An electrochemical biosensor for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA from sputum and urine samples

Bioreceptor modified electrochemical biosensors for the detection of life threating pathogenic bacteria: a review

The lack of reliable and efficient techniques for early monitoring to stop long-term effects on human health is an increasing problem as the pathogenesis effect of infectious bacteria is growing continuously. Therefore, developing an effective early detection technique coupled with efficient and continuous monitoring of pathogenic bacteria is increasingly becoming a global public health prime target. Electrochemical biosensors are among the strategies that can be utilized for accomplishing that goal with promising potential. In recent years, identifying target biological analytes by interacting with bioreceptors modified electrodes is among the most commonly used detection techniques in electrochemical biosensing strategies. The commonly employed bioreceptors are nucleic acid molecules (DNA or RNA), proteins, antibodies, enzymes, organisms, tissues, and biomimetic components such as molecularly imprinted polymers. Despite the advancement in electrochemical biosensing, developing a reliable and effective biosensor for detecting pathogenic bacteria is still in the infancy stage with so much room for growth. A major milestone in addressing some of the issues and improving the detection pathway is the investigation of specific bacterial detection techniques. The present study covers the fundamental concepts of electrochemical biosensors, human PB illnesses, and the latest electrochemical biosensors based on bioreceptor elements that are designed to detect specific pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to assist researchers with the most up-to-date research work in the field of bio-electrochemical pathogenic bacteria detection and monitoring.

Biosensors; nanomaterial-based methods in diagnosing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) before the progression of pulmonary infection can be very effective in its early treatment. The Mtb grows so slowly that it takes about 6-8 weeks to be diagnosed even using sensitive cell culture methods. The main opponent in tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) epidemiology, like in all contagious diseases, is to pinpoint the source of infection and reveal its transmission and dispersion ways in the environment. It is crucial to be able to distinguish and monitor specific mycobacterium strains in order to do this. In food analysis, clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and bioprocess, biosensing technologies have been improved to manage and detect Mtb. Biosensors are progressively being considered pioneering tools for point-of-care diagnostics in Mtb discoveries. In this review, we present an epitome of recent developments of biosensing technologies for M. tuberculosis detection, which are categorized on the basis of types of electrochemical, Fluorescent, Photo-thermal, Lateral Flow, Magneto-resistive, Laser, Plasmonic, and Optic biosensors.

An insight to the recent advancements in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using biosensors: A systematic review

Since ancient times, Tuberculosis (TB) has been a severe invasive illness that has been prevalent for thousands of years and is also known as "consumption" or phthisis. TB is the most common chronic lung bacterial illness in the world, killing over 2 million people each year, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). As per the reports of WHO, in spite of technology advancements, the average rate of decline in global TB infections from 2000-2018 was only 1.6% per year, and the worldwide reduction in TB deaths was only 11%. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic has reversed years of global progress in tackling TB with fewer diagnosed cases. The majority of undiagnosed patients of TB are found in low- and middle-income countries where the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and sputum smear microscopy have been approved by the WHO as reference procedures for quickly detecting TB. Biosensors, like other cutting-edge technologies, have piqued researchers' interest since they offer a quick and accurate way to identify MTB. Modern integrated technologies allow for the rapid, low-cost, and highly precise detection of analytes in extremely little amounts of sample by biosensors. Here in this review, we outlined the severity of tuberculosis (TB) and the most recent developments in the biosensors sector, as well as their various kinds and benefits for TB detection. The review also emphasizes how widespread TB is and how it needs accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.