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Ochman FJ, Shields MC. COVID-19 Mitigation Activities in Inpatient Psychiatry Were Associated With Patient-Reported Institutional Betrayal, Changes in Trust, and Fear of Getting Sick. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2024; 61:469580241237689. [PMID: 38462912 PMCID: PMC10929037 DOI: 10.1177/00469580241237689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Institutional betrayal occurs when the institutions that people depend on fail to protect them from harm, which was exemplified by a failure to manage COVID-19 risks. Inpatient psychiatry provides a rich context for which to understand the effects of institutional betrayal, and this is amplified in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a retrospective cohort design, we administered an online survey to former patients (n = 172) of inpatient psychiatry hospitalized at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 to February 2021) to understand the relationship between facilities' use of COVID-19 mitigation activities (ie, offering or requiring face masks, keeping patients and staff 6 feet apart, access to hand sanitizer, use of telemedicine for clinical consults, and routine cleanliness of the unit) and former patients' reports of institutional betrayal, changes in their trust in mental healthcare providers, fear of getting sick, and having contracted or witnessed someone else contract COVID-19. The quantity of COVID-19 mitigation activities was monotonically negatively associated with the probability of reporting any betrayal, the probability of reduced trust in mental healthcare providers, and the probability of being afraid of getting sick always or most of the time while hospitalized. COVID-19 mitigation activities either directly affected these psychological outcomes, or facilities that engaged in robust mitigation had greater cultures of safety and care quality. Additional qualitative work is needed to understand these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan C. Shields
- Washington University in St. Louis, Brown School, St. Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Peters JA, Farhadloo M. The Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Mortality: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. AJPM FOCUS 2023; 2:100125. [PMID: 37362389 PMCID: PMC10265928 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction To assess the effects of various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on cases, hospitalizations, and mortality during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods To empirically investigate the impacts of different NPIs on COVID-19-related health outcomes, a systematic literature review was conducted. We studied the effects of 10 NPIs on cases, hospitalizations, and mortality across three periodic lags (2, 3, and 4 weeks-or-more following implementation). Articles measuring the impact of NPIs were sourced from three databases by May 10, 2022, and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results Across the 44 papers, we found that mask wearing corresponded to decreased per capita cases across all lags (up to -2.71 per 100,000). All NPIs studied except business and bar/restaurant closures corresponded to reduced case growth rates in the two weeks following implementation, while policy stringency and travelling restrictions were most effective after four. While we did not find evidence of reduced deaths in our per capita estimates, policy stringency, masks, SIPOs, limited gatherings, school and business closures were associated with decreased mortality growth rates. Moreover, the two NPIs studied in hospitalizations (SIPOs and mask wearing) showed negative estimates. Conclusions When assessing the impact of NPIs, considering the duration of effectiveness following implementation has paramount significance. While some NPIs may reduce the COVID-19 impact, others can disrupt the mitigative progression of containing the virus. Policymakers should be aware of both the scale of their effectiveness and duration of impact when adopting these measures for future COVID-19 waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Peters
- Department of Supply Chain & Business Technology Management, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohsen Farhadloo
- Department of Supply Chain & Business Technology Management, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Perez-Nieto OR, Escarraman-Martinez D, Guerrero-Gutierrez MA, Zamarron-Lopez EI, Mancilla-Galindo J, Kammar-García A, Martinez-Camacho MA, Deloya-Tomás E, Sanchez-Díaz JS, Macías-García LA, Soriano-Orozco R, Cruz-Sánchez G, Salmeron-Gonzalez JD, Toledo-Rivera MA, Mata-Maqueda I, Morgado-Villaseñor LA, Martinez-Mazariegos JJ, Flores Ramirez R, Medina-Estrada JL, Ñamendys-Silva SA. Awake prone positioning and oxygen therapy in patients with COVID-19: the APRONOX study. