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Breglia F, Bouby L, Wales N, Ivorra S, Fiorentino G. Disentangling the origins of viticulture in the western Mediterranean. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17284. [PMID: 37828091 PMCID: PMC10570292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We present direct evidence of early grape domestication in southern Italy via a multidisciplinary study of pip assemblage from one site, shedding new light on the spread of viticulture in the western Mediterranean during the Bronze Age. This consist of 55 waterlogged pips from Grotta di Pertosa, a Middle Bronze Age settlement in the south of the Italian peninsula. Direct radiocarbon dating of pips was carried out, confirming the chronological consistency of the samples with their archaeological contexts (ca. 1450-1200 BCE). The extraordinary state of conservation of the sample allowed to perform geometric morphometric (GMM) and paleogenetic analyses (aDNA) at the same time. The combination of the two methods has irrefutably shown the presence of domestic grapevines, together with wild ones, in Southern Italy during the Middle/Late Bronze Age. The results converge towards an oriental origin of the domestic grapes, most likely arriving from the Aegean area through the Mycenaeans. A parent/offspring kinship was also recognised between a domestic/wild hybrid individual and a domestic clonal group. This data point out a little known aspect of the diffusion of the first viticulture in Italy, and therefore in the western Mediterranean, which involved the hybridization between imported domestic varieties with, likely local, wild vines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Breglia
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Cultural Heritage Department, University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Laurent Bouby
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathan Wales
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO1 7EP, UK
| | - Sarah Ivorra
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Girolamo Fiorentino
- Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Cultural Heritage Department, University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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Jesus A, Bonhomme V, Evin A, Soteras R, Jacomet S, Bouby L, Antolín F. Morphometrics of waterlogged archaeological seeds give new insights into the domestication and spread of Papaver somniferum L. in Western Europe. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286190. [PMID: 37228077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Domesticated opium poppy Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum probably originated in the Western Mediterranean from its possible wild progenitor, Papaver somniferum L. subsp. setigerum and spread to other European regions. Seeds of opium poppy have been identified in different European regions since the Early Neolithic (from the 6th millennium cal. BC onwards) period. However, until recently, the absence of morphological identification criteria has prevented the discrimination between wild and domestic morphotypes. New morphometric approaches to distinguish modern subspecies have been proven to be applicable to waterlogged archaeological remains, opening the possibility of understanding the process of domestication of the plant in both time and space. This paper applies seed outline analyses, namely elliptic Fourier transforms, combined with size and number of cells to archaeological waterlogged Papaver seeds throughout the Neolithic period in the NW Mediterranean and the surroundings of the Alps. Furthermore, one example from the Late Bronze Age (LBA) was added to see what kind of differences appeared during the >1000 years between the end of the Neolithic and the LBA. The aim of the study is to classify the archaeological seeds as domestic or wild morphotypes and observe morphometric changes in connection to geographical and chronological patterns that can explain the spread and domestication process(es) of this important crop. A total of 295 archaeological seeds coming from 10 waterlogged sites dating between 5300-2300 cal. BC (Neolithic), and one LBA site dating to 1070 cal. BC were analysed. The results indicate the presence of seeds, similar to the wild morphotype, in the Mediterranean sites and larger seeds, similar to the domestic morphotype, in the regions surrounding the Alps. The number of cells mainly increased during the Late Neolithic (3300 to 2300 cal. BC) and, finally, in the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1050-800 cal. BC), larger, morphologically domesticated seeds are clearly predominant. A change in the shape of the seeds is only clearly visible in the LBA material. Altogether our results suggest that opium poppy seeds show no sign of domestication in the early periods of the Neolithic, despite the fact that the plant was very probably already cultivated at that time in the western Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Département Paléo-Ecosystèmes, Climat, Sociétés (PAST), ISEM, University of Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Allowen Evin
- Département Paléo-Ecosystèmes, Climat, Sociétés (PAST), ISEM, University of Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Raül Soteras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bouby
- Département Paléo-Ecosystèmes, Climat, Sociétés (PAST), ISEM, University of Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferran Antolín
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Bonhomme V, Ivorra S, Lacombe T, Evin A, Figueiral I, Maghradze D, Marchal C, Pagnoux C, Pastor T, Pomarèdes H, Bacilieri R, Terral JF, Bouby L. Pip shape echoes grapevine domestication history. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21381. [PMID: 34725430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The pip, as the most common grapevine archaeological remain, is extensively used to document past viticulture dynamics. This paper uses state of the art morphological analyses to analyse the largest reference collection of modern pips to date, representative of the present-day diversity of the domesticated grapevine from Western Eurasia. We tested for a costructure between the form of the modern pips and the: destination use (table/wine), geographical origins, and populational labels obtained through two molecular approaches. Significant structuring is demonstrated for each of these cofactors and for the first time it is possible to infer properties of varieties without going through the parallel with modern varieties. These results provide a unique tool that can be applied to archaeological pips in order to reconstruct the spatio-temporal dynamics of grape diversity on a large scale and to better understand viticulture history. The models obtained were then used to infer the affiliations with archaeobotanical remains recovered in Mas de Vignoles XIV (Nîmes, France). The results show a twofold shift between the Late Iron Age and the Middle Ages, from table to wine grape varieties and from eastern to western origins which correlates with previous palaeogenomic results.
