoulder muscles during activities of daily living (ADL) and physiotherapeutic exercises. METHODS Ten participants with healthy shoulders (31 ± 3 years, 23.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2) were randomized to receive a "shoulder sling", an "abduction pillow" and a "variably adjustable orthosis" on the dominant side. With each orthosis, they completed seven ADL with and four physiotherapeutic exercises without wearing the orthoses. An electromyographic system was used to record the neuromuscular activity of three superficial (trapezius, deltoid, pectoralis major) and two deep shoulder muscles (infraspinatus, supraspinatus) using surface and intramuscular fine-wire electrodes. RESULTS The neuromuscular activity differs between the orthoses during ADL (p ≤ 0.045), whereby the "variably adjustable orthosis" mostly showed the highest activation levels associated with the worst subjective wearing comfort rated on a visual analog scale. In addition, differences exist between the physiotherapeutic exercises (p ≤ 0.006) demonstrating the highest activations of the infra- and supraspinatus muscles for assistive elevation and wipe across a table, middle for pendulum and lowest for continuous passive motion exercises. CONCLUSIONS The neuromuscular activity of superficial and deep shoulder muscles differs between the orthoses during ADL and also between the physiotherapeutic exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Grim
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Osnabrück (OZMC), Klinikum Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 1, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
- Institute for Health Research and Education (IGB), Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrueck, Nelson-Mandela-Straße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Christian Baumgart
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlarmann
- Institute of Human Movement and Sport Scienes, University of Osnabrueck, Jahnstraße 75, 49080 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Thilo Hotfiel
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Osnabrück (OZMC), Klinikum Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 1, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sasha Javanmardi
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Osnabrück (OZMC), Klinikum Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 1, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Eduard Kurz
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Freiwald
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Engelhardt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Osnabrück (OZMC), Klinikum Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 1, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Hoppe
- Movement and Training Science, Leipzig University, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-97-31823
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Environmental and Psychophysical Heat Stress in Adolescent Tennis Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1895-1900. [PMID: 34021093 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the environmental conditions in which all outdoor International Tennis Federation (ITF) junior tournaments (athlete ages: <18 y) were held during 2010-2019. Thereafter, we performed a crossover trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04197375) assessing the efficacy of head-neck precooling for mitigating the heat-induced psychophysical and performance impacts on junior athletes during tennis match play. METHODS ITF junior tournament information was collected. We identified meteorological data from nearby (13.6 [20.3] km) weather stations for 3056 (76%) tournaments. RESULTS Overall, 30.1% of tournaments were held in hot (25°C-30°C wet-bulb globe temperature [WBGT]; 25.9%), very hot (30°C-35°C WBGT; 4.1%), or extremely hot (>35°C WBGT; 0.1%) conditions. Thereafter, 8 acclimatized male junior tennis athletes (age = 16.0 [0.9] y; height = 1.82 [0.04] m; weight = 71.3 [11.1] kg) were evaluated during 2 matches: one with head-neck precooling (27.7°C [2.2°C] WBGT) and one without (27.9°C [1.8°C] WBGT). Head-neck precooling reduced athletes' core temperature from 36.9°C (0.2°C) to 36.4°C (0.2°C) (P = .001; d = 2.4), an effect reduced by warm-up. Head-neck precooling reduced skin temperature (by 0.3°C [1.3°C]) for the majority of the match and led to improved (P < .05) perceived exertion (by 13%), thermal comfort (by 14%), and thermal sensation (by 15%). Muscle temperature, heart rate, body weight, and urine specific gravity remained unaffected (P ≥ .05; d < 0.2). Small or moderate improvements were observed in most performance parameters assessed (d = 0.20-0.79). CONCLUSIONS Thirty percent of the last decade's ITF junior tournaments were held in hot, very hot, or extremely hot conditions (25°C-36°C WBGT). In such conditions, head-neck precooling may somewhat lessen the physiological and perceptual heat strain and lead to small to moderate improvements in the match-play performance of adolescent athletes.
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