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:2100265. [PMID: 34266942 PMCID: PMC8576803 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00265-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The awake prone positioning strategy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome is a safe, simple and cost-effective technique used to improve hypoxaemia. We aimed to evaluate intubation and mortality risk in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who underwent awake prone positioning during hospitalisation. METHODS In this retrospective, multicentre observational study conducted between 1 May 2020 and 12 June 2020 in 27 hospitals in Mexico and Ecuador, nonintubated patients with COVID-19 managed with awake prone or awake supine positioning were included to evaluate intubation and mortality risk through logistic regression models; multivariable and centre adjustment, propensity score analyses, and E-values were calculated to limit confounding. RESULTS 827 nonintubated patients with COVID-19 in the awake prone (n=505) and awake supine (n=322) groups were included for analysis. Fewer patients in the awake prone group required endotracheal intubation (23.6% versus 40.4%) or died (19.8% versus 37.3%). Awake prone positioning was a protective factor for intubation even after multivariable adjustment (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.24-0.52; p<0.0001, E=2.12), which prevailed after propensity score analysis (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.62; p<0.0001, E=1.86) and mortality (adjusted OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.26-0.55; p<0.0001, E=2.03). The main variables associated with intubation among awake prone patients were increasing age, lower baseline peripheral arterial oxygen saturation/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio (P aO2 /F IO2 ) and management with a nonrebreather mask. CONCLUSIONS Awake prone positioning in hospitalised nonintubated patients with COVID-19 is associated with a lower risk of intubation and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Escarraman-Martinez
- Dept of Anaesthesia, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional "LaRaza", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Javier Mancilla-Galindo
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Respiratory Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ashuin Kammar-García
- Emergency Dept, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jesús S Sanchez-Díaz
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Alta Especialidad IMSS "Adolfo Ruiz Cortines" Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Luis A Macías-García
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Regional ISSSTE "Fernando Quiroz Gutiérrez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivette Mata-Maqueda
- Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Querétaro, Ethics and Research Committee, Mexico
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Aristei L, D’Ambrosio F, Villani L, Rossi MF, Daniele A, Amantea C, Damiani G, Laurenti P, Ricciardi W, Gualano MR, Moscato U. Public Health Regulations and Policies Dealing with Preparedness and Emergency Management: The Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031091. [PMID: 35162115 PMCID: PMC8834436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the management of health emergencies requires a high degree of preparedness and resilience on the part of governments and health systems. Indeed, disasters are becoming increasingly common, with significant health, social, and economic impacts. Living in a globalized world also means that emergencies that occur in one country often have an international, in some cases global, spread: the COVID-19 pandemic is a cogent example. The key elements in emergency management are central governance, coordination, investment of resources before the emergency occurs, and preparedness to deal with it at all levels. However, several factors might condition the response to the emergency, highlighting, as for Italy, strengths and weaknesses. In this context, policies and regulation of actions to be implemented at international and national level must be up-to-date, clear, transparent and, above all, feasible and implementable. Likewise, the allocation of resources to develop adequate preparedness plans is critical. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission proposed the temporary recovery instrument NextGenerationEU, as well as a targeted reinforcement of the European Union’s long-term budget for the period 2021–2027. The pandemic highlighted that it is necessary to interrupt the continuous defunding of the health sector, allocating funds especially in prevention, training and information activities: indeed, a greater and more aware public attention on health risks and on the impacts of emergencies can help to promote virtuous changes, sharing contents and information that act as a guide for the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Aristei
- Department of Law, LUISS Guido Carli University, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Floriana D’Ambrosio
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (G.D.); (P.L.); (W.R.); (U.M.)
| | - Leonardo Villani
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (G.D.); (P.L.); (W.R.); (U.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Francesca Rossi
- Section of Occupational Health, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.F.R.); (A.D.); (C.A.)
| | - Alessandra Daniele
- Section of Occupational Health, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.F.R.); (A.D.); (C.A.)
| | - Carlotta Amantea
- Section of Occupational Health, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.F.R.); (A.D.); (C.A.)
| | - Gianfranco Damiani
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (G.D.); (P.L.); (W.R.); (U.M.)
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Laurenti
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (G.D.); (P.L.); (W.R.); (U.M.)