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Cureau N, Threlfall R, Savin M, Marasini D, Lavefve L, Carbonero F. Year, Location, and Variety Impact on Grape-, Soil-, and Leaf-Associated Fungal Microbiota of Arkansas-Grown Table Grapes. Microb Ecol 2021; 82:73-86. [PMID: 33515050 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the recent advancement of next-generation sequencing methods, there has been an increase in studies on identification of vineyard microbiota, winery-associated microbiota, and microbiota in wine fermentation. However, there have been few studies investigating the fungal microbiota of table grapes which present distinct spoilage and food safety challenges. The aims of this study were to identify and compare the impact of year, variety, and vineyard location on grape, leaf, and soil fungal communities of two varieties of table grapes, Faith and Gratitude, grown in two open-air vineyards and one high tunnel vineyard. The grape, leaf, and soil mycobiota were analyzed using high throughput amplicon sequencing of the ITS region. The sampling year and location of table grapes had an impact on grape, leaf, and soil mycobiota. Fungal diversity of grape, leaf, and soil was greater in 2017 than in 2016. Grape and leaf samples presented strong similarities in fungal communities with abundance of Sporidiobolaceae and Filobasidium in two vineyards and Cladosporium in another one. The high tunnel structure had distinct grape and leaf fungal communities compared to the two other vineyard locations. Mortierella was the predominant genus (27%) in soil samples for the three locations; however, genera of lower abundance varied between locations. These results provide extensive description of fungal communities in less-studied table grape vineyards and high tunnels, providing useful insight of potential threats and preventive strategies to help improve the production and marketability of table grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Cureau
- Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Renee Threlfall
- Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Mary Savin
- Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Daya Marasini
- Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Laura Lavefve
- Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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Jesus A, Bonhomme V, Evin A, Ivorra S, Soteras R, Salavert A, Antolín F, Bouby L. A morphometric approach to track opium poppy domestication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9778. [PMID: 33963241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum) was likely domesticated in the Western Mediterranean, where its putative wild ancestor is indigenous, and then spread to central and northern Europe. While opium poppy seeds are regularly identified in archaeobotanical studies, the absence of morphological criteria to distinguish the seeds of wild and domestic forms prevents the documentation of their respective historical and geographical occurrences and of the process of opium domestication as a whole. To fill this gap and better understand the status of this crop in the Neolithic, we combined seed outline analyses, namely elliptic Fourier transforms, with other morphometric descriptors to describe and identify Papaver setigerum, Papaver somniferum and other Papaver taxa. The combination of all measured parameters gives the most precise predictions for the identification of all seven taxa. We finally provide a case study on a Neolithic assemblage from a pile-dwelling site in Switzerland (Zurich-Parkhaus Opéra, ca. 3170 BC). Our results indicate the presence of mixed populations of domestic and wild seeds belonging to the P. somniferum group, suggesting that the plant was already in the process of domestication at the end of 4th millennium BC. Altogether, these results pave the way to understand the geography and history of the poppy domestication and its spread into Europe.
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Bonhomme V, Terral JF, Zech-Matterne V, Ivorra S, Lacombe T, Deborde G, Kuchler P, Limier B, Pastor T, Rollet P, Bouby L. Seed morphology uncovers 1500 years of vine agrobiodiversity before the advent of the Champagne wine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2305. [PMID: 33504834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial aspect of viticulture is finally unveiled as the historical dynamics of its agrobiodiversity are described in the Champagne region for the first time. Outline analyses were carried out to compare the morphology of archaeological grape seeds from Troyes and Reims (first c. AD to fifteenth c. AD) with that of a reference collection of modern seeds, including wild vines and traditional grape varieties, believed to be ancient and characteristic of the French vine heritage. This allows us to document the chronological dynamics of the use of the wild Vitis type and of the diversity of the varieties used, based on morphological disparity. After showing the existence of morphological types corresponding to geographical groups, we highlight a geochronological dynamic. Our results show that the wild type is used throughout the series, up to the Middle Ages. In addition, domestic forms, morphologically related to southern varietal groups, are very early involved in the Champagne grape agrodiversity. The groups corresponding to the typical grape varieties of today do not appear until the second millennium. These previously unsuspected dynamics are discussed in light of the social, societal and climatic changes documented for the period.
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