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (G.D.); (P.L.); (W.R.); (U.M.)
| | | | - Umberto Moscato
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (G.D.); (P.L.); (W.R.); (U.M.)
- Section of Occupational Health, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.F.R.); (A.D.); (C.A.)
- Section of Occupational Health, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Morrell ED, Wurfel MM. Prone positioning for non-intubated hypoxemic patients with COVID-19: cheap, easy, and makes sense, but does it work? Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.02416-2021. [PMID: 34649977 PMCID: PMC8866768 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02416-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, prone positioning has been proposed as an inexpensive and physiologically justified management strategy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The physiological rationale for prone positioning in ARDS has been well described [1,2]. Placing a person in the prone position reduces lung compression, which facilitates better ventilation/perfusion matching and leads to improved oxygenation. However, determining whether patients receive clinically meaningful benefit from prone positioning in the form of reduced mortality or time supported on mechanical ventilation has been challenging. Early trials that used prone positioning as a “rescue” therapy or applied relatively small “doses” of prone positioning (i.e. limited duration of time in prone position) did not demonstrate improvements in mortality or ventilator-free days (VFDs) [3–5]. This editorial evaluates a large observational study that identified strong associations between awake prone positioning and decreased mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19https://bit.ly/3m3NeAx
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Morrell
- VA Puget Sound Heath Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA .,Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Emergency medical admissions and COVID-19: impact on 30-day mortality and hospital length of stay. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1905-1911. [PMID: 34458950 PMCID: PMC8403522 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has put considerable strain on healthcare systems. AIM To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on 30-day in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS) and resource utilization in acute medical care. METHODS We compared emergency medical admissions to a single secondary care centre during 2020 to the preceding 18 years (2002-2019). We investigated 30-day in-hospital mortality with a multiple variable logistic regression model. Utilization of procedures/services was related to LOS with zero truncated Poisson regression. RESULTS There were 132,715 admissions in 67,185 patients over the 19-year study. There was a linear reduction in 30-day in-hospital mortality over time; over the most recent 5 years (2016-2020), there was a relative risk reduction of 36%, from 7.9 to 4.3% with a number needed to treat of 27.7. Emergency medical admissions increased 18.8% to 10,452 in 2020 with COVID-19 admissions representing 3.5%. 18.6% of COVID-19 cases required ICU admission with a median stay of 10.1 days (IQR 3.8, 16.0). COVID-19 was a significant univariate predictor of 30-day in-hospital mortality, 18.5% (95%CI: 13.9, 23.1) vs. 3.0% (95%CI: 2.7, 3.4)-OR 7.3 (95%CI: 5.3, 10.1). ICU admission was the dominant outcome predictor-OR 12.4 (95%CI: 7.7, 20.1). COVID-19 mortality in the last third of 2020 improved-OR 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47, 0.86). Hospital LOS and resource utilization were increased. CONCLUSION A diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with significantly increased mortality and LOS but represented only 3.5% of admissions and did not attenuate the established temporal decline in overall in-hospital mortality.
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Cervantes Trejo A, Castañeda ID, Rodríguez AC, Andrade Carmona VR, Mercado MDPC, Vale LS, Cruz M, Barrero Castillero S, Consuelo LC, Di Silvio M. Hydrogen Peroxide as an Adjuvant Therapy for COVID-19: A Case Series of Patients and Caregivers in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5592042. [PMID: 34335827 PMCID: PMC8289588 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5592042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the antiseptic effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dates back to the late 19th century, and its mechanisms of action has been amply described. Globally, many physicians have reported using H2O2 successfully, in different modalities, against COVID-19. Given its anti-infective and oxygenating properties, hydrogen peroxide may offer prophylactic and therapeutic applications for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. We report a consecutive case series of twenty-three COVID-19 patients (of 36 initially enrolled) who had been diagnosed by their primary care physician (mean age: 39, range: 8 months-70 years; 74% male) and twenty-eight caregivers in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area who received a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) telemedicine treatment with H2O2 taken by mouth (PO, at a concentration of 0.06%), oral rinse (mouthwash, 1.5%), and/or nebulization (0.2%). We describe the treatment program and report the response of the COVID-19 patients and their caregivers. The patients mainly recovered well, reporting feeling "completely better" at 9.5 days on average. Two (9%) were hospitalized prior to joining the study, and one did not fully recover. Patients frequently reported nausea and sometimes dizziness or vomiting related to the oral treatment. None of the twenty-eight caregivers in close contact with the patients reported contracting COVID-19. Given its low cost and medical potential and considering its relative safety if used properly, we suggest that randomized controlled trials should be conducted. These should include both SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative participants, with single or combined modes of administration of H2O2, to study the benefits of this simple molecule and offer safe guidance regarding its use by health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Cervantes Trejo
- Carlos Peralta Professor and Chair of Public Health, Anahuac Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Isaac D. Castañeda
- Carlos Peralta Chair of Public Health, Anahuac Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Cortés Rodríguez
- Bursary Scholar of Medicine, Anahuac Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Victor R. Andrade Carmona
- Bursary Scholar of Medicine, Anahuac Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - M. del Pilar Calva Mercado
- Faculty of Bioethics and Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Liliana Salgado Vale
- Bursary Scholar of Medicine, Anahuac Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Cruz
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
| | | | - Lucero Chavez Consuelo
- Bursary Scholar of Medicine, Anahuac Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Di Silvio
- Fellow of the American College of Surgeons (FACS), Medical Director of Hospital Mac Periferico Sur, Mexico City, Coyoacan 04700, Mexico
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
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Domínguez-Moreno R, García-Grimshaw M, Chávez-Martínez OA, Rebolledo-García D, Diestel-Bautista JC, Michel-Chávez A, Calderón-Martínez JA, Tristán-Samaniego DP, Vigueras-Hernández A, Estrada-Rodríguez H, Vega-Boada FA, Dávila-Maldonado L, Tanimoto MÁ, Cantú-Brito C, González-Duarte A. Global & Community Health: Implementation of and Patient Satisfaction With the First Neurologic Telemedicine Program in Mexico During COVID-19. Neurology 2021; 97:293-296. [PMID: 34045275 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Domínguez-Moreno
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Miguel García-Grimshaw
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Alan Chávez-Martínez
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Rebolledo-García
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jarumi Crystal Diestel-Bautista
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anaclara Michel-Chávez
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Andrés Calderón-Martínez
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dioselina Panamá Tristán-Samaniego
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Vigueras-Hernández
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Estrada-Rodríguez
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Arturo Vega-Boada
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Dávila-Maldonado
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Tanimoto
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cantú-Brito
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra González-Duarte
- From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry (R.D.-M., M.G.-G., O.A.C.-M., D.R.-G., J.C.D.-B., A.M.-C., J.A.C.-M., D.P.T.-S., A.V.-H., H.E.-R., F.A.V.-B., L.D.-M., C.C.-B., A.G.-D.) and Telemedicine Unit (M.Á.T.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Singh R, Kang A, Luo X, Jeyanathan M, Gillgrass A, Afkhami S, Xing Z. COVID-19: Current knowledge in clinical features, immunological responses, and vaccine development. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21409. [PMID: 33577115 PMCID: PMC7898934 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002662r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded to be the most challenging global health crisis in a century. In 11 months since its first emergence, according to WHO, the causative infectious agent SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 100 million people and claimed more than 2.15 million lives worldwide. Moreover, the world has raced to understand the virus and natural immunity and to develop vaccines. Thus, within a short 11 months a number of highly promising COVID-19 vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed and are now being deployed via emergency use authorization for immunization. Although a considerable number of review contributions are being published, all of them attempt to capture only a specific aspect of COVID-19 or its therapeutic approaches based on ever-expanding information. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview to conceptually thread together the latest information on global epidemiology and mitigation strategies, clinical features, viral pathogenesis and immune responses, and the current state of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Singh
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreM. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Alisha Kang
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreM. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Xiangqian Luo
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreM. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
- Department of Pediatric OtolaryngologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreM. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Amy Gillgrass
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreM. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreM. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreM. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
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